ש The twenty-first letter of the Heb. alphabet. The name of the letter ‘shin’ is prob. derived from שֵׁן (= tooth), and so called in allusion to the ancient form of this letter. In PBH it has the numerical value of three hundred. The letter ש marks two different sounds: שׂ (‘sin’) and שׁ (‘shin’). Heb. שׂ corresponds to Aram. שׂ and ס, Syr. ס, Ugar. sh, Arab. sh, Ethiop. sh, Akka. sh. cp. e.g. Heb. נָשָׂא, BAram. נְשָׂא, Aram. נְסָא (= he lifted, took, carried), Ugar. nsh (= to lift), Arab. nasha’a (= he rose, was high, grew up), Ethiop. nash’a (= he lifted; he transferred), Syr. מַסַּאתָא (= scales), Akka. nashū (= to lift; to carry). There are exceptions to the rule according to which Arab. sh corresponds to Heb. שׂ and vice versa. These exceptions are due mainly to assimilation, partly also to the circumstance that Heb. שׂ sometimes stands for orig. ס (see שׂכך, שׂבר ᴵ, שׂתם). In earlier Aram. and in BAram. שׂ is generally preserved, but many words that have שׂ in Biblical Heb. are regularly spelled in MH with ס. Heb. שׁ corresponds to Aram.–Syr. שׁ, Ugar. sh, Arab. s, Ethiop. sh, Akka. sh. cp. e.g. Heb. שָׁלוֹם, Aram.–Syr. שְׁלָם, שְׁלָמָא, Ugar. shlm, Arab. salām, Akka. shalāmu, shulmu (= peace). The s in Arab. shams (= sun) is due to dissimilation (see שֶׁמֶשׁ). In many cases Heb. שׁ corresponds to Aram.–Syr. תּ, Arab. th, Ethiop. s. cp. e.g. Heb. שָׁלשׁ, Aram.–Syr. תּֽלָת, Arab. thalāth, Ethiop. shalās (= three). As shown above, the Akka. equivalent of Heb. שׁ is sh. However, in some rare cases Heb. שׁ corresponds to Akka. s (as in sābu, ‘to draw water’, which corresponds to שׁאב). Akka. sh may become l before a dental. cp. e.g. ḫamishtu and ḫamiltu (= five; see חמשׁ), lubushtu and lubultu (= dress; see לבשׁ); mashtītu and maltītu (= drink; see שׁתה).

שֶׁ◌, שַׁ◌, שָׁ◌, שְׁ◌ pron. particle meaning ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘which’, ‘what’, ‘that’, whence synonymous with אֲשֶׁר (q.v.). [Related to, or derived from, Phoen. אשׁ and ש. Related also to OAram. ש, Akka. sha, earlier also shu (= he who; one who). cp. שַׁדּוּן (= שֵׁדַּי). cp. also the first element in סָרִיס.]

שׁאב to draw (water); to absorb, attract; to pump.
    — Qal - שָׁאַב 1 he drew (water); 2 he sucked in, absorbed, attracted; NH 3 he pumped.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁאָב MH 1 was drawn (said of water); NH 2 was absorbed, was attracted; NH 3 was pumped.
    — Pi. - שֵׁאֵב MH 1 he drew (water); NH 2 he pumped.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתָּאֵב was drawn to the end, was exhausted. [Aram. שְׁאֵב (= he drew, he attracted), Ugar. sh’b, Akka. sa’ābu, sābu (= to draw water), Arab. sa’aba (= he drank).] Derivatives: שָׁאָב, שַׁאֲבָנִי, שָׁאוּב, שָׁאוֹב, שְׁאוּבָה, שׁוֹאֵבָה, הִשָּׁאֲבוּת, מַשְׁאָב, מִשְׁאָב, מַשְׁאֵבָה, מַשְׁאוֹב. cp. the first element in שַׁאֲבָק.

שָׁאָב m.n. NH water drawer. [Nomen opificis formed from שׁאב (= to draw water), according to the pattern פַּעָל.]

שַׁאֲבָנִי adj. NH drawing, attracting. [Formed from שָׁאַב (see שׁאב) with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שַׁאֲבָק m.n. NH vacuum cleaner. [Contraction of שָׁאַב (= he drew; see שׁאב), and אָבָק (= dust).]

שׁאג to roar.
    — Qal - שָׁאַג he roared (said of a lion); 2 he cried, shouted, groaned.
    — Nith. - הִשְׁתָּאֵג he burst into a roar. [Ugar. sh’gt (= neighing), Arab. tha’aja (= he lowed, bleated — said of various animals).] Derivatives: שַׁאַג, שְׁאָגָה, שָׁאוּג, שְׁאִיגָה.

שַֽׁאַג m.n. MH 1 crying, shouting, groaning. NH 2 roaring (of a lion). [A secondary form of שְׁאָגָה.]

שָׁאגָא m.n. PBH Indian oak, teak. [Aram., related to Syr. שָׁגָא, Arab. sāj (of s.m.).]

שְׁאָגָה f.n. 1 roaring (of a lion). 2 cry (in prayer). [Verbal n. of שָׁאַג. See שׁאג and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. שַׁאַג and שְׁאִיגָה.] Derivatives: שַׁאֲגָנוּת, שַׁאֲגָנִי.

שַׁאֲגָנוּת f.n. NH shouting, clamor(ing). [Formed from שְׁאָגָה with suff. ◌ָנוּת.]

שַׁאֲגָנִי adj. NH shouting, clamoring. [Formed from שֽׁאָגָה with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁאה ᴵ to make a din or crash, crash into ruins; to ruin, lay waste.
    — Qal - שָׁאָה it crashed into ruins.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁאָה was ruined, was made desolate.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁאָה he caused (cities) to crash into ruins. [Aram. שְׁאָה (= became stiff, numb or torpid), Syr. שֽׁהָא, שְׁהִי (= was deserted), Aram. שַׁהֲוָא, שַׁהֲוָתָא (= desert). See שָׁאָה.] Derivatives: שׁוֹאָה, שָׁאוּי, שֽׁאִיָּה, שָׁאוֹן, שֵׁאת, הַשְׁאָיָה, מְשׁוֹאָה, תְּשׁוּאָה.

שׁאה ᴵᴵ to wonder, be astonished, amazed.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתָּאָה he gazed in wonder (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Gen. 24:21 in the form of the part. מִשְׁתָּאֵה). [Targum Onkelos renders this word by שָׁהֵי בַהּ מִסֽתַּכֵּל, the Septuagint by katemanthanen (= he took great notice of her), and the Vulgate by contemplabatur (= he looked at her attentively). Some scholars see in מִשְׁתָּאֵה the Hith. of שׁאה ᴵ and explain it in the sense of ‘he stood empty of thoughts’, i.e. he stood in a state of unconscious. This is a far-fetched derivation indeed, and the etymology given supra is surely to be preferred to it in every respect.] [A secondary form of שׁעה.] Derivative: הִשְׁתָּאוּת.

שָׁאוּב adj. PBH 1 drawn. NH 2 pumped. [Pass. part. of שָׁאַב. See שׁאב.]

שָׁאוֹב m.n. PBH (pl. שָׁאוֹבוֹת) bucket, pail. [From שָׁאַב. See שׁאב.]

שְׁאוּבָה m.n. PBH (in בֵּית־הַשְּׁאוּבָה) the well from which the water was drawn for libation on the Sukkoth festival. [The usual spelling is בֵּית־הַשּׁוֹאֵבָה, but the correct reading is prob. שְׁאוּבָה (properly subst. use of the f. pass. part. of שָׁאַב). The reading הַשּׁוֹאֵבָה (i.e. the active part.) would hardly be appropriate in the context, which deals with water drawn and not with something that ‘draws’.]

שָׁאוּי adj. MH ruined, laid waste, desolate. [Pass. part. of שָׁאָה. See שׁאה ᴵ.]

שְׁאוֹל, שְׁאֹל m. & f.n. the underworld, the nether world, the grave. [Of uncertain etymology. Aram. שְׁאוֹלָא, שְׁיוֹלָא are Heb. loan words.]

שָׁאוּל adj. 1 borrowed. MH 2 asked, interrogated. MH 3 entreated. [Pass. part. of שָׁאֵל. See שׁאל.]

שָׁאוֹן m.n. din, crash, noise, tumult, uproar. [Formed from שׁאה ᴵ with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.] Derivative: שׁאן. cp. שַׁאַן.

שְׂאוֹר, שְׂאֹר m.n. leaven. [From base שׂאר which is of uncertain etymology. cp. the related JAram. סִיאוֹרָא (= leaven). cp. also סֵאוֹר, סוֹר, מַשְׂרֵת and מִשְׁאֶרֶת. See שׂאר.]

שְׁאָט m.n. disgust, contempt (occurring in the phrases שֽׁאָט־נֶפֶשׁ, Ezek. 36:5, and שְׁאָט בּֽנֶפֶשׁ, Ezek. 25:6 and 15). [Related to Akka. shāṭu (= to be careless), Aram. שׁרט (= to despise), Syr. שָׁט (= he despised), and to base שׁוט ᴵᴵ.]

שָׁאט see שׁוט ᴵᴵ.

שְׁאִיבָה f.n. PBH 1 drawing water. PBH 2 sucking in, absorption, attracting. NH 3 pumping. [Verbal n. of שָׁאַב. See שׁאב and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁאִיגָה f.n. MH roaring of a lion. [Verbal n. of שָׁאַג. See שׁאג and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. שַׁאַג and שְׁאָגָה.]

שְׁאִיָּה f.n. desolation (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 24:12). [Verbal n. of שָאָה. See שׁאה ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁאִילָה f.n. PBH 1 asking (a question). 2 borrowing. [Verbal n. of שָׁאַל. See שׁאל and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. שְׁאֵלָה.]

שְׁאֵילְתָּא, שְׁאִילְתָּה see שְׁאֵלֽתָּא, שְׁאֵלֽתָּה.

שְׁאִיפָה f.n. NH 1 inhalation, breath. MH 2 longing, striving, aspiration. NH 3 ideal. [Verbal n. of שָׁאַף. See שׁאף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שָׁאִיר m.n. survivor, relative of one who has died. [From שָׁאַר. See שׁאר.]

שׁאל to ask, inquire; to entreat, to beg, to borrow.
    — Qal - שָׁאַל 1 he asked, inquired; 2 he asked, entreated; 3 he begged; 4 he borrowed (anything but money); NH 5 (linguistics) he borrowed, adopted (a word or words from another language).
    — Niph. - נִשְׁאַל 1 he asked for himself, esp. asked leave of absence; PBH 2 he was asked, was consulted.
    — Pi. - שִׁאֵל 1 he inquired carefully; 2 he begged alms.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁאִיל 1 he lent (anything but money), lent on request; MH 2 he used (a word) metaphorically.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁאַל PBH 1 was lent; MH 2 was used metaphorically. [BAram. and JAram. שְׁאֵל, Syr. שֵׁאל, Ugar. sh’l, Arab. sa’ala, Ethiop. sa’ala (= he asked, inquired), Nab. שׁאל, Akka. sha’ālu (= to ask). Coptic sheelet (= bride) is perhaps a Sem. loan word.] Derivatives: שָׁאוּל, שֽׁאֵלָה, שֽׁאִילָה, שׁוֹאֵל, שְׁאֵלְתָּא, שְׁאֵלְתָּה, שְׁאֵלוֹן, הַשְׁאָלָה, משֽׁאָל, מֻשְׁאָל, מִשְׁאָלָה, מִשְׁאֶלֶת.

שְׁאֵלָה f.n. 1 request, petition. 2 a thing asked for. PBH 3 question, query. PBH 4 loan. PBH 5 prayer for rain. MH 6 problem. [Verbal n. of שָׁאַל. See שַׁאל ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה, and cp. שֽׁאִילָה.]

שְׁאֵלוֹן m.n. NH 1 questionnaire. 2 book of questions. [Formed from שָׁאַל (see שׁאל), with first suff. ◌וֹן.]

שְׁאֵלְתָּא f.n. (also שְׁאֵלְתָּה in NH) interpellation. [Aram. (= affair), properly ‘question, inquiry’, emphatic state of שְׁאֵלָה (= Heb. שְׁאֵלָה).]

שׁאן ᴵ to be at ease, be at rest, rest securely.
    — Pa‘lel . - שַׁאֲנַן he sat at ease, he lived in tranquility.
    — Hithpalp. - הִשְׁתַּאֲנַן (of s.m.). [Syr. שַׁיֵּן (= he pacified), Ethiop. sen’e (= peace).]

שׁאן ᴵᴵ to make a noise.
    — Qal - שָׁאַן he made a noise. [Denominated from שָׁאוֹן (= noise). q.v.] Derivative: שׁוֹאֵן.

שַֽׁאַן m.n. NH din, crash, noise, tumult, uproar. [A secondary form of שָׁאוֹן.]

שָׁאנֵי adj. PBH different. [Aram., from שְׁנָא (= was different), which is related to Heb. שָׁנָה (= changed; was different). See שׁנה ᴵᴵ.]

שַׁאֲנָן ᴵ adj. 1 at ease, secure, tranquil. 2 carefree, complacent, arrogant. [Formed from שׁאן with suff. ◌ָן. cp. שַׁלְאֲנָן.] Derivatives: שַׁאֲנָן ᴵᴵ, שַׁאֲנַנּוּת.

שַׁאֲנָן ᴵᴵ m.n. arrogance. [From שַׁאֲנָן ᴵ.]

שׁאף ᴵ to gasp, pant after, pant for; to long for.
    — Qal - שָׁאַף 1 he gasped, panted after, panted for; 2 he longed for.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁאַף was breathed, was inhaled. [JAram. שְׁאַף (= he snapped, was parched), VArab. sahafa (= he snapped, was thirsty).] Derivatives: שַׁאַף, שַׁאֲפָן, שְׁאִיפָה, הַשֽׁאָפָה, מַשְׁאֵף.

שׁאף ᴵᴵ to crush, trample upon.
    — Qal - שָׁאַף he crushed, trampled upon. [A secondary form of שׁוף.]

שַֽׁאַף m.n. MH 1 inhalation, breath. 2 longing, striving, aspiration. [From שׁאף ᴵ.]

שַׁאֲפָן adj. NH ambitious. [Formed from שׁאף ᴵ with agential suff. ◌ָן. cp. שְׁאֵפְתָּן.] Derivatives: שַׁאֲפָנוּת, שַׁאֲפָנִי.

שַׁאֲפָנוּת f.n. NH ambition. [Formed from שַׁאֲפָן with suff. ◌וּת. cp. שְׁאַפְתָּנוּת.]

שַׁאֲפָנִי adj. NH ambitious. [Formed from שַׁאֲפָן with suff. ◌ִי. cp. שֽׁאַפֽתָּנִי.]

שְׁאַפְתָּן m.n. NH an ambitious man. Derivatives: שֽׁאַפֽתָּנוּת, שֽׁאַפֽתָּנִי.

שְׁאַפְתָּנוּת f.n. ambition. [Formed from שְׁאַפְתָּן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁאַפְתָּנִי adj. NH ambitious. [Formed from שְׁאַפְתָּן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁאר ᴵ to be left over, to remain.
    — Qal - שָׁאַר was left over, was left behind (occurring rarely).
    — Niph. - נִשְׁאַר 1 was left over, was left behind, remained; MH 2 he survived.
    — Pu. - שְׁאַר was left over, was left behind.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתָּאַר (of s.m.).
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁאִיר 1 he left over; 2 he spared.
    — Hoph. - הֻשֽׁאַר was left over. [Aram. and Egypt.–Aram. שֽׁאַר (= remained, was left over), Aram. שַׁאֵר and שַׁיֵּר (= he left over), שַׁיּוּרָא (= that which was left over, remainder, rest), Syr. שְׁיָרָא (of s.m.), Ugar. shyr (= a small square measure), Arab. sa’ara, sa’ira (= was left over), OSArab. שׂאר (= remaining).] Derivatives: שְׁאָר, שֽׁאֵרִית, שָׁאִיר, הַשֽׁאָרָה, הִשָּׁאֲרוּת, מִשְׁאָר, מֻשְׁאָר, שׁאר ᴵᴵ base of שְׁאֵר, שַׁאֲרָה, שְׁאֵרָה, שְׁאֵרוּת.

שׁאר ᴵᴵ base of שְׁאֵר, שַׁאֲרָה, שְׁאֵרָה, שֽׁאֵרוּת.

שׂאר to leaven.
    — Pi. - שֵׂאֵר he leavened.
    — Pu. - שׂאַר was leavened. [Base of שְׂאוֹר; of uncertain etymology.]

שְׁאָר m.n. rest, residue, remnant. [From שׁאר ᴵ. cp. JAram. and Syr. שְׁיָרָא.]

שְׁאֵר m.n. 1 flesh. 2 food (sense enlargement of 1). 3 flesh relation, blood relation. [Related to Pun. שאר (= flesh), Ugar. tr (= one obliged to take blood revenge), Arab. tha’r (= blood; whence ‘blood revenge’), th’ara (= he took blood revenge), OSArab. תֿאר (= blood revenge), Akka. shēru (= flesh). cp. Mand. tī’rta (= conscience, mind).] Derivatives: שְׁאֵרָה, שְׁאֵרוּת.

שְׁאֵרָה f.n. NH female relative, esp. female cousin. [f. of שְׁאֵר.]

שַׁאֲרָה f.n. blood relation, kinship (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Lev. 18:17). [Formed from שׁאר ᴵᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁאֵרוּת f.n. MH kinship, relationship. [Formed from שְׁאֵר with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁאֵרִית f.n. (also שֵׁרִית) 1 remainder, remnant. 2 what is left, rest. NH 3 residue. [From שׁאר ᴵ.]

שׁאשׁא see שׁשׁא.

שְׂאֵת ᴵ inf. of נָשָׂא (= he lifted, lifted up). [See נשׂא and cp. שֽׂאֵת ᴵᴵ.]

שְׂאֵת ᴵᴵ, שֵׂאת f.n. 1 elevation. 2 strength. 3 majesty, dignity. [Subst. use of the inf. of נָשָׂא, hence identical with שְׂאֵת ᴵ.]

שְׂאֵת ᴵᴵᴵ f.n. swelling, eruption. [Prob. lit. meaning ‘an elevated place’, hence identical with שְׂאֵת ᴵᴵ.]

שֵׁאת f.n. destruction, ruin, devastation (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Lam. 3:47). [Derived from שׁאה ᴵ.]

שָׂב adj. gray, old; an old man. [Part. of שִׂיב (= to grow or be old). See שׂיב and cp. BAram. שָׂב. cp. also סָב.]

שָׁב adj. 1 one who returns. PBH 2 one who repents, penitent. [From שׁוב ᴵ.]

שְׁבָא m.n. MH ‘schwa’ (another spelling for שְׁוָא, used especially by Jewish grammarians of the Middle Ages). [See שְׁוָא.] Derivative: שְׁבָאִי.

שְׁבָאִי adj. MH pertaining to, or provided with, a ‘schwa’. [Formed from שְׁבָא with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁבַּאי m.n. PBH captor. [Nomen opificis formed from שׁבה (= to capture, take prisoner), according to the pattern פַּעָל. cp. שָׁבוֹי.]

שְׁבָב m.n. splinter, fragment (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Hos. 8:6). [Related to Arab. safba (= he cut), JAram. שַׁבָּא (= splinter).] Derivative: שׁבב ᴵ.

שׁבב ᴵ to chip, chisel.
    — Pi. - שִׁבֵּב 1 he chipped, chiseled; 2 he chastised, chastened.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּב was chipped, was chiseled. [Denominated from שֽׁבָב.] Derivatives: שִׁבּוּב, מְשֻׁבָּב.

שׁבב ᴵᴵ see שׁוב ᴵᴵ.

שׁבה to take captive, take prisoner, capture.
    — Qal - שָׁבֶה he took captive, took prisoner, captured.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁבָּה he was taken captive.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁבָּה he led into captivity. [JAram.–Syr. שְׁבָא, Arab. sabā (= he took captive, took prisoner, captured), Ugar. shby, Akka. shabū (= to take captive, take prisoner, capture), OSArab. שׂבא (= to wage war).] Derivatives: שָׁבוּי, שָׁבוֹי, שַׁבַּאי, שְׁבִי, שִׁבְיָה, שְׁבִיָּה, שֽׁבִית ᴵ. cp. שְׁבוּת ᴵ.]

שְׁבוֹ m.n. name of a precious stone, prob. identical with the agate. [Prob. related to Akka. shubū (= name of a precious stone).]

שִׁבּוּב m.n. NH chipping, chiseling. [Verbal n. of שִׁבֵּב. See שׁבב ᴵ.]

שִׁבּֽוּחַ m.n. MH 1 praising, lauding. NH 2 improving, raising in value. [Verbal n. of שִׁבַּח, Pi. of שׁבח ᴵ.]

שִׁבּוּט ᴵ m.n. PBH 1 name of a fish. NH 2 sole (name of a fish). [Related to Syr. שַׁבּוּטָא (= a large fish found in the Nile), whence Arab. shabbūṭ (= a fish found in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers).]

שִׁבּוּט ᴵᴵ m.n. NH beating, knocking, striking. [From שׁבט.]

שָׁבוּי adj. & m.n. captive, prisoner. [From שׁבה.] Derivative: שְׁבִיּוּת.

שָׁבוֹי m.n. PBH captor. [From שׁבה. cp. שַׁבַּאי.]

שָׁבֽוּעַ m.n. (pl. שָׁבוּעוֹת, also שָׁבוּעִים) 1 period of seven days. 2 seven years heptad. [From שֶׁבֵע (= seven). cp. Aram. שְׁבוּעֲתָא, Arab. usbū‘. For sense development cp. Late L. septimāna (= week); properly subst. use of the f. of the L. adj. septimānus (= pertaining to the number seven), and Hungarian hét (= week), from the numeral adj. hét (= seven).] Derivatives: שְׁבוּעוֹן, שְׁבוּעִי, שָׁבוּעוֹת.

שְׁבוּעָה f.n. 1 oath. 2 curse. [From שׁבע ᴵ. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה. For sense development see שׁבע ᴵᴵ.]

שְׁבוּעוֹן m.n. NH weekly (publication). [Coined from שָׁבוּעַ (= week), with suff. ◌וֹן on analogy of עִתּוֹן (q.v.).]

שָׁבוּעוֹת m.n. pl. ‘Shavuot’, Pentecost, [pl. of שָׁבוּעַ and lit. meaning ‘(Feast of the) weeks’.]

שָׁבוּעִי adj. MH weekly, every week. [Formed from שָׁבוּעַ (= week), with suff. ◌ִי.]

שָׁבוּץ ᴵ adj. MH inlaid, inserted. [From שׁבץ ᴵ; formally pass. part. of an otherwise non-existing Qal.]

שָׁבוּץ ᴵᴵ adj. NH struck by apoplexy. [From שָׁבָץ.]

שִׁבּוּץ m.n. MH 1 making squares. MH 2 inlay (of gem in an ornament). NH 3 framing, placing, grading. NH 4 interweaving (quotations in a speech), mosaic. Derivative: שִׁבּוּצִי.

שִׁבּוּצִי adj. NH interwoven (said of quotations), mosaic. [Formed from שִׁבּוּץ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שָׁבוּק adj. NH left, abandoned. [Pass. part. of שָׁבַק. See שׁבק.]

שִׁבּוּק m.n. PBH leaving, abandoning, release, remission. [From שׁבק. cp. JAram. שִׁבּוּקָא (= leaving, abandoning, release, remission).]

שָׁבוּר adj. 1 broken, fractured. MH 2 shattered. NH 3 depressed. [Pass. part. of שָׁבַר, Qal of שׁבר.]

שִׁבּוּר m.n. PBH breaking, dashing to pieces. [Verbal n. of שִׁבֵּר, Pi. of שׁבר.]

שִׁבּוּשׁ m.n. PBH 1 confusion, blunder. MH 2 error, mistake. MH 3 disruption. [Verbal n. of שִׁבֵּשׁ, Pi. of שׁבשׁ.]

שְׁבוּת ᴵ f.n. return. [Prob. a derivative of שׁוב (= to return), so that שְׁבוּת (אֶת) שָׁב (occurring Deut. 30:3 and elsewhere) and שְׁבוּת (אֶת) הֵשִׁיב (Jer. 32:44 and elsewhere) lit. mean, ‘he turned a turning’, i.e. ‘he restored’. cp. Arab. dā’ira (= turning of fortune, vicissitude), from dāra (= he turned). This derivation is surely preferable to the one that connects שְׁבוּת with שׁבה (= to take captive), and accordingly renders it by ‘captivity’. cp. שְׁבִית ᴵᴵ.]

שְׁבוּת ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH 1 Sabbath rest. 2 an act forbidden on Sabbaths and Festivals by Rabbinic law. [From שָׁבַת (= he rested); see שׁבת.]

שְׁבוּתָה f.n. PBH a substitute from שְׁבוּעָה (= oath). [Of uncertain origin; possibly contraction of Aram. שֽׁבוּעֲתָא (= Heb. שְׁבוּעָה); q.v.]

שׁבח ᴵ to praise, laud.
    — Qal - שָׁבַח it improved, grew in value.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁבַּח it improved, was raised in value.
    — Pi. - שִׁבַּח 1 he praised, lauded, glorified; 2 he commended, congratulated.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּח PBH 1 he was praised, was lauded, was glorified; MH 2 was improved, was raised in value.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּבַּח 1 he praised himself, boasted; PBH 2 was improved, was raised in value.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁבִּיחַ 1 he improved, raised in value; 2 was improved, was raised in value.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁבַּח was improved, was raised in value. [Aram., also BAram., שַׁבַּח (= he praised, lauded), whence Arab. sabbaḥa, Ethiop. sabḥa (of s.m.).] Derivatives: שֶׁבַח, שְׁבָח, שְׁבָחָה, שַׁבְּחָנִי, שִׁבּוּחַ, הַשְׁבָּחָה, הִשְׁתַּבְּחוּת, מְשֻׁבָּח, תִּשְׁבָּחָה, תִּשְׁבַּחַת.

שׁבח ᴵᴵ to still, calm, soothe, appease.
    — Pi. - שִׁבַּח he stilled, calmed, soothed, appeased.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁבִּיחַ (of s.m.). [Arab. sabaḫa (= was free from care). cp. Akka. pashāḫu (= to grow calm).]

שֶֽׁבַח, שְׁבָח m.n. PBH 1 praise. 2 improvement, betterment. 3 excellence, superiority, advantage. 4 choice part. [From שׁבח ᴵ, whence also Aram. שְׁבָחָא, Syr. שׁוּבְחָא (= praise).]

שְׁבָחָה f.n. MH praise. [A secondary form of שֶׁבַח. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁבְּחָנִי adj. NH laudatory, eulogistic. [Formed from שִׁבַּח, Pi. of שׁבח ᴵ, with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁבט to strike, smite.
    — Qal - שָׁבַט PBH 1 he pressed the weaving rod; NH 2 he beat, struck.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁבַּט 1 was pressed (said of the weaving rod); 2 was beaten, was struck.
    — Pi. - שִׁבֵּט he beat, knocked, struck. [JAram. שֽׁבַט (= he struck, smote), Akka. shabātu (= to beat, kill, destroy). The Syr. v. שַׁבֵּט (= he beat out, hammered), and Ethiop. v. zabaṭa (= he fell), are prob. denominated. Base of שֵׁבֶט. cp. שֽׁבָט.] Derivatives: שִׁבּוּט ᴵᴵ, שְׁבִיטָה.

שֵֽׁבֶט m.n. 1 stick, rod, staff, club. 2 scepter. 3 tribe. [From שׁבט, whence also BAram. שֽׁבַט, JAram. שִׁבֽטָא and שׁוּבְטָא, Syr. שַׁבְטָא (= stick, rod; tribe), Akka. shabbītu (= rod). cp. שָׁבִיט. cp. also שַׁרֽבִיט.] Derivatives: שַׁבְטוּט, שִׁבֽטִי.

שְׁבָט m.n. ‘Shevat’, name of the eleventh Jewish month. [Akka. shabāṭu, whence also Aram.–Syr. שְׁבָטָא, lit.: ‘the month of destroying rain’, from shabāṭu (= to beat, kill, destroy). See שׁבט. Arab. shubāṭ is an Aram. loan word.]

שְׁבַטְבַּט m.n. MH Equisetum (botany). [From Aram. שֽׁבַטֽבָּטָא (= Syr. שֽׁבַטֽבִּיטָא), which is related to MH שְׁבַצֽבּוּץ (of s.m.).]

שַׁבְטוּט m.n. PBH tendril, small shoot. [Dimin. formed from שֵׁבֶט through reduplication of the second and third radical.]

שִׁבְטִי adj. NH pertaining to a tribe, tribal. [Formed from שֵׁבֶט with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שִׁבֽטִיּוּת.

שִׁבְטִיּוּת f.n. 1 division into tribes. 2 tribalism. [Formed from שִׁבְטִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁבִי m.n. 1 captivity. 2 captives. [From שׁבה. cp. שִׁבְיָה.]

שְׁבִיב m.n. spark. [Prob. an Aramaism. Related to Aram. and BAram. שֽׁבִיבָא, JAram.–Syr. שְׁבִיבָא (= flame), Arab. shabba (= he lighted, kindled), Akka. shabābu (= to spark). cp. Mand. שממביביא (= rays), Syr. שׁוב (= to burn).]

שִׁבְיָה f.n. 1 captivity. 2 captives (collectively). [In sense 1, verbal n. of שָׁבָה (see שׁבה) with first suff. ◌ָה; in sense 2, formed from שָׁבָה with third suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁבִיָּה f.n. 1 captives (collectively). NH 2 taking captive, capturing. [In sense 1, formed from שָׁבָה (see שׁבה) with third suff. ◌ָה; in sense 2, verbal n. of שָׁבָה (see שׁבה) and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁבִיּוּת f.n. MH being taken captive. [Formed from שָׁבוּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שָׁבִיט m.n. PBH comet. [Borrowed from JAram. כּוֹכֽבָא דֽשָׁבִיט, which is of uncertain origin. According to Rashi שָׁבִיט is related to שֵׁבֶט (q.v.) and is so called from its rodlike tail.]

שְׁבִיטָה f.n. MH beating, striking. [Verbal n. of שָׁבַט. See שׁבט and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁבִיל m.n. path, way. [From base שׁבל ᴵ (= to hang down, stretch along), and lit. meaning ‘that which runs along’. Related to Aram.–Syr. שְׁבִילָא, Arab. sabīl (= way; according to some scholars this latter is an Aram. loan word). cp. hieroglyphic shabarūti (= way), which is also borrowed from Aram.] Derivatives: שׁבל ᴵᴵᴵ, שְׁבִילָה.

שְׁבִילָה f.n. NH parting (of the hair). [Formed from שְׁבִיל with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שָׁבִיס m.n. front band, hairnet (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 3:18). [Prob. lit. meaning ‘little sun’. cp. Ugar. shpsh (= goddess of the sun), and Arab. subaysa, sumaysa (= little sun), which both are related to Heb. שֶׁמֶשׁ, Arab. shams (= sun). See שֶׁמֶשׁ.]

שְׂבִיעָה f.n. PBH satiation, satiety. [Verbal n. of שָׂבַע. See שׂבע and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׂבִיעוּת f.n. MH 1 satiety. 2 satisfaction, contentment. [Formed from שָׂבֵעַ (= sated, satisfied), with suff. ◌וּת. cp. שְׂבֵעוּת.]

שְׁבִיעִי adj. 1 seventh. PBH 2 the seventh person called to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue. [Formed from שֶׁבֵע (= seven), with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivatives: שְׁבִיעִיָּה, שֽׁבִיעִית ᴵ, שֽׁבִיעִית ᴵᴵ.

שְׁבִיעִיָּה f.n. NH 1 a set of seven objects. 2 septet (music). [Formed from שְׁבִיעִי (= seventh) with subst. suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁבִיעִית ᴵ f.n. NH one seventh, seventh part. [Subst. use of the f. of שֽׁבִיעִי (= seventh).]

שְׁבִיעִית ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH 1 ‘shemittah’, the Sabbatical year. PBH 2 fruit of the Sabbatical year. 3 ‘Shebhiith’, name of a Mishnah and Tosephta tractate of the order זְרָעִים. NH 4 the seventh class (in school). [Subst. use of the f. of שְׁבִיעִי.]

שָׁבִיו adj. NH breakable, brittle, fragile. [Coined from שָׁבַר (= he broke; see שׁבר ᴵ), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: שֽׁבִירוּת.

שְׁבִירָה f.n. PBH 1 breaking. 2 destruction, annulment. [Verbal n. of שָׁבַר. See שׁבר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁבִירוּת f.n. NH fragility, brittleness. [Formed from שָׁבִיר (= breakable, brittle, fragile), with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁבִית ᴵ f.n. captivity. [Formed from שָׁבָה (see שׁבה) with suff. ◌ִית.]

שְׁבִית ᴵᴵ f.n. return. [A collateral form of שֽׁבוּת ᴵ.]

שְׁבִיתָה f.n. PBH 1 resting from work on the Sabbath, observing the Sabbath. PBH 2 spending the Sabbath. MH 3 forbidden act on the Sabbath. PBH 4 resting place. NH 5 strike. [Verbal n. of שָׁבַת. See שׁבת and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שׂבך (also סבך) to interweave, interlace. [BAram. שְׂבַךְ, JAram. סֽבַךְ (= he interwove, interlaced, entwined), Syr. סֽבַךְ (= he fastened upon, set on, rush in, was mixed with), Arab. shabaka (= he interwove, interlaced, entangled), shabuka (= net), shibāk (= netting, network, latticework, window, wicket), Akka. shabikū (= headdress).] Derivatives: שׂבֶךְ, שְׂבָכָה. cp. סבך.

שְׂבֶךְ, שֽׂוֹבֶךְ m.n. network of boughs (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam. II 18:9). [From שׂבך. cp. סֹבֶךְ ᴵ and סְבַךְ.]

שְֹׁבֶךְ see שׁוֹבָךְ.

שַׁבַּ״כּ m.n. NH name of the Israeli general security service. [Formed from the initials of the words שֵׁרוּת בִּטָּחוֹן כְּלָלִי.]

שְׂבָכָה f.n. 1 latticework. 2 network, trellis. [Formed from שׂבך and first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שׁוֹבָךְ.]

שׁבל ᴵ to hang down, stretch along, draw along, move along. [Arab. sabala (= it hung down), ’asbala (= he let something hang down). Base of שֽׁבִיל, שֹׁבֶל, שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵ and שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵᴵ. Related to base שׁול.]

שׁבל ᴵᴵ to grow into (ears of) corn.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּבֵּל it grew into ears (of corn).
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיל it produced ears (of corn). [Denominated from שִׁבֹּלֶת (= ear of corn).] Derivative: הִשֽׁתַּבְּלוּת.

שׁבל ᴵᴵᴵ to go on a path.
    — Qal - שָׁבַל he went on a path.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיל he led on a path. [Denominated from שְׁבִיל.]

שׁבל ᴵⱽ to be pulled along, dangle.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁבַּל was pulled along, was dangled. [Denominated from שֹׁבֶל.]

שֹֽׁבֶל m.n. 1 flowing skirt, train of a robe (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 47:2). NH 2 wake (of a ship). NH 3 tab (of a stamp). [Formed from שׁבל ᴵ, hence lit. meaning ‘that which hangs down’. cp. the related Arab. sabala (= flowing dress). cp. also the collateral form שׁוּל.] Derivative: שׁבל ᴵⱽ.

שַׁבְּלוּל m.n. snail (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 58:9). [Of uncertain origin; possibly a Shaph‘el form from בלל (= to mix), and lit. meaning ‘causing moisture’, and so called in allusion to its slimy trail. cp. the related JAram. תִּבְלָלָא (= snail).] Derivative: שַׁבְּלוּלִי.

שַׁבְּלוּלִי adj. NH 1 snaillike. 2 cochlear, spiral. [Formed from שַׁבְּלוּל with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁבְּלוֹנָה f.n. FW 1 model, pattern. 2 routine. [Ger. Schablone, from sc(h)amplioen, a blend of Fren. échantillon (= model, pattern), and Med. Dutch scampen (= to hew, carve).] Derivative: שַׁבְּלוֹנִי.

שַׁבְּלוֹנִי adj. FW routine (adj.), trite, hackneyed. [Formed from שַׁבּֽלוֹנָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

שִׁבֳּלִית f.n. NH ear (of corn), spikelet. [Formed from שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵ with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

שִׁבֹּֽלֶת ᴵ (pl. שִׁבֳּלִים) 1 ear (of corn). 2 head of a branch. NH 3 kernel; nucleus. [Formed from שֻׁבֹּלֶת through dissimilation of the vowels u–ō to i–ō, related to Aram. שְׁבַלְתָּא, Syr. שֶׁבֶּלְתָּא, Arab. sunbula, sabala, Ethiop. sabl, Akka. shubultu (= ear of corn). These words derive from base שׁבל ᴵ (= to hang down, draw along, move along). cp. שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵᴵ. For other words formed through vowel dissimilation see חִיצוֹן and words there referred to. cp. אֶשֽׁבּוֹל.]

שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵᴵ f.n. flowing stream, current of a river. [Derived from שׁבל ᴵ (= to move along), hence of the same origin as שִׁבֹּלֶת ᴵ (q.v.). cp. סִבֹּלֶת ᴵ.]

שׂבע to be sated, be satisfied; to be replete, be full; to be surfeited.
    — Qal - שָׂבַע 1 was sated, was satisfied; 2 was replete, was full; 3 was surfeited, had in excess.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׂבַּע was sated, was satisfied (in the Bible occurring only Job 31:31 in the part.).
    — Pi. - שִׂבַּע he satiated, satisfied.
    — Pu. - שֻׂבַּע was satiated, was satisfied.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׂתַּבַּע (of s.m.).
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׂבִּיעַ 1 he satiated, satisfied; MH 2 glutted.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׂבַּע was satiated, was satisfied. [Aram.–Syr. סֽבַע (= was sated, was satisfied; was full, was filled), Ugar. shb‘, Palm. שבע (= to be sated, be satisfied), Arab. shabi‘a (= he satisfied his appetite, ate his fill), Ethiop. ṣagba (of s.m.), Akka. shebū (= to be sated, be satisfied).] Derivatives: שָׂבָע, שָׂבֵעַ, שָׂבוּעַ, שׂבַע, שָׂבְעָה, שֽׂבִיעָה, הַשֽׂבָּעָה, מְשֻׂבָּע.

שָׂבָע m.n. 1 satiety. 2 plenty. [From שׂבע.]

שָׂבֵֽעַ adj. 1 sated, satisfied. 2 full, abounding. 3 surfeited. [From שׂבע.] Derivatives: שְׂבֵעוּת, שְׂבִיעוּת. cp. שִׂבְעוֹן.

שֽׂבַע m.n. 1 satiety, fill. NH 2 plenty, abundance. [From שׂבע.]

שׁבע ᴵ base of שֶׁבַע (= seven), and of words there referred to.

שׁבע ᴵᴵ to swear.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁבַּע he swore, took an oath.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 he caused to take an oath, adjured, bound by an oath; NH 2 he swore in.
    — Hoph. - הֻשֽׁבַּע PBH 1 he was made to swear, was adjured, was bound by an oath; NH 2 was sworn in. [JAram. אִשֽׁתְּבַע, אִשְׁתַּבַּע (= he swore), Ugar. shb‘ (= to swear). Derived from שֶׁבַע (= seven), and prob. meaning lit.: ‘to bind oneself by seven things, or by seven oaths’.] Derivatives: הַשְׁבָּעָה, מֻשְׁבָּע.

שׁבע ᴵᴵᴵ to do something seven times.
    — Pi. - שִׁבַּע MH 1 he did something seven times; NH 2 he multiplied by seven.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּע PBH 1 was done seven times; NH 2 was multiplied by seven. [Denominated from שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָה (= seven).] Derivatives: שִׁבַּע, מֻשְׁבַּע.

שֶֽׁבַע f. adj. (m. שִׁבְעָה) seven. [From שׁבע ᴵ, whence also Phoen. שׁבע (f.), Moabite שׁבעת (m.), Aram. and Syr. שֽׁבַע, BAram. שִׁבְעָה, Aram.-Syr. שַׁבְעָא (m.), Ugar. shb‘ (f.), shb‘t (m.), Arab. sab‘ (f.), sab‘a (f.), OSArab. שׂבעת (m.), Akka. sibi (f.), sibitti (m.).] Derivatives: שׁבע ᴵᴵ, שׁבע ᴵᴵᴵ, שִׁבֽעִים, שִׁבֽעָנָה, שָׁבוּעַ, שְׁבִיעִי, שִׁבְעָתַיִם.

שָׂבְעָה f.n. satiety. [Properly inf. of שָׂבַע (= was sated, was satisfied). See שׂבע. For other infinitives ending in ◌ָה and used as nouns see אַהֲבָה and words there referred to.]

שִׁבְעָה 1 adj. seven. 2 ‘shiv‘a h’, short for שִׁבְעַת יֽמֵי אֲבֵלוּת (the seven days of mourning held for a near relative). [See שֶׁבַע.]

שִׂבְעוֹן m.n. MH satiety, fill. [A secondary form of שָׂבָע. For the ending see ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.]

שְׂבֵעוּת f.n. NH 1 satiety. 2 satisfaction, contentment. [Formed from שָׂבֵעַ with suff. ◌וּת. cp. שְׂבִיעוּת.]

שִׁבְעִים adj. seventy. [Properly pl. of שֶׁבַע (= seven). cp. Aram. and Syr. שַׁבְעִין, Arab. sab‘iīn (= seventy).]

שַׁבְעִית f.n. NH septet (music). [Formed from שֶׁבַע (= seven), with suff. ◌ִית.]

שִׁבְעָֽנָה m. adj. seven (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 42:13). [A var. of שִׁבְעָה. The form שִׁבֽעָנָה possibly arose from שִׁבְעָה through assimilation to שְׁמֹנָה (= eight).]

שִׁבְעָתַֽיִם adv. sevenfold, seven times. [Properly adv. use of the dual of שִׁבְעָה (= seven). The dual suff. added to certain numbers has the meaning ‘–fold’; see אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם.]

שׁבץ ᴵ to weave in checker or plaited work.
    — Pi. - שִׁבֵּץ 1 he wove in checker, embroidered; NH 2 he inlaid, fitted in (a gem in an ornament); NH 3 he framed, placed, graded.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּץ 1 was inwoven, was embroidered; NH 2 was inlaid, was fitted in (said of a gem); NH 3 was framed, was placed, was graded.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּבֵּץ 1 was fitted, was dovetailed. 2 was framed, was placed, was graded.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁבַּץ was fitted in, was dovetailed.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיץ MH 1 he fitted in, worked in; NH 2 he framed, placed, graded.
    — Hoph. - הֻשֽׁבַּץ 1 was fitted in, was dovetailed; 2 was framed, was placed, was graded. [Gesenius connects this base with Syr. שְׁבַץ (= he mixed), שֽׁבָצָא (= mixture), Arab. tashabbaṣa (= was entangled, was interwoven, was entwined). According to Zimmern it is possibly borrowed from Akka. sabsinūtu, which prob. means ‘weaving of colored patterns’.] Derivatives: שָׁבוּץ ᴵ, שִׁבּוּץ, הַשְׁבָּצָה, הִשְׁתַּבְּצוּת, מִשְׁבָּץ, מֽשֻׁבָּץ, מִשֽׁבֶּצֶת, תַּשֽׁבֵּץ, תִּשֽׁבֹּצֶת.

שׁבץ ᴵᴵ to be struck by apoplexy.
    — Qal - שָׁבַץ was struck by apoplexy.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּבֵּץ (of s.m.). [Denominated from שָׁבָץ.] Derivative: שָׁבוּץ ᴵᴵ.

שָׁבָץ m.n. 1 cramp, convulsion (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam. II 1:9). NH 2 apoplexy. [Of uncertain origin. According to Driver related to Akka. shabṣu, which prob. means ‘cramp, convulsion’. However, Lagarde connects שָׁבָץ with Arab. dhabiṣa, Ethiop. dubsa (= was deformed, was fainting, was weak).] Derivative: שׁבץ ᴵᴵ.

שְׁבַצְבּוּץ m.n. PBH Equisetum. [See שְׁבַטֽבַּט.]

שׁבק to leave, let alone, forsake, abandon.
    — Qal - שָׁבַק he left, let alone, forsook, abandoned. [JAram.–Syr. שֽׁבַק, Arab. sabaqa (= he left, left behind). All these verbs are prob. Shaph‘el forms of base בקה (appearing in Arab. baqiya (= he remained). cp. שׁגר (= to send), which is Shaph‘el of גרר (= to draw); שׁזב (= to rescue), Akka. shūzubu, ushēzib, Shaph. of ez̄ebu (= to leave over, leave); שׁזרע (= to reseed), Shaph. of זרע; שׁחלף, Shiph. of חלף ᴵ; שׁחרר, Shiph. of חרר ᴵᴵ; שׁבר ᴵᴵ, if formed from בָּר (= grain, corn), or from עֲבוּר (= produce); שַׁבְרִיר, from ברר; שׁטען, Shiph. of טען ᴵ; שׁכלל, Shiph. of כלל ᴵᴵ; שׁכן, Shaph. of כון ᴵ; שׁכנע, Shiph. of כנע; שׁכפל, Shiph. of כפל; שׁכתב, Shiph. of כתב; שַׁלְהֶבֶת, from שׁלהב, Shaph. of לבה; possibly also שׁלב, from Akka. shulbū (= device for shutting a door), Shaph. of labū (= to shut, lock); שׁלך, possibly Shiph. of הלך; שׁלל ᴵⱽ (= to stitch loosely), possibly Shiph. formed from לוּלָאָה (= loop); שׁלק ᴵᴵ (= to make smooth, trim), possibly Shiph. of חלק ᴵᴵ (= to be smooth); possibly also שׁסף, from סוף, סף, earlier form of סַיִף; prob. שׁמד ᴵᴵ (= to force to apostasy), Shaph. of עֲמַד (= he dived, plunged, dipped in or under water, was baptized); שׁנע, Shiph. of נוע; שׁעמד, Shiph. of עמד; שׁעמם (= he made dull), Shaph. of עֲמַם; שַׁעתק, Shiph. of עתק; שׁקל ᴵᴵ, from Aram. קַל (= was light, was easy); שׁקץ, prob. Shiph. of קוץ ᴵ (= to loathe); שׁרץ, prob. Shiph. of רוץ (= to run).] Derivatives: שָׁבוּק, שִׁבּוּק.

שׂבר to look out, inspect, examine.
    — Qal - שָׂבַר he looked out, inspected, examined.
    — Pi. - שִׂבֵּר he hoped for, waited. [Aram. (also BAram.) סֽבַר (= he looked for, thought, was of opinion), Syr. סֽבַר (= he thought, believed, supposed), Arab. sabara (= he probed or inspected a wound). The spelling of שׂבר with שׂ in Heb. (instead of שׁ) would be an exception to the general rule according to which Heb. שׂ corresponds to Arab. שׁ (there are several such exceptions). However, some scholars connect Heb. שׂבר with Arab. shimr (= clear-sighted), and Ethiop. shamra (= he liked to). cp. also SArab. shabara (= he saw).] Derivatives: שֵׂבֶר, שִׂבָּרוֹן.

שֵֽׂבֶר m.n. hope. [From שׂבר. cp. שִׂבֽרָה.]

שׁבר ᴵ to break, break into pieces.
    — Qal - שָׁבַר 1 he broke, broke down; 2 he tore, rent; 3 he destroyed, demolished; NH 4 he ruined, annihilated.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁבַּר 1 was broken; 2 was torn, was rent; 3 was smitten, was destroyed, was demolished; NH 4 was humiliated.
    — Pi. - שִׁבֵּר 1 he broke, shattered, smashed; 2 he destroyed, demolished.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּר 1 was broken, was shattered, was smashed; 2 was destroyed, was demolished.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּבֵּר PBH 1 was broken; NH 2 it seemed as if it were broken.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיר he caused to break out, i.e. he brought to the birth.
    — Hoph. - הָשְׁבַּר was broken, was shattered. [Aram.–Syr. תְּבַר (= he broke, fractured), Ugar. ṯbr (= to break; to open), Ethiop. sabara (= he broke, broke into pieces), Arab. thabara (= he destroyed, ruined), Akka. shabāru (= to break, break into pieces. cp. שׁבר ᴵᴵ).] Derivatives: שֶׁבֶר ᴵ, שִׁבָּרוֹן, שְׁבָרִים, שָׁבוּר, שִׁבּוּר, שָׁבִיר, שְׁבִירָה, שַׁבְרִיר, הִשָּׁבְרוּת, הִשְׁתַּבְּרוּת, מַשְׁבֵּר, מִשְׁבֶּר, מְשֻׁבָּר, נִשְׁבָּר, תִּשְׁבֹּרֶת. cp. תְּבִיר, תַּבְרָה.

שׁבר ᴵᴵ to buy (grain); to sell (grain, food).
    — Qal - שָׁבַר 1 he bought (grain or food); 2 he sold (grain or food).
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁבִּיר he sold grain. [Various attempts have been made to find the etymology of this base. Several scholars see in it a Shaph‘el form derived from the n. בַּר (= grain, corn), or the n. עֲבוּר (= produce). According to the most probable supposition שׁבר ᴵᴵ is denominated from שֶׁבֶר ᴵᴵᴵ (q.v.), whence ultimately identical with שׁבר ᴵ.] Derivatives: שִׁבֽרוֹן, הַשְׁבָּרָה.

שֶֽׁבֶר ᴵ m.n. 1 breaking, crushing. 2 break, breach. 3 fracture. 4 calamity, misfortune. 5 solution or interpretation (of a dream); lit.: ‘breaking of a dream’. NH 6 hernia, rupture. MH 7 fraction (mathematics). PBH 8 (only in the pl. שֽׁבָרִים) broken, disconnected sounds of the shofar. 9 another name for the ‘Hiriq’ (properly loan translation of Arab. kasra, ‘the vowel i’, lit.: ‘breaking, breach’, from kasara, ‘he broke’. [From שׁבר ᴵ. The orig. form is prob. שֵׁבֶר.] Derivatives: שֶׁבֶר ᴵᴵ, שֶׁבֶר ᴵᴵᴵ.

שֶֽׁבֶר ᴵᴵ m.n. NH fraction (mathematics). [Figurative use of שֶׁבֶר ᴵ.]

שֶֽׁבֶר ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. corn, grain. [Prob. derived from שׁבר ᴵ (= to break), and lit. meaning ‘broken (or threshed) food’.] Derivative: שִׁבָּרוֹן, prob. also שׁבר ᴵᴵ.

שֶֽׁבֶר ᴵⱽ m.n. interpretation (of a dream). [Prob. a special sense development of שֶׁבֶר ᴵ and lit. meaning ‘solution’ (i.e. ‘breaking’) of a dream. Barth connects this word with Aram. פְּשַׁר (= to interpret; see פשׁר and cp. פֶּשֶׁר). Haupt compares it with Akka. shabrū (= seer).]

שַׁבָּר m.n. PBH Peganum harmala (botany). [Aram. שַׁבָּרָא, שַׁוָּרָא, from שֽׁוַר (= to leap, jump); so called in allusion to the hashishlike effect of the seed, which causes the person who has eaten it to jump about. For the etymology of Aram. שֽׁוַר see שׁור ᴵᴵ.]

שִׂבְרָה f.n. MH hope. [A secondary form of שֵׁבֶר. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁבְרֽוּחַ m.n. NH windbreak. [Contraction of שָׁבַר (= he broke; see שׁבר ᴵ), and רוּחַ (= wind).]

שִׂבָּרוֹן m.n. MH hope. [Formed from שׂבר with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.]

שִׁבָּרוֹן m.n. breaking, crushing. [From שׁבר ᴵ.]

שִׁבְרוֹן m.n. PBH trade in corn. [Formed from שֶׁבֶר ᴵᴵᴵ with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.]

שְׁבָרִים m.n. pl. 1 broken, discontinued sounds (see שֶׁבֶר ᴵ, sense 8). 2 fractions (see שֶׁבֶר ᴵᴵ).

שַׁבְרִיר ᴵ m.n. splint, chink. [Dimin. from שֶׁבֶר ᴵ.]

שַׁבְרִיר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 ray, sunbeam. MH 2 (euphemistically, in the pl.) night blindness, nyctalopy. [From JAram. שַׁבְרִירֵי, which is of uncertain origin. Tur–Sinai sees in this word a Shaph‘el form derived from Akka. barāru (= to shine). See ברר.] Derivative: שַׁבְרִירִי ᴵᴵ.

שַׁבְרִירִי ᴵ adj. NH fragile. [Formed from שַׁבֽרִיר ᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁבְרִירִי ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 ‘Shabriri’ — name of a demon set over blindness. 2 ‘Shavriri’ — magic word, such as ‘abracadabra’. [From שַׁבְרִיר ᴵᴵ.]

שַׁבְרָק m.n. NH restharrow; Ononis (a genus of cloverlike herbs). [From Arab. shibrïq.]

שׁבשׁ to entangle, confound, confuse.
    — Pi. - שִׁבֵּשׁ PBH 1 he entangled, confounded, confused; MH 2 he made errors (in writing), blundered, was mistaken; NH 3 he spoiled; NH 4 he copied with mistakes.
    — Pu. - שֻׁבַּשׁ PBH 1 was spoiled; NH 2 was confounded, was confused; MH 3 was faulty, was full of errors.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּבֵּשׁ PBH 1 was confounded, was confused; PBH 2 he blundered, was mistaken; NH 3 was faulty, was full of mistakes. [Borrowed from BAram., also Aram. שִׁבֵּשׁ (= he entangled, confounded, confused), שִׁבֽשָׁא (= branch, bough, twig), שֽׁבִשֽׁתָּא (= twig smeared with birdlime), שַׁבֶּשֽׁתָּא (= snare, trap, confusion, mistake). Related to Mand. שׁבאש and שׁואשׁ (= he befooled), Akka. shabāshu (= to turn away in anger, were perplexed). Arab. shawwasha (= he entangled), is an Aram. loan word. According to Tur–Sinai שׁבשׁ is properly Shaph‘el of בִּישׁ (see בִּישׁ and base באשׁ).] Derivatives: שַׁבּֽשָׁן, שַׁבֽשֶׁבֶת, שַׁבֶּשֶׁת, שִׁבּוּשׁ, הִשְׁתַּבְּשׁוּת, מֽשֻׁבָּשׁ. cp. שַׁבֶּשְׁתָּא.

שַׁבְשֶֽׁבֶת ᴵ f.n. PBH twig smeared with birdlime. [Aram. שְׁבִשֽׁתָּא (of s.m.), from שִׁבְשָׁא (= branch, bough, twig). See שׁבשׁ and cp. שַׁפֽשֶׁפֶת ᴵᴵ.]

שַׁבְשֶֽׁבֶת ᴵᴵ f.n. NH weather vane. [A blend of נשׁב (= to blow), and שַׁבֽשֶׁבֶת ᴵ.]

שַׁבְּשָׁן m.n. NH one who makes errors in copying or in lecturing. [Formed from שִׁבֵּשׁ, Pi. of שׁבשׁ, with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שַׁבֶּֽשֶׁת f.n. NH error, mistake, fault. [From JAram. שַׁבְּשֽׁתָּא (q.v.).]

שַׁבֶּשְׁתָּא f.n. PBH error, mistake, fault. [Aram., from שַׁבֵּשׁ (= he confounded, confused). See שׁבשׁ.]

שׁבת to cease, desist; to rest.
    — Qal - שָׁבַת 1 he ceased, desisted; 2 he desisted from labor, rested; PBH 3 he observed the Sabbath, he spent the Sabbath; NH 4 he struck, was on strike (properly ‘he stopped working’).
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁבַּת ceased.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁבִּית 1 he caused to cease, put an end to; 2 he removed, exterminated, destroyed; NH 3 he locked out (workers).
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁבַּת PBH 1 was made to cease, was stopped; PBH 2 he ceased, perished; NH 3 was locked out (from his work). [JAram. שְׁבַת (= he rested; he observed the Sabbath), Arab. sabata (= he cut off, interrupted, ceased, rested). Akka. shabātu, which prob. means ‘to complete, cease, desist’. cp. שֶׁבֶת ᴵ.] Derivatives: שַׁבָּת, שְׁבוּת ᴵᴵ, שְׁבִיתָה, שׁוֹבֵת, מִשְׁבָּת, מֻשְׁבָּת.

שַׁבָּת m.n. (pl. שַׁבָּתוֹת) 1 day of rest, Sabbath. 2 week, i.e. the seven days from Sunday to Sabbath (the JAram. and Syr. loan words also have both meanings: ‘Sabbath’, and ‘week’; cp. also Gk. sabbaton and sabbata, which also have both these meanings). 3 feast, festival. 4 of years, i.e. a period of seven years. 5 the Sabbathical year, ‘shemittah’. PBH 6 ‘Sabbath’, name of the first Mishnah and Talmud tractate of the order מוֹעֵד. [Derived from שׁבת and lit. meaning ‘day of rest’. Aram.–Syr. שַׁבְּתָא, Arab. sabt, Ethiop. sanbat, are Heb. loan words. So are Gk. sabbaton (whence L. sabbatum, It. sabato, Old Provençal–Catalan dissapte, Spanish–Portuguese sábado, Serbo–Croatian subota, Czech and Slovak sobota, Russ. subbóta, etc.), and its Gk. vulgar var. sambaton, whence VL sambatum, Rumanian sîmbǎtǎ, Old Slavic so̧bota, Hungarian szombat (= Saturday), and sambatīdiēs (= the day of Sabbath), whence Old Fren. sambe-di, whence Fren. samedi (= Saturday), and prob. through the medium of the Gothic — the first element in Old High Ger. sambaz-tac, middle High Ger. samez-tac, Ger. Samstag (= Saturday). However, also Akka. shabbatu, shappatu, and Egypt. smdt, in the sense ‘15th day of the month’ (but not in the meaning ‘7th day of the week’, nor in that of ‘7th or 14th day of the month’, as supposed by many scholars), are borrowed from ancient Hebrew. As shown by the above facts, the name שַׁבָּת and the idea it conveys are of Hebrew origin.] Derivatives: שַׁבּֽתַאי, שַׁבָּתוֹן, שַׁבַּתִּי, שַׁבַּתְיָן. cp. סַמֽבַּטְיוֹן.

שֶֽׁבֶת ᴵ f.n. 1 seat, sitting. 2 dwelling place. 3 cessation from work, rest. PBH 4 indemnity for loss of time. [Subst. use of the inf. of יָשַׁב (see ישׁב). In senses 3 and 4 ישׁב is used in the meaning ‘he sat idle’. Some scholars derive שֶׁבֶת in these senses from שׁבת (= to cease, to rest).]

שֶֽׁבֶת ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH Anethum (a genus of plants). [Related to Syr. שְׁבֶתָּא, Arab. shibit, Akka. shibattu, shibbitu.]

שֵׁבְּתָאוּת f.n. NH 1 belief in Shabbetai Zevi. 2 the movement of the followers of Shabbetai Zevi. [Formed from שַׁבְּתָאִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁבְּתָאִי m.n. NH follower of Shabbetai Zevi. [Formed from the name of the false Messiah שַׁבְּתַי צְבִי (1626–76) with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁבְּתַאי m.n. PBH the planet Saturn. [Formed from שַׁבָּת (= Saturday), with suff. ◌ַאי. cp. Saturnus (the Latin god Saturn), whence diēs Sāturnī (= Saturday), on the one hand, and Sāturnus (the planet Saturn) on the other. cp. also Eng. Saturday, lit.: ‘Saturn’s day’. cp. שַׁבְּתַאי־הַשָּׁקֵד.]

שַׁבְּתַאי־הַשָּׁקֵד m.n. NH Saturnia (the type genus of an important family of moths). [Loan translation of the scientific name Modern L. Saturnia, which derives from L. Saturnus. See שַׁבּֽתַאי.]

שִׁבְתָּה f.n. MH meningitis (disease). [From JAram. שִׁבְתָּא which is of unknown origin.]

שַׁבָּתוֹן m.n. 1 Sabbath observance. NH 2 complete rest. [Formed from שַׁבָּת with suff. ◌וֹן.]

שַׁבְּתַי see שַׁבְּתַאי.

שַׁבַּתִּי adj. NH pertaining to the Sabbath; Sabbathlike. [Formed from שַׁבָּת (= Sabbath), with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שַׁבַּתִּיּוּת.

שַׁבַּתִּיּוּת f.n. NH Sabbath atmosphere. [Formed from שַׁבַּתִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁבַּתְיָן m.n. NH Sabbatarian; Seventh-Day Adventist. [Coined from שַׁבָּת (= Sabbath), prob. in imitation of Modern L. Sabbatiānus.]

שׂגא to grow, grow great, increase.
    — Qal - שָׂגָא grew, grew great, increased.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂגִּיא 1 he made great, raised, elevated; NH 2 grew great, increased. [Aram., BAram. and Syr. שֽׂגָא, Aram.–Syr. סֽגִי, Mand. סגע (= was great, grew great, was much), Arab. shajaujā(y) (= long and thick). In Heb. the base is prob. an Aramaism. cp. שׂגה, which is a secondary form of שׂגא.] Derivatives: שֶׂגֶא, שַׂגִּיא.

שֶֽׂגֶא m.n. NH greatness, loftiness, elevation. [From שׂגא.]

שׂגב to be (inaccessibly) high, be very strong.
    — Qal - שָׂגַב 1 was inaccessibly high, was very strong; MH 2 he strengthened, glorified.
    — Niph. - נִשְׂגַּב 1 was high; 2 was set on high; 3 was exalted (said of God).
    — Pi. - שִׂגֵּב 1 he set on high; 2 he exalted.
    — Pu. - שֻׂגַּב 1 was set on high; MH 2 was strengthened; 3 was exalted, was praised.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׂתַּגֵּב 1 he was set on high; 2 he found protection.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׂגִּיב 1 he acted exaltedly; NH 2 he became great, became strong.
    — Hoph. - הֻשֽׂגַּב was strengthened, was exalted. [TA iskupy (= rises — said of a wall). Aram. שַׂגֵּב (= he made strong) is a Heb. loan word. For sense development cp. Arab. najā (= was high; was protected, was saved, was rescued).] Derivatives: שֶׂגֶב, שִׂגּוּב, שָׂגוּב, שַׂגִּיב, הַשְׂגָבָה, מִשְׂגָב, נִשֽׂגָב.

שֶֽׂגֶב m.n. MH loftiness, exaltation. [From שׂגב.]

שׁגג to go astray, to commit an error, sin unintentionally.
    — Qal - שָׁגַג he went astray, committed an error, sinned unintentionally. [A secondary form of שׁגה.] Derivatives: שֶׁגֶג, שְׁגָגָה, שְׁגִיגָה, שׁוֹגֵג.

שֶֽׁגֶג m.n. MH error, mistake, unintentional sin (poetically). [A secondary form of שְׁגָגָה.]

שְׁגָגָה f.n. error, mistake, unintentional sin. [Verbal n. of שׁגג. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שִׁגָּדוֹן m.n. MH 1 hip disease. NH 2 rheumatism. [From Aram. שִׁגְרּוֹנָא, which is of uncertain origin. It is prob. not a loan word from Gk. ischias (= hip disease), as most scholars would have it. Löw holds שִׁגֽרּוֹנָא for a genuine Aram. word. Another version of this word is שִׁגֽרוֹנָא (whence NH שִׁגָּרוֹן), however שִׁגְדּוֹנָא is the more correct reading, although in NH שִׁגָּרוֹן is the preferred form.]

שׂגה to grow, grow great, increase.
    — Qal - שָׂגָה he grew, grew great, increased.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂגָּה he made great, increased. [A secondary form of שׂגא.] Derivative: שִׂגּוּי. cp. שִׂגְשֵׂג.

שׁגה to go astray, to commit an error unintentionally.
    — Qal - שָׁגָה 1 he went astray, erred; NH 2 he was mistaken, sinned by error; 3 he swerved, staggered, reeled; 4 he acted inadvertently.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁגָּה 1 he led astray; 2 he misled. [Aram.–Syr. שְׁגָא (= he went astray, wandered, erred, swerved), Ethiop. sakaya (= he erred), Aram.–Syr. שְׁגַשׁ (= he troubled, disturbed). cp. שׁגג. cp. also שׁגשׁ.] Derivatives: שָׁגוּי, שֽׁגִיאָה, שֽׁגִיָּה, הַשְׁגָּיָה, מִשְׁגֶּה, שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵ, שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵᴵ.

שָׂגוּב adj. MH great, lofty, exalted. [Pass. part. of שָׂגַב. See שׂגב.]

שִׂגּוּב m.n. MH 1 loftiness, exaltation. NH 2 strengthening. [Verbal n. of שִׂגֵּב, Pi. of שׂגב.]

שִׂגּוּי m.n. MH greatness, loftiness, exaltation. [From שׂגה.]

שָׁגוּי adj. NH mistaken, erred. [Pass. part. of שָׁגָה; see שָׁגָה.]

שָׁגוּם adj. NH connected, mortised. [From שׁגם.]

שָׁגֽוּעַ adj. NH maddening, making mad. [From שׁגע.]

שִׁגּֽוּעַ m.n. NH maddening, making mad. [Verbal n. of שִׁגַּע, Pi. of שׁגע.]

שָׁגוּר adj. PBH 1 fluent, spoken without hesitation. NH 2 current. NH 3 usual, routine. [Pass. part. of שָׁגַר. See שׁגר and cp. שָׁגִיר.] Derivatives: שֽׁגִירָה, שֽׁגִירוּת.

שִׁגּוּר m.n. NH sending, dispatching. [Verbal n. of שִׁגֵּר, Pi. of שׁגר.]

שִׁגּוּשׁ m.n. MH 1 tumult, panic. NH 2 confusion. [Verbal n. of שִׁגֵּשׁ, Pi. of שׁגשׁ.]

שׁגח to look at, gaze at.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁגִּיחַ 1 he looked at, gazed at; 2 he cared for, minded; MH 3 he looked after, inspected, supervised.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁגַּח was looked after, was supervised. [JAram. שֽׁגַח, אַשֽׁגֵח (= he looked, gazed at; he cared for, minded).] Derivatives: הַשְׁגָּחָה, מַשְׁגִּיחַ, מַשְׁגּוֹחַ.

שַׂגִּיא adj. great, lofty, exalted. [From שׂגא. Related to Egypt.–Aram. שגי, שגיא, JAram. סַגִּי. See סַגִּי.] Derivative: שַׂגִּיאוּת.

שְׁגִיאָה f.n. error, mistake (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 19:13 in the pl.). [Verbal n. of שָׁגָה. cp. שְׁגִיָּה.]

שַׂגִּיאוּת f.n. NH greatness, loftiness, exaltation. [Formed from שַׂגִּיא with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׂגִּיב adj. NH great, lofty, exalted. [Formed from שִׂגֵּב, Pi. of שׂגב.] Derivative: שַׂגִּיבוּת.

שְׂגִּיבוּת f. n. NH greatness, loftiness, exaltation. [Formed from שַׂגִּיב with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁגִיגָה f.n. MH error, mistake. [Verbal n. of שָׁגַג. See שׁגג and first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שֽׁגָגָה.]

שְׁגִיָּה f.n. MH 1 error, mistake. 2 being absorbed in vanities. [Verbal n. of שָׁגָה. See שׁגה and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. שְׁגִיאָה.]

שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵ m.n. (pl. שִׁגְיוֹנוֹת) a word of uncertain meaning, occurring Ps. 7:1 and Hab. 3:1, usually rendered by ‘hymn’, ‘dithyramb’ or ‘song’. [Of uncertain etymology. Some scholars derive it from שׁגה (= to go astray, err), and accordingly, render it by ‘wild, passionate song’ or ‘dithyramb’. Others connect it with Arab. saj‘ (= rhymed prose); see שׁגע. Others compare it with Akka. shegū (= dirge), a derivative of shegū (= to rave, rage; to lament violently).]

שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵᴵ m.n. (pl. שִׁגֽיוֹנוֹת) MH 1 being absorbed in vanities. NH 2 hobby. NH 3 idée fixe. [Formed from שׁגה with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.] Derivative: שִׁגְיוֹנִי.

שִׁגְיוֹנִי adj. NH absorbed in vanities. [Formed from שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שָׁגִיר adj. NH 1 fluent, spoken without hesitation. 2 usual routine. [A secondary form of שָׁגוּר.]

שְׁגִירָה f.n. NH fluency. [From שָׁגוּר. For the ending see first suff. ◌ֶה.]

שְׁגִירוּת f.n. NH fluency. [Formed from שָׁגוּר with suff. ◌וּת.]

שֵׁגָל f.n. (pl. שְׁגָלוֹת) king’s wife, queen-consort. [Of uncertain etymology. BAram. שֵׁגָל is a Heb. loan word. According to Brockelmann, Akka. shigrēti (= women of the harem) was borrowed from Heb. שֵׁגָל; Heb. ל became r through dissimilation.] Derivatives: שׁגל, שִׁגְלוֹנָה.

שׁגל to violate, ravish.
    — Qal - שָׁגַל he violated, ravished (in the Bible occurring only Deut. 28:30 in the form יִשְׁגָּלֶנָּה).
    — Niph. - נִשְׁגְּלָה was violated, was ravished (in the Bible occurring only Is. 13:16, Zech. 14:2).
    — Pu. (or pass. Qal) . - שֻׁגְּלָה was violated, was ravished (in the Bible occurring only Jer. 3:2 in the form שֻׁגַּלֽתְּ). [Denominated from שֵׁגָל. (Wherever this verb occurs in the Bible it was replaced in the scriptural text by שׁכב).] Derivative: מִשֽׁגָּל.

שִׁגְלוֹנָה f.n. PBH concubine.
    (. - שַׁגָּם ), בְּשַׁגָּם conj. prob. equivalent of בְּשֶׁגַּם (= for, because) and, accordingly, compounded of בְּ◌, שַׁ◌ (= שֶׁ◌), and גַּם. [A secondary form of שֵׁגָל.]

שֶֽׁגֶם m.n. PBH 1 joint made of twisted reed. NH 2 hinge. [From JAram. שִׁגֽמָא (of s.m.), which is of uncertain origin.] Derivatives: שָׁגוּם, מְשֻׁגָּם.

שׁגם to connect, mortise; to bend (lit.: ‘to bind by suffering’).
    — Pi. - שִׁגֵּם 1 he connected, mortised; 2 he bent.
    — Pu. - שֻׁגַּם was connected, was mortised. [Denominated from שֶׁגֶם.]

שׁגע to be mad.
    — Pi. - שִׁגַּע MH 1 he confused, confounded; NH 2 he maddened, made mad.
    — Pu. - שֻׁגַּע was maddened.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּגַּע 1 he showed madness, feigned madness; MH 2 he was confused; NH 3 he went mad. [Arab. saja‘a (= ‘he cooed’ — said of a male pigeon), Ethiop. zange‘a (= he made confused speeches), Akka. shegū (= to rave, rage; to lament violently; see שִׁגָּיוֹן ᴵ).] Derivatives: שֶׁגֵע, שִׁגָּעוֹן, שִׁגְעָנוּת, שָׁגוּעַ, שִׁגּוּעַ, הִשְׁתַּגּֽעוּת, מֽשֻׁגָּע.

שֶֽׁגַע m.n. NH madness. [From שׁגע.]

שִׁגָּעוֹן m.n. (pl. שִׁגְעוֹנוֹת) madness, insanity, mania. [Formed from שׁגע with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.] Derivative: שִׁגְעוֹנִי.

שִׁגְעוֹנִי adj. NH mad, insane, crazy. [Formed from שִׁגָּעוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שִׁגְעָנוּת f.n. NH madness. [Formed from שׁגע with suff. ◌ָנוּת.]

שׁגר to send, send off; to run, flow.
    — Qal - שָׁגַר 1 he sent, sent off; 2 it ran, flowed.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁגַּר became customary, became fluent.
    — Pi. - שִׁגֵּר 1 he sent, sent off, expedited; 2 he accustomed, made customary.
    — Pu. - שֻׁגַּר was sent, was sent off, was dispatched.
    — Nith. - נִשֽׁתַּגֵּר MH 1 became customary, became routine; NH 2 he got accustomed; MH 3 was sent, was sent off, was dispatched.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁגִּיר PBH 1 he rendered fluent; NH 2 he routinized, conventionalized.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁגַּר 1 was rendered fluent; 2 was routinized, was conventionalized. [From JAram. שְׁגַר (= he sent, threw; in f. also ‘she bore children’), which is related to Syr. שַׁגַּר (= he sent), שְׁגַר (= it flowed). These words are prop. Shaph‘el forms of base גרר (= to draw, drag).] Derivatives: שֶׁגֶר, שַׁגָּר, שִׁגֽרָה, שַׁגְרָן, שָׁגוּר, שִׁגּוּר, שׁוֹגֵר, אַשְׁגָּרָה, הֶשְׁגֵּר, הַשֽׁגָּרָה, הִשְׁתַּגְּרוּת, אֶשְׁגָּר, מַשֽׁגֵּר. cp. שִׁגֽרָא. cp. also שַׁגְרִיר.

שֶֽׁגֶר m.n. offspring, young of beasts. [Derived from שׁגר and lit. meaning ‘that which is thrown by the dam’. cp. Ugar. shqr (= many young animals). For sense development cp. JAram. שְׁגַר (see שׁגר) and Ger. werfen (= to throw; to bring forth young), Wurf (= bearing young, birth; litter, nest, brood).]

שַׁגָּר m.n. NH dispatch clerk. [Nomen opificis, formed from שִׁגֵּר, Pi. of שׁגר, according to the pattern פַּעָל. cp. שַׁגְּרָן.]

שִׁגְרָא m.n. PBH flowing, running (occurring esp. in the phrase שִׁגָּרָא דֽלִשָּׁנָא, ‘fluent talk, fluency’). [Aram., from שֽׁגַר. See שׁגר and cp. שִׁגְרָה.]

שִׁגְרָה f.n. MH 1 fluency. NH 2 routine. [From שִׁגֽרָא.] Derivatives: שִׁגֽרָתִי, שִׁגְרְתָן.

שִׁגָּרוֹן m.n. NH rheumatism. [From Aram. שִׁגְרוֹנָא. Several scholars derive this word from Gk. ischiagra (= hip disease). It is more probable, however, that the correct form of the word is שִׁגְדּוֹנָא. See שִׁגָּדוֹן.] Derivative: שִׁגֽרוֹנִי.

שִׁגְרוֹנִי adj. NH rheumatic. [Formed from שִׁגָּרוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁגְרִיר m.n. PBH 1 viceroy. NH 2 ambassador. NH 3 envoy. [Prob. formed from שׁגר (= to send), through reduplication of the third radical. For sense development cp. Ger. Gesandter (= ambassador), from senden (= to send). According to some scholars the word שַׁגֽרִיר was borrowed from L. surregulus, also found in the dissimilated form surregurus (= petty prince, feudatory vassal), which was formed from sub– (= under), and the dimin. of rēx (= king); see סוּבּֽ◌ and רֶקְטוֹר. Both these etymologies are farfetched. According to my opinion שַׁגֽרִיר is blend of שׁגר (= to send), and Syr. שַׁרִּיר (= firm, solid, strong; trusty; trusty friend of the king). See שָׁרִיר ᴵᴵ.] Derivative: שַׁגְרִירוּת.

שַׁגְרִירוּת f.n. NH embassy. [Formed from שַׁגְרִיר with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁגְּרָן m.n. NH dispatch clerk. [Formed from שִׁגֵּר, Pi. of שׁגר, with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שִׁגְרָתִי adj. NH customary, routine (adj.). [Formed from שִׁגְרָה with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שִׁגְרָתִיּוּת.

שִׁגְרָתִיּוּת f.n. NH routinism. [Formed from שִׁגְרָתִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שִׁגְרְתָן m.n. NH routinist. [Formed from שִׁגְרָה with suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: שִׁגְרְתָנוּת.

שִׁגְרְתָנוּת f.n. NH routinism. [Formed from שִׁגֽרְתָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁגשׁ to confuse, confound.
    — Pi. - שִׁגֵּשׁ he confused, confounded.
    — Pu. - שֻׁגַּשׁ was confused, was confounded.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּגֵּשׁ became confused, became confounded. [From Aram. (= Syr.) שְׁגַשׁ (= he confused, confounded), which is related to sagisa (= the water was turbid), Akka. shaqāshu, shagāshu (= he struck to the ground, overthrew).] Derivative: שִׁגּוּשׁ.

שׂגשׂג to grow, flourish.
    — Pilp. - שִׂגְשֵׂג (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 17:11) 1 he grew, flourished; 2 he throve, succeeded.
    — Hithpalp. - הִשְׂתַּגְשֵׂג 1 he grew considerably; 2 he succeeded greatly, developed. [According to Ibn Ezra, ReDaK and many others, Pilpel of שׂגה.] Derivative: שִׂגְשׂוּג.

שִׂגְשׂוּג m.n. MH growth, flourishing. [Verbal n. of שִׂגְשֵׂג.]

שַׁד m.n. (dual שָׁדַיִם) 1 female breast. 2 protuberance. [Aram.–Syr. pl. תְּדַיָּא (= breasts), Ugar. td, Arab. thady (= breast), thadā(y) (= he moistened). Prob. a word derived from infant’s babble. cp. שַׁדַּי.]

שֵׁד m.n. evil spirit; demon, devil. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. shēdu (= a protecting spirit, esp. in the form of a bull-colossus), whence also Aram. שֵׁידָא, Syr. שִׁידָא (= demon). cp. the second element in the Phoen. גדשד.] Derivatives: שֵׁדָה, שֵׁדוֹן.

שֹׁד ᴵ m.n. 1 violence, havoc. 2 devastation. [From שׁדד.]

שֹׁד ᴵᴵ m.n. female breast. [A secondary form of שַׁד. cp. Arab. thud, a rare secondary form of thady (= breast).]

שָׂדָאוּת f.n. NH fieldcraft (military). [Formed from שָׂדֶה with suff. ◌וּת.]

שֶׁדֶבְר m.n. FW masterpiece. [Fren. chef-d’oeuvre (= lit.: ‘chief work’), from chef (= chief, principal), de (= from, of), and oeuvre (= work).]

שׂדד to plow, harrow.
    — Pi. - שִׁדֵּד he plowed, harrowed.
    — Pu. - שֻׂדַּד was plowed, was harrowed. [Akka. shadādu (= to draw, drag; to measure), shiddu (= tract, field). cp. Syr. סַדָּא (= furrow).] Derivatives: שַׂדָּד, שִׂדּוּד, שְׂדִידָה, מַשְׂדֵדָה.

שַׂדָּד m.n. NH plowman, harrower. [Nomen opificis formed from שִׂדֵּד, Pi. of שׂדד, according to the pattern פַּעָל.]

שׁדד MH to overpower, destroy violently, rob, devastate, ruin; to despoil, ravage.
    — Qal - שָׁדַד 1 he destroyed violently, robbed, devastated, ruined; 2 he despoiled, ravaged.
    — Niph. - נָשַׁד , also נִשְׁדַּד, was robbed, was devastated, was destroyed, was ruined.
    — Pi. - שִׁדֵּד he utterly devastated, destroyed, robbed, ruined.
    — Po‘el . - שׁוֹדֵד (of s.m.).
    — Pu. - שֻׁדַּד was utterly devastated, was destroyed, was ruined.
    — Hoph. - הוּשַׁד was robbed, was devastated, was destroyed, was ruined; also הֻשְׁדַּד (of s.m.). [Ethiop. sadada (= he expelled), Arab. sadda (= he closed up, stopped up, obstructed), Akka. shadādu (= to draw, drag).] Derivatives: שֹׁד ᴵ, שׁוֹדֵד, שָׁדוּד, שִׁדּוּד, שְׁדִידָה. cp. שַׁדַּי.

שָׂדֶה m. & f.n. (pl. שָׂדוֹת) 1 field. 2 open country. 3 land. NH 4 outside, outdoors. [Contraction of the orig. form שָׂדַי (q.v.). Related to Ugar. shd (= soil, land, plowland), Akka. shadū (= mountain), TA shatē. The orig. meaning of שָׂדֶה was ‘mountain’. Barth founds this orig. meaning of שָׂדֶה in the phrase עַל מְרוֹמֵי שָׂדֶה (Jud. 5:18).] Derivative: שָׂדָאוּת.

שֵׁדָה f.n. PBH evil spirit (female); female demon. [f. of שֵׁד.]

שִׁדָּה ᴵ f.n. a beautiful woman (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 2:8). [Of unknown origin.]

שִׁדָּה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH chest of drawers. [Of unknown origin.]

שָׁדוּד adj. 1 devastated, destroyed, ruined. 2 slain. MH 3 broken, depressed. [Pass. part. of שָׁדַד; see שׁדד. In Ps. 137:8 שֽׁדוּדָה has an active meaning. For other Qal pass. part. used in an active sense cp. אָחוּז and words there referred to.]

שִׁדּוּד m.n. MH devastation, destruction, robbing, plundering. [Verbal n. of שִׁדֵּד, Pi. of שׁדד. cp. שֽׁדִידָה.]

שִׁדּוּךְ m.n. PBH 1 preliminaries to a betrothal. MH 2 betrothal, engagement. [From JAram. שִׁדּוּכָא, from שַׁדֵּךְ (= Heb. שִׁדֵּךְ), Pi. of שׁדך.]

שִׁדּוּל m.n. MH 1 striving, endeavor. 2 persuasion. [Verbal n. of שִׁדֵּל, Pi. of שׁדל.]

שַׁדּוּן (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 19:29). [Of doubtful origin and meaning. Usually it is taken in the form of שׁדין, punctuated שַׁדִּין (= שֶׁדִּין) and rendered accordingly ‘that there is judgement’. See שַׁ◌ (= שֶׁ◌) and דִּין.]

שֵׁדוֹן m.n. NH a little demon, gnome, sprite, imp. [Formed from שֵׁד with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.] Derivative: שֵׁדוֹנִי.

שֵׁדוֹנִי adj. NH like a little demon, gnomelike, impish. [Formed from שֵׁדוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שָׁדוּף adj. 1 blasted, blighted. MH 2 meaningless. NH 3 empty, emptied. [Pass. part. of שָׁדַף. See שׁדף.] Derivative: שְׁדִיפוּת.

שָׁדוּר adj. NH sent, broadcast. [Pass. part. of שָׁדַר. See שׁדר.]

שִׁדּוּר m.n. MH 1 sending. NH 2 broadcasting. [Verbal n. of שִׁדֵּר, Pi. of שׁדר.]

שַׁדַּי m.n. the Almighty. [Various attempts have been made to find the etymology of this word. It is generally derived from שׁדד in the sense ‘to overpower’, hence rendered ‘Almighty’. Some scholars compare it with Akka. shadū (= mountain; see שָׂדֶה). Others connect is with שַׁד (= breast) and render שַׁדַּי by ‘Provider, Sustainer’. Still others derive it from base appearing in Aram. שְׁדָא (= he hurled, threw), and translate שַׁדַּי by ‘the hurler of the arrows of lightning and thunder’. Several scholars refer to Arab. sadā (= he stretched out his hand), saddā (= he heaped benefits; he reconciled persons at enmity with each other), and render שַׁדַּי by ‘Dispenser of benefits’, resp. ‘Protector of peace’. In this case the form שַׁדַּי could be most easily explained as a פַּעָל–form (whence also סַלָּח, ‘Forgiver’). Our Sages explain שַׁדַּי as שֶׁדַּי (= whose divinity suffices for every creature); see שַׁ◌ (= שֶׁ◌) and דַּי. Aquilas, Symmachos and Theodotion render שַׁדַּי by ikachos (= sufficing, sufficient), thus following the explanation of our Sages.]

שָׂדַי m.n. field. [Orig. form of שָׂדֶה.]

שֵׁדִי adj. NH diabolic(al), devilish. [Formed from שֵׁד with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שֵׁדִיּוּת.

שְׂדִידָה f.n. MH plowing, harrowing. [Verbal n. of שָׂדַד. See שׂדד and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁדִידָה f.n. devastation, destruction, robbing. [Verbal n. of שָׁדַד. i.e. שׁדד[[illegible]] and first suff. ◌ָה, and cp. שִׁדּוּד.]

שֵׁדִיּוּת f.n. NH deviltry. [Formed from שֵׁדִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁדִיפָה f.n. PBH blasting, blighting. [Verbal n. of שָׁדַף. See שׁדף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁדִיפוּת f.n. NH emptiness. [Formed from שָׁדוּף with suff. ◌וּת.]

שָׁדִיר adj. NH suitable for broadcasting, broadcastable. [Coined from שָׁדַף (= he sent, broadcast; see שׁדר) according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

שׁדך to negotiate a marriage, make a match.
    — Pi. - שִׁדֵּךְ he negotiated a marriage, made a match, matched.
    — Pu. - שֻׁדַּךְ was matched.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּדִּךְ he entered into marriage.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁדִּיךְ he quieted, calmed. [Aram.–Syr. שַׁדֵּךְ (= he made proposals of marriage, offered marriage gifts). The original meaning of this base is ‘to soothe, pacify, appease’; cp. JAram. שֽׁדַךְ, שְׁדוֹךְ (= was quiet, was appeased), Mand. שְׁדִיכָא (= at rest, at ease), Arab. sadika (= was quiet, was calm).] Derivatives: שַׁדְּכָן, שִׁדּוּךְ, הִשֽׁתַּדּֽכוּת.

שַׁדְּכָן m.n. MH matchmaker, marriage broker. [Formed from שִׁדֵּךְ, Pi. of שׁדך, with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: שַׁדְּכָנוּת.

שַׁדְּכָנוּת f.n. MH matchmaking, marriage brokerage. [Formed from שַׁדְכָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁדל to persuade, entice.
    — Qal - שִׁדֵּל he persuaded, enticed.
    — Pu. - שֻׁדַּל was persuaded, was enticed.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּדֵּל 1 he strove, endeavored; 2 he made an effort; 3 he appeased, made friends with. [Borrowed from Aram.–Syr. שְׁדַל (= he soothed; he cajoled, allured), שַׁדֵּל (= he cajoled, beguiled, enticed; he seduced). The orig. meaning of this Aram. base was ‘he strove, endeavored’, and it is synonymous with, or, more probably, a secondary form of שׁדר (q.v.).] Derivatives: שַׁדּֽלָן, שִׁדּוּל, שְׁדֻלָּה, הִשֽׁתַּדְּלּוּת, שְׁתַדְלָן.

שְׁדֻלָּה f.n. NH lobby, group of lobbyists. [Formed from שׁדל with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁדְּלָן m.n. NH 1 persuader, enticer, peacemaker. NH 2 lobbyist. [Formed from שִׁדֵּל, Pi. of שׁדל, with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivatives: שַׁדְּלָנִי, שַׁדּֽלָנוּת.

שַׁדְּלָנוּת f.n. NH 1 persuasion, peacemaking. 2 lobbying. [Formed from שַׁדְלָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁדְּלָנִי adj. NH persuading, enticing, peacemaking. [Formed from שַׁדְּלָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שְׁדֵמָה f.n. field (esp. of wheat or vine). [Together with Ugar. shdmth (of s.m.) of unknown origin.]

שׁדף to blast, blight, scorch.
    — Qal - שָׁדַף he blasted, blighted, parched, scorched (in the Bible occurring only in the pass. part.; see שָׁדוּף).
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁדַּף was blasted, was blighted, was parched, was scorched.
    — Pi. - שִׁדֵּף he blasted, blighted, parched, scorched.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּדֵּף was blasted, was blighted, was parched, was scorched.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁדִּיף he caused blast, caused blight. [JAram. שֽׁדַף, אִשְׁתְּדַף (= it scorched), Arab. ’asdafa (= was dark). Related to שזף. According to some scholars שׁדף is the Shiph‘el form of הדף (= to thrust).] Derivatives: שֶׁדֶף, שֽׁדֵפָה, שִׁדָּפוֹן, שַׁדֶּפֶת, שָׁדוּף, שְׁדִיפָה, הִשְׁתַּדְּפוּת.

שֶֽׁדֶף m.n. MH blast, blight. [From שׁדף.]

שְׁדֵפָה f.n. blight, blasting (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. II 19:26). [Formed from שָׁדַף (see שׁדף), with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שְׁדִיפָה.]

שִׁדָּפוֹן m.n. (pl. שִׁדְפוֹנוֹת) blight, blasting. [Formed from שׁדף with ◌וֹן, a suff. forming abstract nouns.]

שַׁדֶּֽפֶת f.n. NH Tales (disease). [Coined from שׁדף (= to blast, blight, parch, scorch), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת, serving to form names of diseases; see אַדֶּמֶת and words there referred to.]

שׁדר to send; to broadcast.
    — Qal - שָׁדַר he sent.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁדַּר was sent.
    — Pi. - שִׁדֵּר he broadcast.
    — Pu. - שֻׁדַּר was broadcast.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּדַּר he made efforts. [BAram. שׁדר, אִשְׁתַּדַּר (= he exerted himself, strove), JAram.–Syr. שַׁדַּר (= he sent), Syr. שׁוּדָרָא, תַּשְׁדַּרֽתָּא (= something sent), אֶשְׁתַּדּוּר (= opposing, insurrection), Egypt-Arab. אִשְׁתַּדַּר (= he exerted himself), Arab. sadara (= she let her hair fall, or flow, down). cp. the related bases שׁגר and שׁדל. Heb. שָׁדַר is an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: שַׁדָּר ᴵ, שֶׁדֶר, שַׁדְּרָן, שִׁדּוּר, שָׁדִיר, מַשְׁדֵּר, מִשְׁדָּר, מְשֻׁדָּר, תַּשְׁרִּיר, תִּשְׁדֹּרֶת.

שַׁדָּר ᴵ m.n. NH broadcaster. [Nomen opificis formed from שִׁדֵּר, Pi. of שׁדר, according to the pattern פַּעָל.]

שַׁדָּר ᴵᴵ m.n. NH the birch tree; Betula (a genus of trees).

שֶֽׁדֶר ᴵ m.n. NH message; radio broadcast. [From שׁדר.]

שֶֽׁדֶר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH spine. [From JAram. שִׁדֽרָא. See שִׁדֽרָה.]

שְׂדֵרָה f.n. 1 row, rank of soldiers. 2 architectural technical term of uncertain origin. NH 3 boulevard, avenue. NH 4 file, column (military). [From stem שׂדר (= סדר), hence the orig. meaning of שְׂדֵרָה was ‘something put in order’, ‘something arranged’. For the ending of שֽׂדֵרָה see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שִׁדְרָה f.n. PBH spinal column, backbone. [From JAram. שִׁדְרָא, equivalent to Heb. שִׁזְרָה (q.v.).] Derivatives: שִׁדְרִית, שַׁדֶּרֶת.

שִׁדְרִית f.n. NH keel (in a boat). [Formed from שִׁדְרָה with suff. ◌ִית.]

שַׁדְּרָן m.n. NH broadcaster. [Formed from שִׁדֵּר, Pi. of שׁדר, with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שַׁדֶּֽרֶת f.n. NH rachitis, rickets (disease). [Coined from שִׁדְרָה (= spinal column, backbone), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת, serving to form names of diseases; see אַדֶּמֶת and words there referred to.]

שׁדשׁ base of שֵׁשׁ (= six), and words there referred to.

שַׁה see שַׁח ᴵᴵ.

שֶׂה m. & f.n. 1 (young) sheep, lamb. 2 small cattle (goat, sheep). [Related to Phoen. ש, Ugar. sh (= sheep; small cattle), Arab. shā’ (= sheep; ewe), Akka. shu’u (= lamb), Egypt. s’, s’w, Lower Egypt. esōw, Upper Egypt. esow, Middle Egypt. esaw (= sheep).] Derivative: שֵׂיָה.

שָׂהֵד m.n. witness (occurring only Job 16:19 in the phrase שָׂהֲדִי בַּמְּרוֹמִים, ‘God is my witness’). [Aramaizing of part. of BAram. שׂהד (= to bear witness, testify), corresponding to JAram. סְהֵד, related to Mand. סהיד, Arab. shahida (= he witnessed), whence shāhid (= witness). See סהד and cp. סָהֵד.] Derivative: שָׂהֲדוּתָא.

שָׂהֲדוּתָא f.n. testimony. [BAram., Aram., Syr. and New Syr. סָהֲדוּתָא. Derived from שָׂהֵד.]

שׁהה to tarry, linger; to stay, to delay, be late in coming.
    — Qal - שָׁהָה 1 he tarried, lingered; 2 he stayed; 3 he delayed, was late in coming; 4 he detained, withheld.
    — Pi. - שִׁהָה he detained, withheld.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתָּהָה he was delayed, paused.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁהָה he delayed, detained, retarded.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁהָה was delayed, was detained, was retarded. [Borrowed from JAram. שֽׁהָא, שְׁהִי (= he stood still, tarried, lingered, was astonished, became stiff), which is related to Syr. שְׁהָא, שְׁהִי (= was deserted), Arab. sahā (= was inattentive, was absent-minded, was distracted; he neglected, omitted, forgot, overlooked). Related to שׁהא ᴵ.] Derivatives: שָׁהוּי, שִׁהוּי, שְׁהוּת, שְׁהִי, שְׁהִיָּה, שַׁהֲיָן, הַשֽׁהָיָה, הִשְׁתַּהוּת.

שָׁהוּי adj. PBH delayed, retarded. [Pass. part. of שָׁהָה. See שׁהה.] Derivative: שְׁהִיּוּת.

שִׁהוּי m.n. PBH delay, retardation. [Verbal n. of שִׁהָה, Pi. of שׁהה.]

שִׁהוּק m.n. NH hiccup, hiccough. [Verbal n. of שִׁהֵק, Pi. of שׁהק.]

שְׁהוּת f.n. PBH 1 time, leisure. NH 2 respite. [Formed from שָׁהָה (see שׁהה) with suff. ◌וּת.]

שֶׁהֶחֱיָֽנוּ MH name of a benediction of thanksgiving. [So called because after its introductory part the benediction begins with the word שֶׁהֶהֶֽיָֽנוּ, meaning ‘who hast granted us life’.]

שְׁהִי m.n. NH fermata (music). [Back formation from שְׁהִיָּה.]

שְׁהִיָּה f.n. PBH 1 lingering, tarrying; delay. 2 interruption. [Verbal n. of שָׁהָה. See שׁהה and first suff. ◌ָה.] Derivative: שְׁהִי.

שְׁהִיּוּת f.n. NH 1 time of delay. 2 endurance. [Formed from שְׁהִיָּה with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁהֲיָן adj. MH laggard, tardy. [Formed from שָׁהָה (see שׁהה) with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שְׁהִ״י־פְּהִ״י transparent excuse, subterfuge. [Formed from the abbreviation of the words פֶּסַח הַיּוֹם, שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם, ‘It is Sabbath today, it is Passover today’ (used as a subterfuge for a refusal).] Derivative: פהה.

שֶׁהַכֹּל PBH name of a benediction over water or foods not grown from the earth. [So called because after its introductory part the benediction begins with the word שֶׁהַכֹּל, meaning ‘(by Whose word) all things (exist)’.]

שֹֽׁהַם m.n. name of a precious stone, generally identified with the onyx. [Prob. related to Akka. shamtu, name of a red precious stone.] Derivatives: שׂהם, שָׁהָֽמִי.

שׁהם to inlay with onyx.
    — Pu. - שֻׁהַם was inlaid with onyx.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּהֵם was inlaid with something resembling onyx. [Denominated from שֹׁהַם.]

שָׁהֳמִי adj. NH onyxlike. [Formed from שֹׁהַם with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁהק to hiccup, hiccough.
    — Pi. - שִׁהֵק he hiccuped, hiccoughed.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּהֵק (of s.m.). [Arab. shahiqa (= he brayed — said of a donkey), shahaqa and shahiqa (= he inhaled, sighed deeply; he sobbed, gulped). Prob. of imitative origin.] Derivatives: שַׁהַק, שַׁהֶקֶת, שִׁהוּק.

שְַׁהַק m.n. NH hiccuping. [From שׁהק.]

שַׁהֶֽקֶת f.n. NH attack of hiccuping (medicine). [Coined from שִׁהֵק (= he hiccuped; see שׁהק), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת, serving to form names of diseases; see אַדֶּמֶת and words there referred to.]

שַׂהַר m.n. PBH [A collateral form of סַהַר (q.v.).]

שַׂהֲרוֹן m.n. little moon, i.e. an ornament shaped like a small moon (in the Bible occurring only Jud. 21:26 and Is. 3:18). [Formed with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן from שַׂהַר (= moon), which is related to OAram. שַׂהַר (= moon god), JAram.–Syr. סַהֲרָא (= moon), Aram. סַהֲרָנַיָּא, Syr. סַהְרָנֵא (= crescents), Arab. shahr, Ethiop. shahr (= moon), OSArab. שׁהר (= moon, moon god), Akka. sa’ru (= ring). cp. סַהַר ᴵ, סֹהַר. cp. also סָהוּר, סַהֲרוּרִי, סַהֲרוֹן.]

שָׁו (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 15:31 and prob. meaning ‘equality’). [Prob. a shortened form of שָׁוֶה.]

שָׁוְא m.n. 1 lie, falsehood. 2 nothingness, worthlessness, vanity. [Related to Arab. sa’a (= was or became bad, was or became evil, was foul, was unseemly), sau’ (= evil), Ethiop. say’ (= wickedness, baseness).]

שְׁוָא m.n. MH ‘shwa’ (Heb. grammar) — half a vowel indicated by the sign ◌ְ, and pronounced like e in Eng. agent. [Borrowed from Syr. שְׁוַיָּא (= the seven points), lit.: ‘even’ or ‘equal’ (points), name of the accent mark ◌ְ, which corresponds to the Heb. accent זָקֵף. Syr. שְׁוַיָּא derives from Syr. שְׁוָא (= was like or equal), which is related to Heb. שָׁוָה (= was even, smooth or like); see שׁוה ᴵ. cp. שָׁווּי.] Derivative: שְׁוָאִי.

שׂוֹא m.n. lifting up, rising, elation (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 89:10). [Shortened form נְשׂוֹא, inf. of נָשָׂא. See נשׂא.]

שׁוֹאֵב m.n. water drawer. [Act. part. of שָׁאַב. See שׁאב.]

שׁוֹאָה f.n. 1 devastation, destruction, ruin. NH 2 catastrophe. [From שׁאה ᴵ.]

שְׁוָאִי adj. MH pertaining to, or voweled with, a ‘shwa’. [Formed from שֽׁוָא with suff. ◌ִי. cp. שָׁווּי.]

שׁוֹאֵל m.n. PBH 1 borrower. NH 2 questioner. [Subst. use of Biblical Heb. שׁוֹאֵל, act. part. of שָׁאַל. See שׁאל.]

שׁוֹאֵן adj. NH very noisy, tumultuous. [Act. part. of שָׁאַן. See שׁאן ᴵᴵ.]

שׁוב ᴵ to return, turn back, come again, go again.
    — Qal - שָׁב 1 he returned, turned back, came again, went again; 2 he became again; 3 he did again, repeated; MH 4 he became; 5 he repented (in this sense it is used elliptically for שָׁב מִדַּרְכּוֹ הָרָעָה, ‘he returned from his evil way’, or for שָׁב אֶל ה׳, ‘he returned to the Lord’); 5 he changed his mind.
    — Pol. - שׁוֹבֵב 1 he brought back, took back; 2 he restored, refreshed.
    — Po. - שׁוֹבַב was brought back, was taken back, was restored.
    — Hiph. - הֵשִׁיב 1 he caused to return, brought back; 2 he gave back, restored; 3 he answered, replied (in this sense used elliptically for הֵשִׁיב דָּבָר, lit.: ‘returned word’); 4 he reversed, revoked.
    — Hoph. - הוּשַׁב was returned, brought back, was restored. [Aram. (also BAram.) תּוּב (= to return, turn back, come again, go again), Syr. תָּב (= he returned, turned back, came again, went again), Ugar. tb (= to turn; to answer, comply with), Arab. thāba (= he returned, turned back, came back, went back), OSArab. תֿוב (= to return; to reward).] Derivatives: שׁוֹבֵב, שׁוּבָה, שִׁיבָה, שִׁיּוּב, הֲשָׁבָה, הִשָּׁבוֹן, מוּשָׁב, מָשׁוֹב, מְשׁוֹבֵב, תְּשׁוּבָה. cp. תְּיוּבְתָּא.

שׁוב ᴵᴵ to turn away, apostatize, be refractory, be rebellious.
    — Pol. - שׁוֹבֵב he turned away, lead, astray, misled; he apostatized, was refractory, was rebellious.
    — Hithpol. - הִשְׁתּוֹבֵב he behaved wildly, was refractory, was rebellious. [According to Barth שׁוב in this sense is related to Arab. sāba (= he left, gave up, relinquished, neglected).] Derivatives: שׁוֹבָב, שׁוֹבֵב, מְשׁוּבָה.

שׁוּב adv. PBH again, once more. [Prob. loan translation of the related JAram. תּוּב, תּוּ (= again, once more). See שׁוּב ᴵ and cp. תּוּ.]

שׁוֹבָב adj. & m.n. (also שׁוֹבֵב) 1 refractory, rebellious, unruly, mischievous, apostate. NH 2 a mischievous boy. [From שׁוב ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁוֹבְבוּת, שׁוֹבָבִי, שׁוֹבְבָנִי, שׁוֹבְבָנוּת.

שׁוֹבְבוּת f.n. MH refractoriness, rebelliousness, unruliness, mischievousness. [Formed from שׁוֹבָב with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוֹבָבִי adj. PBH refractory, rebellious, unruly, mischievous. [Formed from שׁוֹבָב with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹבְבָנוּת f.n. NH naughtiness, boisterousness. [Formed from שׁוֹבָב with suff. ◌נוּת.]

שׁוֹבְבָנִי adj. NH naughty, boisterous, mischievous. [Formed from שׁוֹבָב with suff. ◌נִי.]

שׁוּבָה f.n. coming back (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 30:15). [Prob. formed from שׁוּב ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שׁוֹבִינִיּוּת f.n. FW chauvinism. [See שׁוֹבִינִיזְם.]

שׁוֹבִינִיזְם m.n. FW chauvinism. [Fren. chauvinisme, formed with suff. – isme (see ◌ִיזֽם) from Fren. chauvin, which was formed from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, one of Napoleon’s veterans, ridiculed for his excessive patriotism and staged by the brothers Cogniard in the vaudeville ‘La Cocarde tricolore’ (1831).]

שׁוֹבִינִיסְט m.n. FW chauvinist. [See שׁוֹבִינִיזֽם and suff. ◌ִיסְט.] Derivative: שׁוֹבִינִיסֽטִי.

שׁוֹבִינִיסְטִי adj. FW chauvinistic. [Formed from שׁוֹבִינִיסֽט with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹבָךְ m.n. PBH (pl. שׁוֹבָכִים, also שׁוֹבָכוֹת) dovecot. [Related to Arab. shubbāk (= netting, network; window), and to Heb. שֽׂבָכָה (= network). Since Arab. sh corresponds to Heb. שׂ (hence Heb. שְׂבָכָה) it is obvious that the correct spelling of שובך is שׂוֹבָךְ, with שׂ.]

שֽׂוֹבֶךְ see שׂבֶךֽ.

שׁוֹבֵר ᴵ m.n. PBH (pl. שׁוֹבְרִים, also שׁוֹבְרוֹת) voucher, receipt (for money). [Properly part. of שָׁבַר (see שׁבר); so called because in ancient times documents were written on pieces of clay or potsherd, and in order to annul the document, it was broken into pieces.]

שׁוֹבֵר ᴵᴵ NH ‘breaker’ (used as the first element in compounds, as in שׁוֹבֵר־גַּלִּים, ‘breakwater’; שׁוֹבֵר־רוּחַ, ‘windbreak’). [Act. part. of שָׁבַר. See שׁבר.]

שׁוֹבֵת m.n. NH striker. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שׁבת.]

שׂוּג to turn back, retreat.
    — Niph. - נָשׂוֹג he turned back, retreated (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam. II 1:22). [A secondary form of סוג ᴵ. cp. שִׂיג.]

שׁוֹגֵג adj. erring, sinning unintentionally. [Act. part. of שָׁגַג See שׁגג.]

שׁוֹגֵר m.n. NH consignor. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁגַר. See שׁגר.]

שׂוד see שׂיד.

שׁוּדָא m.n. PBH discretionary judgment, adjudication (an Aram. word, currently used in the Talmudic term שׁוּדָא דְדַיָּנֵי, ‘adjudication of the judges’). [JAram., formed through elision from שׁוּחֲדָא (= choice, discretion; gift, bribe), corresponding to Heb. שֹׁחַד. For similar elision cp. מָסוּתָא (= bath) and words there referred to.]

שׁוֹדֵד m.n. robber. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁדַד. See שׁדד.]

שׁוה ᴵ to be like, be equal, be equivalent.
    — Qal - שָׁוָה 1 was even, was smooth, was like, was equal; 2 was equal in value; 3 was worth, was fit, was appropriate; 4 sufficient, satisfactory.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁוָה became equal.
    — Pi. - שִׁוָּה 1 he has leveled (i.e. the ground’s surface); 2 he smoothed.
    — Pu. - שֻׁוָּה 1 was made even; 2 was made equal.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּוָּה and Nith. נִשְׁתַּוָּה 1 was made alike; 2 came to an agreement, compromised.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁוָה he made like, likened, compared; PBH 2 he harmonized, made equal, made to agree; PBH 3 he smoothed, straightened.
    — Hoph. - הִשֽׁוָה PBH 1 was made equal; NH 2 was made to agree. [Aram.–Syr. שֽׁוָא (= was even, was like, was equal), BAram. שַׁוִּיו (= they made like), Arab. sawwā(y) (= he made even or flat), Egypt.–Aram. שׁוה (= equal in value).] Derivatives: שָׁוֵה, שָׁוֶה, שִׁוּוּי, שֹׁוִי, שִׁוְיוֹן, הַשְׁוָאָה, הַשְׁוָיָה, הִשְׁתַּוּוּת, מַשְׁוֶה, מֻשְׁוֶה, מִשְׁוָאָה, מִשְׁוָיָה. cp. שְׁוָא.

שׁוה ᴵᴵ to set, put, place.
    — Pi. - שִׁוָּה he set, put, placed. [Aram. שְׁוָא, BAram. יִשֽׁתַּוֵּה (= will be made into), VArab. sawwā(y) (= he made), istawā(y) (= he became), wāsā(y) (= he made).]

שָׁוֵה m.n. plain (whence שָׁוֵה קִרֽיָתֵיִם, Gen. 14:5, ‘the plain of Kiryatayim’). [From שׁוה ᴵ, whence also Syr. שְׁוָתָא, Arab. siyy (= plain).]

שָׁוֶה adj. PBH 1 equal, fitting, appropriate. 2 equivalent. 3 worth, equi– and iso- (first element in compounds). [From שׁוה ᴵ. cp. שָׁו.] Derivative: שָׁווּת.

שִׁוּוּט m.n. NH systematization. [Verbal n. of שִׁוֵּט. See שׁוט ᴵᴵᴵ.]

שִׁוּוּי m.n. MH 1 proportion. NH 2 equalization. NH 3 value. NH 4 comparison. [Verbal n. of שִׁוָּה, Pi. of שׁוה ᴵ.]

שָׁווּי adj. MH voweled with a ‘shwa’. [From שְׁוָא. cp. שְׁוָאִי.]

שִׁוּוּק m.n. NH marketing. [Verbal n. of שִׁוֵּק (= he marketed). See שׁוק ᴵᴵ.]

שִׁוּוּר m.n. NH tightrope dancing. [From שַׁוָּר.]

שָׁווּת f.n. NH equality. [Formed from שָׁוֶה with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּז see שָׁחוּז ᴵᴵ.

שׂוח to walk, go for a walk.
    — Qal - שָׂח (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Gen. 24:36 in the inf. לָשׂוּחַ, perhaps meaning ‘to walk, go for a walk’). [A base of uncertain origin and meaning. Perhaps related to Arab. sāḥa (= he roved, roamed about, traveled).]

שׁוח to bow down, bend.
    — Qal - שָׁח bowed down.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתּוֹחַח (see שׁחח). [Arab. sāḫa (= it sank in the ground — said of the foot), JAram. שִׁיחָא (= pit, ditch, cistern), Syr. שִׁיחָא (= pit, ditch). cp. the secondary forms שׁחה, שׁחח.] Derivatives: שׁוּחָה, שִׁיחַ, שִׁיחָה, שַׁחַת ᴵ.

שֽׁוּחַ f.n. PBH (also בַּת שׁוּחַ, pl. בְּנוֹת שׁוּחַ) white fig. [Of uncertain origin.]

שׁוּחָה f.n. pit. [Formed from שׁוח with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שִׁיחָה. cp. also שַׁחַת ᴵ.]

שׁוֹחֵט m.n. MH ritual slaughterer. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁחַט (= he slaughtered); see שׁחט.] Derivative: שׁוֹחֲטוּת.

שׁוֹחֲטוּת f.n. NH ritual slaughtering; profession of a ritual slaughterer. [Formed from שׁוֹחֵט with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׂוֹחֵק adj. PBH 1 laughing. 2 oversized. [Part. of שָׂחַק; see שׂחק.]

שׁוֹחֵר m.n. 1 seeker, searcher (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 11:27). NH 2 friend, ‘fan’. NH 3 cadet. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁחַר. See שׁחר.]

שׂוט to turn aside, move aside.
    — Qal - שָׂט he turned aside, moved aside (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 40:5 in the phrase שָׂטֵי כָזָב, ‘those who turn away to falsehood’). [A secondary form of שׂטה. cp. Ethiop. sōṭa (= he brought back), Arab. shaṭṭa (= he deviated, digressed, went too far, was excessive).] Derivative: שֵׂט.

שׁוט ᴵ to go about, rove about, wander; to row, swim.
    — Qal - שָׁט 1 he went about, roved about; 2 he rowed; PBH 3 he swam.
    — Pol. - שׁוֹטֵט 1 he went to and fro, roved to and fro; 2 he looked about attentively, considered, reflected; MH 3 he rowed, propelled.
    — Hith. - הִתְשׁוֹטֵט he ran to and fro (in the Bible occurring only Jer. 49:3).
    — Pi. - שִׁיֵּט 1 he looked about; 2 he swam.
    — Hiph. - הֵשִׁיט PBH 1 he launched, caused to float; PBH 2 he caused to swim; NH 3 he sailed, carried in sailing vessels.
    — Hoph. - הוּשֵׁט 1 was launched, was made to float; 2 was sailed, was carried in sailing vessels. [Syr. שׁוּוָטָא (= stretching out), Akka. shāṭu (= to draw, drag). Related to Aram.–Syr. ישׁט (= to stretch out, hold out). See ישׁט and cp. שָׂטָן.] Derivatives: שׁוֹט, שִׁוּוּט, שׁוֹטֽטוּת, שׁוֹטֽטָן, שׁוֹטְטָנִי, שׁוֹטִית, שַׁטָּט, שִׁטּוּט, שְׁטִיטָה, שַׁיִט, שִׁיטָה ᴵᴵ, שַׁיֶּטֶת, הֲשָׁטָה, הִתְשׁוֹטְטוּת, מַשָּׁט, מָשׁוֹט, מֵשִׁיט, מוּשָׁט. cp. the first element in שַׁטֽגַּכ and in שַׁטְצַד, שַׁטְרֶגֶל.

שׁוט ᴵᴵ to treat with despite.
    — Qal - שָׁט he despised (in the Bible occurring only in the pl. part. in the form שָׁאטִים, Ezek. 28:24 and 26, and שָׁאטוֹת, Ezek. 16:57). [Aram. שׁוט (= to despise), Syr. שָׁט (= he despised), Akka. shātu (= to be careless). cp. שְׁאָט.]

שׁוט ᴵᴵᴵ to systemize.
    — Pi. - שִׁוֵּט he systematized.
    — Pu. - שֻׁוֵּט was systematized. [Denominated from שִׁיטָה (= system).] Derivative: שִׁוּוּט.

שׁוֹט m.n. scourge, whip. [From שׁוט ᴵ, whence also JAram. שׁוֹטָא, Syr. שַׁוְטָא, whence Arab. and Ethiop. sauṭ (= whip, lash, scourge).] Derivatives: שׁוֹטוֹן, שׁוֹטֵט, שׁוֹטִית.

שׁוֹטֶה adj. & m.n. PBH 1 foolish, stupid, silly. 2 idiot. 3 wild, uncultured (said of plants). [Act. part. of שָׁטָה. See שׁטה.]

שׁוֹטוֹן m.n. NH flagellum (biology). [Formed from שׁוֹט (= whip), with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן; loan translation of the scientific name flagellum, dimin. of flāgrum (= whip).]

שׁוֹטֵט m.n. scourge, whip (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Josh. 23:13). [Formed from שׁוֹט with reduplication of the ט.]

שׁוֹטְטוּת f.n. MH vagrancy. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוֹטְטָן m.n. NH loiterer, vagrant. [Formed from שׁוֹטֵט, part. of שׁוט ᴵ, with suff. ◌ָן.]

שׁוֹטְטָנִי adj. NH walking about, vagrant. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁוֹטִית f.n. NH a straight thin branch. [Borrowed from JAram. שׁוֹטִיתָא, which is formed from שׁוֹסָא (= whip), with suff. ◌ִית and emphatic ◌א, which corresponds to the Heb. def. article הַ◌. See שׁוֹט (= whip) and suff. ◌ִית. So called because it can be used for making a whip from it.]

שׁוּטִית f.n. NH canoe. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ (= to go about, rove about; to row), with suff. ◌ִית.]

שׂוֹטֵן m.n. accuser, enemy. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׂטַן. See שׂטן.]

שׁוֹטֵף adj. 1 flowing, fluent. 2 swift, rapid. NH 3 current. [Act. part. of שָׁטַף. See שׁטף.]

שׁוֹטֵר m.n. 1 official, officer. NH 2 policeman. [A loan word from Akka. shāṭiru, from shaṭāru (= to write). See שְׁטָר. The orig. meaning of שׁוֹטֵר was prob. ‘scribe’; cp. Arab. kātib (= writer), properly act. part. of kataba (= he wrote), whence ‘scribe; secretary; clerk typist; clerk; office worker; notary’. cp. also Gk. grammatus (= secretary, registrar; clerk; recorder; lit.: ‘writer’), from gramma (= that which is written; letter), from the stem of graphein (= to write). See מִשְׁטָר, מִשְׁטָרָה.] Derivative: שׁטר.

שֹׁוִי m.n. PBH value, worth, price. [From שׁוה ᴵ.]

שִׁוְיוֹן m.n. (pl. שִׁוְיוֹנוֹת) MH 1 worth, value. NH 2 equality. Derivative: שִׁוְיוֹנִי.

שִׁוְיוֹנִי adj. NH equal. [Formed from שִׁוְיוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שִׁוְיוֹנִיּוּת.

שִׁוְיוֹנִיּוּת f.n. NH equality. [Formed from שִׁוְיוֹנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁוִילְיָה see שְׁוַלְיָה.

שְׁוִיסָק m.n. PBH crackling, greaves. [Prob. from Pers. sūzāk (= burnt in fire).]

שׁוּץ FW to sweat.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁוִיץ was fussy (slang). [From Yiddish שׁוויץ (= sweat, perspiration), back formation from שוויצען (= to sweat, perspire), from Ger. schwitzen (of s.m.).]

שְׁוִיצֶר adj. & m.n. FW (slang) fussy, fusser. [From Yiddish שׁוויצער (= sweating).]

שָׁוִיק adj. NH marketable. [Coined from שׁוּק (= market), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: שְׁוִיקוּת.

שְׁוִיקוּת f.n. marketability. [Formed from שָׁוִיק with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׂוֹךְ m.n. (also שׂוֹכָה f.n.) thorny branch (both words are hapax legomena occurring Jud. 9:48 and 49). [Related to Aram.–Syr. סוֹכָא and סוֹכְתָא (= thorny branch), Arab. shauk (= thorns, spikes, pricks). For the ending of שׂוֹכָה see first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שׂוך, סוֹךְ, and סוֹכָה.]

שׂוך to fence in, hedge about.
    — Qal - שָׂךְ he fenced in, hedged about (with thorns). [The orig. meaning prob. was ‘to fence in with thorns’, in which case Heb. שׂוּךְ would be denominated from שׂוֹךְ or שׂוֹכָה. cp. Arab. shāka (= he stung, pricked or hurt someone with a thorn), a verb denominated from shauk. cp. שׂכך ᴵ.] Derivative: מְשׂוּכָה.

שׂוֹכָה see שׂוֹךְ.

שׂוֹכֵר m.n. PBH hirer. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׂכַר. See שׂכר.]

שׁוּל m.n. (in the Bible occurring only in the dual שׁוּלַיִם) 1 skirt of a robe. 2 rim (at the bottom of a vessel). 3 margin (in a book). [Related to Arab. sawila (= it hung down, hung loose). See the collateral form שֹׁבֶל.] Derivative: שׁוּלִי.

שָׁוָל m.n. NH apprentice. [Shortened from שְׁוַלֽיָה (q.v.).]

שׁוֹלְטָנִי adj. NH domineering. [Formed from שָׁלַט (see שׁלט) with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁוּלִי adj. NH marginal. [Formed from שׁוּל with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שׁוּלִיּוּת.

שְׁוַלְיָה (less correctly שׁוּלְיָה) m.n. apprentice. [From Aram. שֽׁוַלְיָא, which is a loan word from Akka. shamallu (= apprentice). For the change of m to w see words of Akka. origin. cp. כִּסְלֵו and מַרְחֶשְׁוָן.]

שׁוּלְיָה see שֽׁוַלְיָה.

שׁוּלִיּוּת f.n. NH marginality. [Formed from שׁוּלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּלֲיִם m.n. margin. [Dual of שׁוּל.]

שׁוֹלָל adj. barefoot (properly: ‘stripped as to walking’). [From שׁלל ᴵ. For sense development cp. Arab. salīb (= plundered, stripped).]

שׁוֹלֵל ᴵ adj. NH plundering, robbing. [Act. part. of שָׁלַל. See שׁלל ᴵ.]

שׁוֹלֵל ᴵᴵ adj. & m.n. negating, denying, gainsaying, opposition; negator, denier, gainsayer, opponent. [Act. part. of שָׁלַל. See שׁלל ᴵᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁוֹלֽלוּת, שׁוֹלְלִי, שׁוֹלְלָן.

שׁוֹלְלוּת f.n. MH 1 non-existence, absence. NH 2 negation, opposition. [Formed from שׁוֹלֵל ᴵᴵ with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוֹלְלִי adj. MH negative. [Formed from שׁוֹלֵל ᴵᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹלְלָן m.n. NH negator, negationist. [Formed from שׁוֹלֵל ᴵᴵ with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שׁוֹלְלָנוּת f.n. NH negation, negativism, negationism. [Formed from שׁוֹלְלָנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוֹלְלָנִי adj. negative; negativistic. [Formed from שׁוֹלְלָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׂום see שׂים.

שׂוֹם m.n. (occurring in the phrases שׂוֹם שֶׂכֶל, ‘giving the sense, making to understand’, Neh. 8:8; שׂוֹם לֵב, ‘directing one’s heart, listening’). [Subst. use of שׂום. See שִׂים.]

שׂוּם adj. set, put, placed, laid; imposed. [Pass. part. of שִׂים. See שׂים.]

שׁום to assess, value, evaluate, estimate, appraise.
    — Qal - שָׁם he assessed, valued, evaluated, estimated.
    — Niph. - נִשּׁוֹם was assessed, was valued, was evaluated, estimated. [JAram. שׁוּם (= to assess, value, evaluate, estimate), Arab. sāma (= he offered for sale; he bargained, haggled). All these words are prob. borrowed from Akka. shamu (= to buy), shimu (= price). Akka. shamu (= to buy), is prob. a special sense development of shamu (= ‘to fix’, in the meaning ‘to fix or impose taxes’), and, accordingly, the base שׁום properly developed from base שׂים (= to put, place, set; to fix).] Derivatives: שׁוּם ᴵᴵᴵ, שׁוֹם, שׁוּמָה ᴵ, שִׁימָה, שַׁמַּאי, הַשָּׁמָה.

שׁוֹם see שׁוּם ᴵᴵᴵ.

שׁוּם ᴵ m.n. garlic (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Num. 11:5). [Related to Aram.–Syr. תּוּמָא, Arab. tūm, Akka. shūmu (= garlic).] Derivative: שׁוּמָנִית.

שׁוּם ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 name. 2 something. [A secondary form of שֵׁם (= name). The change of שֵׁם to שׁוּם is due to the dissimilation of the vowel ē to the labial m. cp. Akka. shumu (= name). JAram. has both forms שֵׁם and שׁוּם, Syr. שֵׁם. For a similar dissimilation cp. MH אוּם (= matrix, bulk, substance), a secondary form of אֵם (= mother).]

שׁוּם ᴵᴵᴵ, שׁוֹם m.n. PBH (pl. שׁוּמִין) assessment, evaluation, estimation, appraisal. [From שׁום.]

שׁוּמָה ᴵ f.n. PBH assessment, evaluation, estimation, appraisal. [From Aram. שׁוּמָא (of s.m.), from the verb שׁום. See שׁום.]

שׁוּמָה ᴵᴵ PBH mark, mole. [From Aram. שׁוּמָא, which is related to Syr. שׁוּמָא, שׁוּמֽתָּא, Arab. shāma (= mark, mole).]

שׁוֹמֵם adj. 1 empty, desolate. 2 deserted, lonely. [Act. part. of שָׁמַם. See שׁמם.] Derivatives: שׁוֹמְמָה, שׁוֹמְמוּת.

שׁוֹמְמָה f.n. desolate place; desert. [From שׁוֹמֵם.]

שׁוֹמְמוּת f.n. MH desolation, emptiness. [Formed from שׁוֹמֵם with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּמָנִית f.n. PBH wild garlic. [Formed from שׁוּם (= garlic), with dimin. suff. ◌ָנִית. cp. Aram. תּוּמָנִיתָא (from תּוּם, ‘garlic’), which is a loan translation of Heb. שׁוּמָנִית.]

שׁוֹמֵר m.n. watchman, guard, keeper. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁמַר. See שׁמר.] Derivative: שׁוֹמֵרָה.

שׁוֹמֵרָה f.n. PBH watchman’s hut. [From שׁוֹמֵר. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שׁוֹמְרוֹנִי adj. Samaritan. [Formed from שׁוֹמְרוֹן (= Samaria), with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוּמְשׁוּק m.n. PBH wild marjoram. [From Gk. sampsychon (= marjoram), a foreign word, whence also Arab. sumsuq, samsaq (of s.m.).]

שׂוֹנֵא m.n. enemy, foe. [Subst. use of the act. part. Qal of שׂנא.]

שׁוֹנֶה adj. different, variant. [Act. part. of שָׁנַה (= he changed), Qal of שׁנה ᴵᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁוֹנוּת, שׁוֹנִיּוּת.

שׁוֹנוּת f.n. NH difference, variance. [Formed from שׁוֹנֶה with suff. ◌וּת. cp. שׁוֹנִיּוּת.]

שׁוֹנִיּוּת f.n. NH difference, variance. [Formed from שׁוֹנֶה with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּנִית PBH (more correctly שֻׁנִּית) f.n. cliff, reef. [Prob. formed from שֵׁן (= tooth) with suff. ◌ִית. JAram. שׁוּנִית, שֻׁנִּית, is of the same origin and meaning. cp. שָׁנָן.]

שׁוּנָר m.n. NH (pl. שׁוּנְרוֹת) wild cat. [From Aram. שׁוּנְרָא, which is related to Arab. sunnār, sinnaur (= cat).]

שׁוּנְרָה f.n. PBH wild cat. [See שׁוּנָר.]

שׁוֹסֶה m.n. plunderer. [Act. part. of שָׁסָה. See שׁסה ᴵ.]

שֽׁוֹעַ ᴵ m.n. a word prob. meaning ‘nobleman’, ‘prince’. [For the etymology of this word see קוֹעַ.] Derivative: שׁוֹעוּת.

שֽׁוֹעַ ᴵᴵ m.n. NH enamel. [Formed from base שׁעע (= to smooth), whence also שָׁעִיעַ (= smooth).]

שֽׁוּעַ m.n. cry for help. [From שׁוע, whence also שֶׁוַע.]

שׁוע to cry out for help.
    — Pi. - שִׁוַּע he cried for help. [According to Gerber, denominated from שַׁוְעָה (= cry for help), and this latter derived from a base related to ישׁע (= to help, save, deliver).] Derivatives: שֶׁוַע, שַׁוְעָה, שׁוּעַ.

שֶֽׁוַע m.n. cry for help (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 5:3 in the form שַׁוֽעִי). [From שׁוע.]

שַׁוְעָה f.n. cry for help. [See שׁוע. cp. שׁוּעַ, שֶׁוַע.]

שׁוֹעוּת f.n. NH nobility. [Formed from שׁוֹעַ ᴵ with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּעָל m.n. fox. [Related to Aram. תַּעֲלָא, Syr. תַּעַֽלָא, Arab. thalab, f. thuāl, thual, thuāla, Akka. shēlibu or shēlabu (= fox).] Derivatives: שׁוּעָלוֹן, שַׁעֲלוּל. cp. תַּעֲלָא.

שׁוּעָלוֹן m.n. NH 1 a small fox. 2 name of a group of stars called Vulpecula (= small fox). [Formed from שׁוּעָל with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

שׁוֹעֵן m.n. NH watchmaker. [From שָׁעוֹן (= watch). cp. שָׁעָן.]

שׁוֹעֵר m.n. 1 porter, doorkeeper. 2 gatekeeper in the Sanctuary. NH 3 goalkeeper (in sports). [Denominated from שַׁעַר (= gate).]

שׁוֹעָר, שֹׁעָר adj. burst open (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Jer. 29:17 in the phrase כַּתְּאֵנִים הַשֹּׁעֲרִים, ‘like figs burst open’). [From שׁער ᴵᴵ.]

שׁוף ᴵ to trample upon, bruise.
    — Qal - שָׁף he trampled upon, bruised. [Aram. שׁוּף (= to bruise), Syr. שָׁף (= he bruised), Akka. shāpu (= to trample upon); related to שׁפף.]

שׁוף ᴵᴵ to smooth, rub, scrape, polish.
    — Qal - שָׁף 1 he smoothed, rubbed, scraped, polished; 2 he rubbed himself.
    — Niph. - נִשּׁוֹף was smoothed, was rubbed, was scraped, was polished.
    — Pi. - שִׁיֵּף he filed.
    — Pu. - שִׁיַּף was filed.
    — Pilpel (see . - שׁפשׁף ). [Aram. שׁוּף (= to smooth, rub, scrape, polish, to smear), Syr. שָׁף (= he rubbed, scraped, filed, polished, he smeared), Akka. shīpu (= paste), whence prob. Syr. שֽׁיָפָא (= paste, salve, eye salve). See the related base שׁפה ᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁוּף, שׁוֹפִין, שִׁיף, שִׁיפָה ᴵ, שִׁיפָה ᴵᴵ, שִׁיּוּף, שַׁיֶּפֶת, הֲשָׁפָה, מָשׁוֹף, מֽשׁוּפָה, מְשִׁיפָא, מְשִׁיפָה, נִשֹּׁפֶת.

שׁוּף adj. PBH smoothed, rubbed, scraped. [From שׁוּף ᴵᴵ.]

שׁוֹפֵט m.n. 1 judge. NH 2 referee, umpire (in sports). [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁפַט. See שׁפט.] Derivative: שׁוֹפְטוּת.

שׁוֹפְטוּת f.n. NH judgeship. [Formed from שׁוֹפֵט with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוּפְטָן m.n. fool, idiot. [From Aram. שׁוּפֽטָנָא (q.v.).] Derivative: שׁוּפֽטָנִי.

שׁוּפְטָנָא adj. & m.n. fool, idiot (used esp. in the sentence אַטּוּ בְּשׁוּפֽטָנֵי עָסְקִינַן?, ‘Have we to do with fools?’). [Aram., borrowed from Pers.] Derivative: שׁוּפְטָן.

שׁוּפְטָנִי adj. NH foolish, idiotic. [Formed from שׁוּפֽטָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹפִין m.n. PBH file. [Derived from שׁוף ᴵᴵ (= to smooth, to rub), whence also Aram. שׁוֹפִינָא (= file).]

שׁוֹפֽכָנִי adj. NH pouring, streaming, flowing. [Formed from שׁוֹפֵךְ, act. part. of שׁפך (= to pour), with suff. ◌ִנִי.]

שׁוֹפֵֽעַ adj. PBH abounding, streaming, flowing. [Act. part. of. שָׁפַע. See שׁפע.]

שׁוֹפָר m.n. (pl. שׁוֹפָרוֹת, also שׁוֹפָרִים) 1 ram’s horn, horn, trumpet. NH 2 mouthpiece, organ. MH 3 name of several conjunctive accents. NH 4 ochrea (botany). [Related to Arab. sawāfir (= ram’s horns), Akka. shapparu (= wild goat). Aram. שִׁיפוֹרָא (= horn, trumpet), whence Syr. שִׁיפוֹרָא, whence Arab. shabbūr (of s.m.), are Heb. loan words.] Derivatives: שׁוֹפָרִית, שֽׁפוֹפֶרֶת. cp. שָׁפִיר.

שׁוּפְרָא m.n. PBH beauty, splendor. [Aram., from שְׁפַר (= was beautiful, was pleasing), which is related to Heb. שָׁפַר (of s.m.). See שׁפר.]

שׁוֹפָרִית f.n. NH ochreola (botany). [Formed with dimin. suff. ◌ִית from שׁוֹפָר (= horn). Loan translation of ochreola, formed from ochrea (see שׁוֹפָר) with dimin. suff. – ola.]

שׁוק ᴵ to be abundant.
    — Pol. - שׁוֹקִק he gave abundance to.
    — Hiph. - הֵשִׁיק it overflowed, ran over. [Akka. shūqu (= abundance). Related to the base שׁקה.]

שׁוק ᴵᴵ to drive, to run. [Prob. base of שׁוֹק (= leg) and שׁוּק ᴵ (= street, market). cp. שׁקק ᴵ.]

שׁוק ᴵᴵᴵ to desire. [Arab. shāqa (= he attracted, impelled — said of desire or affection). Related to שׁקק ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁוּק ᴵᴵ, תּֽשׁוּקָה.

שׁוק ᴵⱽ to market.
    — Pi. - שִׁוֵּק he marketed.
    — Pu. - שֻׁוַּק was marketed. [Denominated from שׁוּק ᴵ (= market).] Derivatives: שַׁוָּק, שִׁוּוּק, שָׁוִיק.

שׁוֹק f.n. (pl. שׁוֹקַיִם) 1 leg, thigh. MH 2 one of the two sides of an isosceles triangle. NH 3 arm (of the compasses). [Related to JAram. שׁוֹקָא, Syr. שָׁקָא (= leg; esp. ‘shank’), Arab. sāq (= thigh), Akka. sīqu (= knee). All these words prob. derive from base שׁוּק ᴵᴵ (= to drive).] Derivatives: שׁוֹקָה, שׁוֹקִית ᴵ, שׁוֹקִית ᴵᴵ. cp. שָׁקָא.

שׁוּק ᴵ m.n. (pl. שְׁוָקִים) 1 street. PBH 2 marketplace. [Together with JAram.–Syr. שׁוּקָא (= street, square, marketplace, market, bazaar), prob. borrowed from Akka. sūqu (= street), which prob. derives from שׁוק ᴵᴵ (= to drive). Arab. sūq (= bazaar), Ethiop. sakat, sakōt, and Armenian shukai, are Aram. loan words.] Derivatives: שׁוּקַאי, שׁוּקִי, שְׁקָק ᴵ.

שׁוּק ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH desire, longing, yearning. [From שׁוק ᴵᴵᴵ.]

שַׁוָּק m.n. NH marketer. [Nomen opificis formed from שִׁוֵּק (= he marketed), Pi. of שׁוק ᴵⱽ, according to the pattern פַּעָל.]

שׁוּקַאי m.n. NH pedlar, hawker, huckster. [Formed from שׁוּק (= market), with suff. ◌ַאי.]

שׁוֹקָה f.n. NH shinbone, tibia. [Formed from שׁוֹק with first suff. ◌ָה.] Derivative: שׁוֹקָתִי.

שׁוֹקוֹלָדָה f.n. FW chocolate. [Sp. chocolate, from Nahuatl chocolatl.]

שׁוּקִי adj. NH pertaining to the market. [Formed from שׁוּק (= market), with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹקִית ᴵ f.n. NH upper (of a boot). [Formed from שׁוֹק with suff. ◌ִית.]

שׁוֹקִית ᴵᴵ f.n. NH fibula, perone (anatomy). [Formed from שׁוֹק with suff. ◌ִית.] Derivative: שׁוֹקִיתִי.

שׁוֹקִיתִי adj. NH fibular, peronal. [Formed from שׁוֹקִית with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹקִל m.n. NH purchaser of the (Zionist) ‘shekel’. [Subst. use of the act. part. of שָׁקַל. See שׁקל.]

שׁוֹקֵעַ adj. PBH 1 sinking. 2 concave. [Act. part. of שָׁקַע. See שׁקע.]

שׁוֹקֵק ᴵ adj. noisy, busy (street). [Act. Part. of שָׁקַק. See שׁקק ᴵ.]

שׁוֹקֵק ᴵᴵ adj. desirous, longing, yearning. [Act. part. of שָׁקַק. See שׁקק ᴵᴵ.]

שׁוֹקָתִי adj. NH tibial. [Formed from שׁוֹקָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׂור ᴵ to wrestle, contend.
    — Qal - שַׂר he wrestled, contended. [Related to שׂרה and שׂרר.]

שׂור ᴵᴵ to appoint a ruler.
    — Hiph. - הֵשִׂיר he made princes (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Hos. 8:4 in the form הֵשִׂירוּ.] [Denominated from שַׂר (= prince).]

שׂור ᴵᴵᴵ to saw.
    — Qal - שַׂר he sawed. [Related to נשׂר (= MH נסר, ‘to saw’). See מַסּוֹר.]

שׂור ᴵⱽ to turn aside, depart. [A secondary form of סור ᴵ. This verb occurs in the Bible, Hos. 9:12, only in the inf. construction בְּשׂוּרִי (= when I depart).]

שׁור ᴵ to look, behold, regard.
    — Qal - שָׁר 1 he looked, beheld, regarded; 2 he watched, lay in wait.
    — Pol. - שׁוֹרֵר he watched (insidiously). [Perhaps related to Akka. mushirtu (= window).] Derivative: שׁוּר ᴵᴵ.

שׁור ᴵᴵ to leap, jump; to dance.
    — Qal - שָׁוַר he jumped, leapt; he danced on the rope.
    — Pi. - שִׁוֵּר (of s.m.). [Aram.–Syr. שְׁוַר (= he leapt, jumped), Arab. sāra, sāwara (of s.m.), Akka. samāru (= to leap, jump).] Derivatives: שַׁוָּר, שִׁוּוּר, מִשְׁוֶרֶת, מִשְׁוָרַיִם.

שׁור ᴵᴵᴵ to align.
    — Pi. - שִׁוֵּר he aligned.
    — Pu. - שֻׁוַּר was aligned. [Denominated from שׁוּרָה (= row, line).] Derivative: שִׁוּוּר.

שׁוֹר m.n. (pl. שְׁוָרִים) 1 ox, bull. PBH 2 Taurus (astronomy). [Related to Aram. תּוֹרא (= ox, bull, steer), OSArab. תֿור, Arab. shaur, Ugar. tr (= ox, bull, steer), Phoen. thor (= the divine steer), Akka. shūru (of s.m.). cp. תּוֹרָא. Gk. tauros, L. taurus, Old Slavic turŭ (= bull), Lithuanian tawras (= aurochs), etc. are Sem. loan words. See ‘Taurus’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.]

שׁוּר ᴵ wall. [Related to Aram.–Syr. שׁוּרָא (= wall). Arab. sūr (= wall) is an Aram. loan word. As for the etymology of שׁוּר ᴵ, none of the lexicographers has made an attempt to find it. According to my opinion Aram.–Syr. שׁוּרָא is borrowed from Heb. שׁוּר ᴵ and the latter derives from שׁור ᴵ (= to look, behold, regard). As for the sense development of the noun שׁוּר (= wall), cp. חוֹמָה (= wall), which derives from חמה (= to protect), whence also Aram. חֲמָא, חֲמִי (= he saw, observed), New Syr. חמא (= he protected). cp. also L. tuērī (= to look at, regard, consider, to preserve, guard, defend), intuērī (= to look at, regard, consider). See חמה and חוֹמָה and cp. שׁוּרָא.]

שׁוּר ᴵᴵ m.n. (insidious) watcher, lier-in-wait (occurring only Ps. 92:12 in the form שׁוּרָי). [From שׁור ᴵ.]

שַׁוָּר m.n. PBH 1 jumper, leaper. NH 2 tightrope dancer. [Nomen opificis formed from שִׁוֵּר, Pi. of שׁור ᴵᴵ, according to the pattern פַּעָל. cp. שַׁבָּר.] Derivative: שַׁוָּרוּת.

שׁוּרָא m.n. PBH wall. [See שׁוּר ᴵ.]

שׂוֹרָה f.n. a kind of grain (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 28:25). [Of uncertain origin.]

שׁוּרָה f.n. row, line (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 24:11). [Of uncertain origin. Aram. שׁוּרְתָא (= row, line), is prob. borrowed from Heb. Arab. sūra (= chapter of the Koran, sura), is prob. also a Heb. loan word. cp. שָׁרָה ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: שׁור ᴵᴵᴵ, שׁוּרוֹן.

שׁוּרוֹן m.n. NH underlines, guide lines. [Formed from שׁוּרָה with suff. ◌וֹן.]

שׁוּרוּק, שׁוּרֻק m.n. MH ‘Shuruq’ — Heb. vowel sign וּ, pronounced u. [Derived from שׁרק (= to hiss), and lit. meaning ‘the hissing sound’. (cp. the vowel name חִירִיק, which prob. means lit.: ‘the gnashing sound’).] Derivative: שָׁרוּק.

שַׁוָּרוּת f.n. NH tight-rope dancing. [Formed from שַׁוָּר with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׂוֹרֵק, שׂוֹרֵקָה m.n. resp. f.n. choice vine. [From שׂרק ᴵᴵ (= to be red). cp. Ugar. shrqm (= grapes). For the ending of שׂוֹרֵקָה see first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שׂרֵק ᴵᴵ. cp. also סָרָק.]

שׁוֹרְקָנִי adj. NH hissing, sibilant, stridulous. [Formed from שׁוֹרֵק, act. part. of שָׁרַק (see שׁרק), with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁוֹרֵר ᴵ m.n. insidious watcher, enemy, foe. [Related to TA shāru (= spiteful, hostile), Akka. shāru (= slander).]

שׁוֹרֵר ᴵᴵ Pol. of שׁיר.

שׂוּשׂ see שִׂישׂ.

שׁוּשׁ m.n. PBH licorice; Glycyrrhiza (a genus of plants). [Related to Arab. sūs (of s.m.).]

שׁוֹשְׁבִין m.n. PBH 1 bridegroom’s friend, groomsman. NH 2 second (in duel). [Related to Aram.–Syr. שׁוֹשֽׁבִינָא, Akka. susap(b)inu (of s.m.). Arab. shabīn (of s.m.) was shortened from Syr. שׁוֹשְׁבִינָא through haplology.] Derivative: שׁוֹשְׁבִינוּת.

שׁוֹשְׁבִינוּת f.n. PBH 1 wedding gifts. NH 2 groomsmanship. [Formed from שׁוֹשֽׁבִין with suff. ◌וּת.]

שׁוֹשָׁט m.n. PBH table companion. [Borrowed from Gk. syssitos (= messmate), which is formed from sy (= with, together with), and sitos (= wheat, corn, grain, meal, food), which is of uncertain origin.]

שׁוֹשֶֽׁלֶת f.n. PBH dynasty. [From Aram. שׁוּשֶׁלְתָּא, Syr. שִׁישַׁלְתָּא (= chain; dynasty), properly ‘chain of a family’. See שַׁלְשֶׁלֶת.]

שׁוֹשָׁן, שׁוּשָׁן m.n. lily. [Some scholars identify שׁוֹשָׁן with the lotus, others with the ranunculus Asiaticus, still others with the cyperus papyrus. [Related to Aram. שׁוּשַׁנֽתָּא (whence Ugar. ṯwṯ, Arab. sausan, VArab. sūsan), Akka. sheshanu (= lily), Syr. shishno (= butomus flowers). Several scholars derive these words from Egypt. sshshn and sshn, Coptic shōshen (= big flower; lotus). According to others the above words go back to Akka. shushu (= six-sided), shishshu (= sixth). Gk. souson, whence L. Susanna, are Sem. loan words.] Derivatives: שׁוֹשַׁנָּה, שׁוֹשַׁנִּי, שׁוֹשֶׁנֶת.

שׁוֹשַׁנָּה f.n. (pl. שׁוֹשַׁנּוֹת, also שׁוֹשַׁנִּים) 1 lily. PBH 2 flower. PBH 3 knot of a nail. NH 4 erysipelas (disease). NH 5 rose. [A collateral form of שׁוֹשָׁן.]

שׁוֹשַׁנִּי adj. NH lilylike. [Formed from שׁוֹשָׁן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁוֹשֶֽׁנֶת f.n. NH rosette. [Formed from שׁוֹשָׁן (= rose), with subst. suff. ◌ֶת.]

שׁוּתָא f.n. PBH talk. [JAram. שׁוּתָא, formed through elision from שׁוּעֲתָא, which derives from שְׁעָא (= he spoke, talked). cp. Syr. שְׁעָתָא (= play, game). For similar elisions cp. מָסוּתָא (= bath) and words there referred to.]

שׁוֹתְקָנוּת f.n. NH taciturnity. [Formed from שׁוֹתֵק, act. part. of שָׁתַק (see שׁתק), with suff. ◌ָנוּת.]

שׁוֹתְקָנִי adj. NH taciturn. [Formed from שׁוֹתֵק, act. part. of שָׁתַק (see שׁתק), with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁזב to save, rescue. [BAram. שֵׁיזִב, שֵׁיזְיב, JAram. שֵׁיזֵב, Nab. שׁ(י)זב, Syr. שׁוֹזֵב (= he saved, rescued). All these words are borrowed from Akka. shūzubu, ushēzib, part. mushēzib (= ‘to save, rescue’, prob. ‘to leave over’), Shaph. of ezēbu (= to leave over, leave), which is related to Heb. עָזַב. See עזב ᴵ.]

שָזוּף adj. PBH sunburnt, brown, tanned. [Pass. part. of שָׁזַף. See שׁזף.] Derivative: שְׁזִיפוּת.

שִׁזּוּף m.n. NH being sunburnt, browning, tanning. [Verbal n. of שִׁזֵּף, Pi. of שׁזף.]

שָׁזוּר adj. PBH interwoven, intertwined. [Pass. part. of שָׁזַר. See שׁזר.]

שִׁזּוּר m.n. NH interweaving, intertwining. [Verbal n. of שִׁזֵּר, Pi. of שׁזר.]

שָׁזִיף m.n. PBH 1 jujube. Zizyphus vulgaris (botany). NH 2 plum. [Of foreign origin. The word שָׁזִיף was borrowed by the Greeks, in whose language it became zizyphon, whence Late L. zizyphus (= jujube tree). The word jujube itself is a loan word from Fren. jujube, which is ult. borrowed from Gk. zizyphon. According to folk etymology the word שָׁזִיף was regarded as a derivative of the base שׁזף (= to blacken, become sunburnt), and used in the sense of ‘plum’, in allusion to the blackish color of the plum. cp. שֵׁיזָף.] Derivative: שְׁזִיפִי.

שְׁזִיפָה f.n. MH sunburning, browning, tanning. [Verbal n. of שָׁזַף. See שׁזף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁזִיפוּת f.n. NH being sunburned, being browned, being tanned. [Formed from שָׁזוּף with suff. ◌וּת.]

שֽׁזִיפִי adj. NH plumlike. [Formed from שָׁזִיף with suff. ◌ִי.]

שְׁזִיר m.n. NH twist. [From שׁזר.]

שְׁזִירָה f.n. MH interweaving, intertwining. [Verbal n. of שָׁזַר. See שׁזר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שׁזף to catch sight of, look on; to blacken, brown, tarnish; to become sunburnt.
    — Qal - שָׁזַף 1 he caught sight of, looked on (in the Bible occurring only Job 20:9; 28:7); 2 it parched, scorched, tanned.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁזַף MH 1 became visible; NH 2 became parched, became sunburned, became tanned.
    — Pi. - שִׁזֵּף it parched, scorched, tanned (said of the sun).
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּזֵּף became sunburned, became tanned. [For sense development cp. Arab. lāḥa (= came in sight, became visible; it parched, scorched, tanned — said of the sun). Related to שׁדף.] Derivatives: שֶׁזֶף, שֹׁזֶף, שִׁזָּפוֹן, שִׁזֹּפֶת, שָׁזוּף, שִׁזּוּף, הִשָּׁזְּפוּת, הִשְׁתַּזְּפוּת, מִשְׁזָף.

שֶֽׁזֶף m.n. NH 1 catching sight of, looking at. NH 2 sunburn, tan. [From שׁזף.]

שֹֽׁזֶף m.n. NH sunburn, tan. [From שׁזף.]

שִׁזָּפוֹן m.n. NH 1 sunburn, tan. 2 blight (of plants). [Formed from שִׁזֵּף, Pi. of שׁזף, with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns.]

שִׁזֹּֽפֶת f.n. NH sunburn, tan. [Formed from שִׁזֵּף, Pi. of שׁזף, with suff. ◌ֶת.]

שׁזר to interweave, intertwine, twist.
    — Qal - שָׁזַר MH 1 he interwove, intertwined; NH 2 he interwove, interlaced (fig.).
    — Niph. - נִשְׁזַר MH 1 was interwoven, was intertwined; NH 2 was interwoven, was interlaced (fig.).
    — Pi. - שִׁזֵּר 1 he interwove, intertwined; 2 he interwove, interlaced (fig.).
    — Pu. - שֻׁזַּר 1 was interwoven, was intertwined; 2 was interwoven, was interlaced (fig.).
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּזֵּר (of s.m.).
    — Hoph. - הָשֽׁזַר (of s.m.) (occurring also in the Bible, but only in the form of the part. מָשְׁזָר). [JAram. שְׁזַר, Arab. shazara (= he twisted the thread from the left). The sh in Arabic (instead of an s, which regularly corresponds to Heb. sh) is due to dissimilation. cp. Heb. שָׁחַז (= Arab. shaḥadha). See שׁחז.] Derivatives: שַׁזָּר, שֶׁזֶר, שִׁזּוּר, שְׁזִיר, שִׁזְרָה, שְׁזִירָה, הִשְׁתַּזְּרוּת, מִשְׁזָר, מָשְׁזָר, מִשְׁזָרָה, תִּשְׁזֹרֶת.

שַׁזָּר m.n. NH cord maker. [Nomen opificis formed from שִׁזֵּר, Pi. of שׁזר, according to the pattern פַּעָל.]

שֶֽׁזֶר m.n. MH 1 interweaving, intertwining. NH 2 interweaving, interlacing (fig.). [From שׁזר.]

שִׁזְרָה f.n. PBH spinal column, backbone. [Formed from שָׁזַר (see שׁזר) with first suff. ◌ָה. Aram. שִׁדְרָא (of s.m.) (whence Heb. שִׁדְרָה) represents a later Aram. variant of this word.]

שִׁזְרֽוּעַ m.n. NH reseeding. [Verbal n. of שִׁזֽרַע. See שׁזרע.]

שׁזרע to reseed.
    — Shaph. - שִׁזְרַע he reseeded.
    — Shuph. - שֻׁזְרַע was reseeded. [Shaph. of זרע (= to sow).] Derivative: שִׁזְרוּעַ.

שֵֽׂחַ m.n. meditation; talk (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Amos 4:13 in the form שֵׂחוֹ). [From שׂיח.]

שָׂח Qal perf. of שׂיח (q.v.).

שַׁח ᴵ adj. bent, bowed (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 22:29 in the phrase שַׁח־עֵינַיִם, ‘with downcast eyes’). [From שׁחה.] Derivative: שַׁחוּת.

שַׁח ᴵᴵ m.n. FW the shah (King of Iran). [Pers. shāh (= king), from shaya– (= king), which is related to shayathiya- (= power), from IE base * qpē(i)-, *qp(i)- (= to rule). cp. the first element in אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן and in שַׁחְמָט.]

שׁחד to bribe.
    — Qal - שָׁחַד he presented with, bribed.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵד he bribed.
    — Pu. - שֻׁדַח was bribed.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּחֵד he took bribes.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיד he bribed. [Aram.-Syr. שְׁחַד (= he gave a gift; he bribed). Arab. shakada (= he gave), shakkada (= he gave a gift), are Aram. loan words. In consideration of the fact that Akka. shuḫuzu (= to give) is Shaph. of aḫāzu (= to seize), which is equivalent to Aram. אֲחַד, Syr. אֱחַד (= he seized), it is possible that Heb. שׁחד is properly borrowed from Aram. as the Shaph‘el form of אֲחַד.] Derivatives: שֹׁחַד, שִׁחוּד, שָׁחִיד, מְשֻׁחָד.

שֹֽׁחַד m.n. bribery, bribe. [Denominated from שׁחד. Arab. shukd (= gift), is borrowed from Heb. שֹׁחַד. cp. שׁוּדָא.]

שׂחה to swim.
    — Qal - שָׂחָה he swam.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂחָה made to swim. [Aram. סְחִי, Syr. סְחָא (= he bathed himself). Prob. related to Akka. shaḫīu (= to wallow in the mire), whence shaḫū (= swine). cp. מָסוּתָא.] Derivatives: שָׂחוּ, שְׂחִי, שְׂחִיָּה, שַׂחְיָן, שַׂיָּח, מִשְׂחֶה. cp. סִחוּי.

שׁחה to bow down, bend low.
    — Qal - שָׁחָה he bowed down, bent low.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחָה MH 1 he caused to bow down; 2 he depressed.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה he bowed down, bent low, prostrated himself. [Prob. related to Akka. shiḫū (= to bow down). A secondary form of שׁוח, שׁחח.] Derivatives: שָׁחוּי, שְׁחוּת, שְׁחִי, שְׁחִיָּה, הִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה, הִשְׁתַּחֲוָאָה.

שָֽׂחוּ m.n. swimming (occurring only Ezek. 47:5 in the phrase מֵי־שָׂחוּ, deep waters, i.e. ‘waters in which one can swim’). [According to some scholars a derivative of שׂחה.]

שִׁחוּד m.n. NH bribing, bribery. [Verbal n. of שִׁחֵד, Pi. of שׁחד.]

שָׁחוּז ᴵ adj. MH 1 sharpened, whetted. NH 2 sharp. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַז See שׁחז.]

שָׁחוּז ᴵᴵ adj. PBH (used only in the f. שֽׁחוּזָה) generally rendered by ‘exposed’, i.e. ‘able to be tupped by a ram’ — said of an ewe. [From שָׁחַז. See שׁחז ᴵᴵ.]

שְׁחְוֹחַ adv. bowed down, bent down. [Inf. contraction of שַׁח, Qal of שׁחח.]

שָׁחוּֽחַ adj. NH bent down, downcast. [Pass. part. of שַׁח, Qal of שׁחח. cp. שָׁחוֹחַ.]

שָׁחוֹֽחַ adj. NH bowed down, bent. [A secondary form of שָׁחוּחַ.]

שָׂחוּט adj. MH squeezed, pressed. [Pass. part. of שָׂחַט. See שׂחט and cp. סָחוּט.]

שָׁחוּט ᴵ adj. slaughtered. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַט. See שׁחט ᴵ.]

שָׁחוּט ᴵᴵ adj. 1 sharpened. 2 hammered, beaten. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַט. See שׁחט ᴵᴵ.]

שָׁחוּי adj. MH bowed, bent. [Pass. part. of שָׁהָח. See שׁחה.]

שָׁחוּל ᴵ adj. PBH threaded. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַל. See שׁחל ᴵ.]

שָׁחוּל ᴵᴵ adj. PBH put out of joint, dislocated. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַל, hence derivatively identical with שָׁחוּל ᴵ.]

שָׁחוּם ᴵ adj. see שָׁחֹם.

שָׁחוּם ᴵᴵ adj. NH granitelike. [Denominated from שַׁחַם.]

שִׁחוּם m.n. NH browning. [From שׁחם.]

שְׁחוֹם m.n. NH the brown color. [From שׁחם.]

שָׁחוּן adj. PBH very warm and dry. [Pass. part. of שׁחן. cp. שְׁחִין.] Derivative: שְׁחִינוּת.

שָׁחוּף adj. PBH 1 with crushed testicles. NH 2 consumptive. [From שַׁחֶפֶת.]

שָׁחוּץ adj. PBH haughty, arrogant. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַץ. See שׁחץ.] Derivative: שְׁחִיצוּת.

שְׂחוֹק m.n. 1 laughter, laughing. 2 mockery, derision. 3 sport. [From שׂחק.]

שָׁחוּק adj. PBH 1 powdered, ground, crushed. 2 worn, ragged. [Pass. part. of שָׁחַק. See שׁחק.]

שָׁחוֹר see שָׁחֹר.

שְׁחוֹר ᴵ m.n. blackness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Lam. 4:8). [From שׁחר (= to be black).]

שְׁחוֹר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH razor. [Of uncertain origin.]

שִׁחוּר ᴵ m.n. PBH charcoal. [From שָׁחֹר.]

שִׁחוּר ᴵᴵ m.n. NH requesting, inquiring after. [Verbal n. of שִׁחֵר, Pi. of שׁחר ᴵᴵ.]

שַׁחֲוָר m.n. PBH prince, ruler, officer. [Together with Syr. שַׁחַר (= he ruled, dominated), of Persian origin, whence also Arab. saḫḫara (= he subjected, made subservient, reigned over, ruled). For another, more probable, version of the noun and the proverb, see שָׁחֵן.]

שְׁחוֹרִי adj. MH melancholic, melancholy (adj.). [Formed from שָׁחֹר (= black), with suff. ◌ִי.]

שְׁחוּת f.n. pit, ditch (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 28:10). [From שׁחה.]

שַׁחוּת f.n. MH humility. [Formed from שַׁח with suff. ◌וּת.]

שִׁחוּת m.n. MH spoiling. [Verbal n. of שִׁחֵת, Pi. of שׁחת.]

שׁחז ᴵ to sharpen, whet, grind.
    — Qal - שָׁחַז he sharpened, whetted, ground.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁחַז was sharpened, was whetted, was ground.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיז he sharpened, whetted.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁחַז was sharpened, was whetted.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּחֵז became sharp. [JAram. שְׁחַז, שְׁחֵיז (= he sharpened, whetted, ground), Arab. shaḥadha (of s.m.). The sh in Arabic is due to dissimilation of the s (because of the dh). cp. Heb. שָׁזַר (= Arab. shazara); see שׁזר.] Derivatives: שָׁחוּז ᴵ, שְׁחִיזָה, הַשְׁחָזָה, מַשְׁחֵז, מִשְׁחַז, מַשְׁחֵזָה, מִשְׁתָזָה, מַשְׁחֶזֶת.

שׁחז ᴵᴵ to be exposed. [Base of שָׁחוּז ᴵᴵ. Related to Arab. shaḥaza (= he knew carnally, lay with a woman).] Derivative: שָׁחוּז ᴵᴵ.

שִׁחְזוּר m.n. NH reconstruction, restoration. [Verbal n. of שִׁחְזֵר. See שׁחזר.]

שׁחזר to reconstruct, restore.
    — Shiph. - שִׁחְזֵר he reconstructed, restored.
    — Shuph. - שֻׁחְזַר was reconstructed, was restored.
    — Hish. - הִשְׁתַּחְזֵר became reconstructed, became restored. [Shiph. of חזר.] Derivatives: שִׁחְזוּר, הִשְׁתַּחְזְרוּת, מְשֻׁחְזָר.

שׁחח NH) a secondary form of שׁוח and שׁחה.
    — Qal - שַׁח (also שָׁחַח PBH) 1 he bowed down, crouched; 2 was bowed down, was humbled.
    — Niph. - נָשַׁח (נִשֽׁחַח in was bowed down, was brought low, was humiliated.
    — Hiph. - הֵשַׁח (הִשֽׁחִיחַ in 1 he lay low, prostrated; 2 he bowed down.
    — Hoph. - הוּשַׁח was laid low, was prostrated.
    — Hithpol. - הִשְׁתּוֹחַח 1 was cast down, was despairing; NH 2 was depressed. [cpTA ishtaḫaḫin, ushḫiḫin (= I bow down).] Derivatives: שַׁח ᴵ, שְׁחוֹחַ, שָׁחוּחַ, שָׁחוֹחַ, שֽׁחִיחָה, הִשְׁתּוֹחֲחוּת.

שַׂחֲחָן m.n. NH talker, conversationalist. [Formed from שׂוֹחֵחַ, part. of שׂוח.]

שׂחט to squeeze, press out.
    — Qal - שָׂחַט he squeezed, pressed out (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Gen. 40:11).
    — Niph. - נִשֽׂחַט was squeezed, was pressed out. [Aram. סְחַט (= he squeezed, pressed out), Akka. ṣaḫātu or ṣaḫāṭu (= to squeeze out, cause to press). cp. סחט.] Derivatives: שָׂחוּט, שְׂחִיטָה.

שׁחט ᴵ to slaughter, to kill.
    — Qal - שָׁחַט 1 he slaughtered (according to ritual); 2 he killed, murdered.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁחַט 1 was slaughtered; NH 2 was killed, was murdered.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיט he caused to slaughter. [JAram. שִׁחַט (= he slaughtered), Ugar. shḫt (= slaughterer), Akka. shaḫātu (with h!) (= to flay, take off a dress). Arab. saḫaṭa (= he slaughtered), is prob. an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: שׁוֹחֵט, שָׁחוּט ᴵ, שְׁחִיטָה, מִשֽׁחָטָה.

שׁחט ᴵᴵ base of שָׁחוּט ᴵᴵ. [The origmeaning of this base is prob ‘to pierce, wound’, whence Syr. שַׁחֵט (= he harmed, marred; he violated a virgin), שׁוּחָטָא (= oppression, rape), Akka. shuḫḫuṭu (= wounded).]

שַׁחֲטָה f.n. a hapax legomenon of uncertain meaning, occurring Hos. 5:2. [According to the most probable explanation שַׁחֲטָה is a collateral form of שַׁחֲתָה (= corruption), from שִׁחֵת (= he destroyed, corrupted); see שׁחת. For a similar interchangeability of ט and ת cp. the verbs חָטַף and חָתַף, which both mean ‘he seized, snatched away’. For the ending of שַׁחֲטָה see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׂחִי m.n. PBH swimming. [From שׂחה. cp. שְׂחִיָּה.]

שְׁחִי ᴵ m.n. PBH armpit. [Related to JAram. שִׁתֽיָא (of s.m.).] Derivative: שֶׁחֽיִי.

שְׁחִי ᴵᴵ m.n. MH bending. [Shortened form of שְׁחִיָּה.]

שָׁחִיד adj. NH bribable, corruptible, venal. [Coined from שָׁחַד (= he bribed), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

שְׂחִיָּה f.n. MH swimming. [Verbal n. of שָׂחָה. See שׂחה and first suff. ◌ָה. cp. שְׂחִי.]

שְׁחִיָּה f.n. MH bending. [Verbal n. of שָׁחָה. See שׁחה and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. שְׁחִי ᴵᴵ.]

שְׁחִיזָה f.n. MH sharpening, whetting. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַז. See שׁחז and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִיחָה f.n. NH bending. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַח. See שׁחח and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׂחִיטָה f.n. MH squeezing, pressing out. [Verbal n. of שָׂחַט. See שׂחט and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִיטָה f.n. 1 ritual slaughtering. NH 2 massacre. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַט. See שׁחט and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שֶׁחְיִי adj. NH axillar. [Formed from שְׁחִי ᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שָׁחִיל adj. NH threadable. [Coined from שָׁחַל (= he threaded; see שׁחל ᴵ), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

שְׁחִילָה f.n. NH threading. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַל. See שׁחל and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִימוּת f.n. NH being brown, the color brown. [Formed from שָׁחֹם with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׂחְיָן m.n. NH swimmer. [Formed from שָׂחָה (see שׂחה) on the analogy of Aram. שָׂחְיָנָא, Syr. סַחְיָנָא (= swimmer). See שׂחה and agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: שַׂחְיָנוּת.

שְׁחִין m.n. boils, eruption. [From שׁחן, whence also Aram. שִׁיחְנָא, Syr. שׁוּחְנָא (= abscess, ulcer).]

שַׂחְיָנוּת f.n. NH swimming. [Formed from שַׂחֽיָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁחִינוּת f.n. NH being very warm. [Formed from שָׁחוּן (= very warm), with suff. ◌וּת.]

שָׁחִיס m.n. aftergrowth (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 37:30). [A metathesized form of סָחִישׁ (q.v.).]

שָׂחִיף m.n. thin board (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 41:16 in the phrase שְׂחִיף־עֵץ, which is usually rendered by ‘a thin board, wainscot’). [Of uncertain origin; possibly related to Arab. ṣaḥīfa (= tablet; page).]

שָׁחִיץ adj. MH haughty, boastful, arrogant. [From שָׁחַץ. See שׁחץ.]

שְׁחִיצָה f.n. MH haughtiness, boastfulness, arrogance. [Properly verbal n. of שָׁחַץ. See שׁחץ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִיצוּת f.n. NH haughtiness, boastfulness, arrogance. [Formed from שָׁחוּץ with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁחִיק adj. PBH crushed, ground, pounded- (used in the phrase שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת, ‘May his bones — i.e. Emperor Hadrian’s — be pounded!’). [JAram., pass. part. of שְׁחַק (= Heb. שָׁחַק; see שׁחק), hence corresponding to Heb. שָׁחוּק (q.v.).]

שְׂחִיקָה f.n. PBH laughing, laughter. [Verbal n. of שָׂחַק. See שׂחק and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִיקָה f.n. PBH 1 crushing, grinding, pounding. 2 erosion, abrasion. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַק. See שׁחק and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִית f.n. PBH pit. [A secondary form of שַׁחַת ᴵ, שׁוּחָה.]

שְׁחִיתָה f.n. PBH spoiling. [Verbal n. of שָׁחַת. See שׁחת and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁחִיתוּת f.n. MH 1 distress, oppression. NH 2 corruption, demoralization, immorality. [Formed from שָׁחַת (see שׁחת) with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַֽׁחַל m.n. lion (poet). [Of uncertain origin.] Derivatives: שׁחל ᴵᴵᴵ, perhaps also שַׁחֲלַיִם and שְׁחֵלֶת.

שׁחל ᴵ to thread, pass through a hole, to pull out, pull through, to put out of joint.
    — Qal - שָׁחַל 1 he threaded, passed through a hole; 2 he pulled out; 3 he put out of joint (see שָׁחוּל ᴵ and שָׁחוּל ᴵᴵ).
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁחַל was threaded, was passed through a hole.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁחִיל 1 he threaded, passed through a hole, pulled through, pulled out; 2 he threw back.
    — Hoph. - הֻשֽׁחַל MH 1 was threaded, was passed through a hole, was pulled through, was pulled out; NH 2 was thrown back.
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּחֵל 1 was passed through a hole; 2 was passed through. [JAram.–Syr. שְׁחַל (= it dripped, dropped, trickled; ran down), Syr. שָׁחֽלָא (= strain, filter), Arab. saḥala (= the cloud poured down water), saḥīl (= rain). Arab. mishḫal (= strain, filter), is an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: שָׁחִיל, שְׁחִילָה, שְׁחֹלֶת, הַשֽׁחָלָה, הִשְׁתַּחֲלוּת, מִשְׁחָל, מֻשֽׁחָל, מִשְׁחֹלֶת.

שׁחל ᴵᴵ to add onycha.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיל he added onycha. [Denominated from שְׁחֵלֶת.]

שׁחל ᴵᴵᴵ to roar.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיל he roared like a lion. [Denominated from שַׁחַל.]

שַׁחְלָב NH see סַחְלָב.

שַׁחֲלָה f.n. NH ovary. [From JAram. שַׁחֲלָא, which is of uncertain origin.]

שַׁחֲלַֽיִם m.n. PBH Lepidium (botany). [Related to Akka. shaḫullatu, prob. also sḫilu, Aram. תַּחְלֵי (= garden cress), Arab. saḥala (= husks of wheat), and to שְׁחֵלֶת (q.v.).]

שַׁחְלִיפִין m.n. pl. re-exchange. [From שׁחלף.]

שׁחלף to re-exchange.
    — Shiph. - שִׁחְלֵף he re-exchanged. [Shiph. of חלף ᴵ.] Derivative: שַׁחְלִיפִין.]

שְׁחֵֽלֶת onycha. [Related to Ugar. shḥlt, Akka. shaḫullatu (= onycha) and to שַׁחֲלַיִם. The origin of these words is uncertain, they perhaps mean lit.: ‘lion’s herb’, and are related to שַׁחַל (= lion).] Derivative: שׁחל ᴵᴵ.

שְׁחּֽלֶת f.n. PBH metal shavings. [Formed from שׁחל ᴵ (= to pull out), with suff. ◌ֶת.]

שַֽׁחַם m.n. NH granite. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps related to שָׁחֹם (= brown) and so called in allusion to its color.] Derivative: שָׁחוּם ᴵᴵ.

שָׁחֹם adj. MH dark brown. [Related to JAram. שְׁחִים, שֽׁחִימָא, Syr. שְׁחָמָא (= dusky, swarthy), which is related to Arab. ’asḥam (= black), saḥam, suḥma, suḥām (= blackness, black color).] Derivatives: שׁחם, שַׁחֲמוּמִי, שַׁחֲמוּת, שְׁחַמֽחַם, שְׁחַמֽתִּי, שֽׁחַמֽתָּנִי, שַׁחְמָנִי. cp. the first element in שְׁחַמֽחוּם.

שׁחם to be dark brown.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁחִים 1 he painted dark brown; 2 became dark brown. [Denominated from שָׁחֹם. cp. Syr. שֽׁחֵם (= became dusky, swarthy or black).] Derivatives: הַשְׁחָמָה, שַׁחֶמֶת.

שַׁחֲמוּמִי adj. NH slightly brown. [Dimin. formed from שָׁחֹם through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שַׁחֲמוּמִיּוּת.

שַׁחֲמוּמִיּוּת f.n. NH a slightly brown color. [Formed from שַׁחֲמוּמִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁחֲמוּת f.n. NH brown color. [Formed from שָׁחֹם with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁחַמְחוּם adj. NH brownish. [Compounded of שָׁחֹם (= dark brown), and חוּם (= brown).]

שְׁחַמְחַם adj. NH slightly dark brown. [Dimin. formed from שָׁחֹם through the reduplication of the second and third radical.]

שַׁחְמָט m.n. FW chess. [From Arab.-Pers. shāh māt (= the king is dead). Pers. shāh (= king), derives from Old Pers. shaya- (= king), Arab. māta (= he died), is related to Heb. מֵת (of s.m.; see מות). The orig. ת (in Arab. māta) was changed to ט at the suggestion of H.N. Bialik (1873–1934) to avoid the use of the word ‘killed’ in chess terms. cp. מַט.] Derivatives: שַׁחֽמָטָאוּת, שַׁחֽמָטַאי, שַׁחְמָטִי.

שַׁחְמָטָאוּת f.n. NH chess playing. [Formed from שַׁחֽמָט with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁחְמָטַאי f.n. NH chess player. [Formed from שַׁחְמָט with suff. ◌ַאי.]

שַׁחְמָטִי adj. NH chess (adj.). [Formed from שַׁחְמָט with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁחְמָנִי, שַׁחְמָנִית adj. NH brunet, resp. brunette. [Formed from שָׁחֹם with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שַׁחֶֽמֶת f.n. NH cirrhosis (disease). [Coined from שָׁחֹם (= dark brown), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת, serving to form names of diseases; see אַדֶּמֶת and words there referred to.]

שְׁחַמְתִּי adj. NH brownish. [Formed from שָׁחֹם with suff. ◌ִי.]

שְׁחַמְתָּנִי adj. NH brownish. [Formed from שָׁחֹם with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שׁחן to be hot, be parched.
    — Qal (occurs only in the pass. part. - שָׁחוּן ; q.v.).
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁחִין PBH 1 tr. v. he heated; NH 2 became or was hot. [Aram.–Syr. שֽׁחֵן (= became or was hot), Aram. שָׁחֵן, Syr. שַׁחִין (= warm, hot), Ugar. shḫn (= to burn), Arab. saḫuna (= was hot, was inflamed), saḫna, siḫnah (= feverish, heat), Akka. shaḫānu (= to be hot). Base of שְׁחִין.] Derivatives: שַׁחַן, מֽשֻׁחָן. cp. שָׁחֵן.]

שַֽׁחַן m.n. MH boils. [A secondary form of שֽׁחִין.]

שָׁחֵן adj. PBH hot, warm. [Aram., pres. part. of שְׁחֵן; see שׁחן.]

שִׁחֲנָא m.n. PBH load. [Of uncertain origin.]

שַֽׁחַף ᴵ m.n. seagull, tern, Laridae (a family of birds). [Of uncertain etymology. Based on the rendering of the Septuagint laros and the Vulgate laras.]

שׁחף to waste, be reduced in flesh.
    — Qal - שָׁחַף MH 1 he wasted the body; 2 he wasted, was reduced in flesh.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁחַף he contracted consumption, was wasted (by consumption).
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵף he wasted (the body).
    — Pu. - שֻׁחַף was wasted (by consumption). [Denominated from שַׁחֶפֶת.] Derivatives: שָׁחוּף, מְשֻׁחָף.

שַׁחֲפִית f.n. NH skimmer, tern; Sterna (a genus of birds). [Formed from שַׁחַף ᴵ with suff. ◌ִית.]

שַׁחֲפָן m.n. NH tuberculous, consumptive, suffering from tuberculosis. [Formed from שַׁחֶפֶת with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: שַׁחֲפָנוּת.

שַׁחֲפָנוּת f.n. NH tuberculosis, consumption. [Formed from שַׁחֲפָן with suff. ◌ָנוּת.]

שַׁחֲפָנִי adj. NH tuberculous, consumptive. [Formed from שַׁחֶפֶת with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

שַׁחֶֽפֶת f.n. 1 wasting disease, consumption. NH 2 tuberculosis. [Related to JAram. שַׁחַפְתָּא, שַׁחְפּוּתָא, Arab. suḥāf (= consumption). cp. Arab. saḥafa (= he pared, peeled off; he affected with consumption of the lungs). These words are possibly related to Aram.-Syr. סְחַף (= he threw down, cast down, overturned), Akka. saḫāpu (= to throw down, overwhelm); see סחף. For the form of שַׁחֶפֶת see אַרֶּמֶת.] Derivatives: שַׁחַפְתִּי, שַׁחֲפָן, שַׁחֲפָנִי.

שַׁחַפְתִּי adj. NH tuberculous. [Formed from שַׁחֶפֶת with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁחץ to act proudly.
    — Qal - שָׁחַץ he was haughty, boasted.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵץ (of s.m.).
    — Hith. - הִשְׁתַּחֵץ (of s.m.). [J Aram. שְׁחִיץ (= was proud), שַׁחְצָא (= the lion; properly ‘the proud animal’), Arab. shaḫaṣa (= he rose, was elevated), Ethiop. sheḥeṣa (of s.m.).] Derivatives: שַׁחַץ, שֶׁחָץ, שַׁחֲצוּת, שַׁחֲצָן, שָׁחוּץ, שִׁחוּץ, שָׁחִיץ, שְׁחִיצָה, הִשְׁתַּחֲצוּת.

שַֽׁחַץ m.n. 1 pride, haughtiness. PBH 2 epithet of a lion. NH 3 epithet of an eagle. [From שׁחץ.] Derivatives: שַׁחֲצָה, שַׁחֲצוּת, שַׁחֲצִית.

שֶׁחָץ adj. PBH haughty, boastful. [From שׁחץ.]

שַׁחֲצָה f.n. NH pride, haughtiness. [A secondary form of שַׁחַץ. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁחֲצוּת f.n. NH haughtiness, boastfulness, conceit. [Formed from שָׁחַץ (see שׁחץ) with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁחֲצִית f.n. PBH haughtiness, boastfulness. [A secondary form of שַׁחַץ. For the ending see suff. ◌ִית.]

שַׁחֲצָן adj. & m.n. haughty, boastful, arrogant, conceited. Derivatives: שׁחצן, שַׁחֲצָנוּת, שַׁהֲצָנִי.

שׁחצן to act boastfully, be arrogant.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֽצֵן he acted haughtily, boastfully or arrogantly. [Denominated from שַׁחֲצָן.]

שַׁהֲצָנוּת f.n. MH haughtiness, boastfulness, arrogance, conceitedness. [Formed from שַׁחֲצָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁחֲצָנִי adj. NH haughty, boastful, arrogant, conceited. [Formed from שַׁחֲצָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׂחק to laugh.
    — Qal - שָׂחַק 1 he laughed; 2 he sported; 3 he jested; 4 he played.
    — Pi. - שִׂחֵק 1 he made sport; 2 he jested; 3 he played music, sang, danced; PBH 4 he mocked, scorned, derided; NH 5 he played a part.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂחִיק 1 he mocked, scorned; PBH 2 tr. v. he made laugh, amused. [A secondary form of צחק (q.v.).] Derivatives: שׂוֹחֵק, שַׂחַק, שַׂחֲקָה, שַׂחֲקָן, שְׂחוֹק, שְׂחִיקָה, מִשְׂחָק, מְשַׂחֵק.

שַֽׂחַק m.n. PBH smile. [From שׂחק.]

שׁחק to rub away, beat fine; to pulverize.
    — Qal - שָׁחַק 1 he rubbed away, beat fine, pounded, pulverized; 2 he destroyed, annihilated.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁחַק was rubbed away, was beaten fine, was pounded, was pulverized.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵק PBH 1 he rubbed away, beat fine; NH 2 he beat into powder, pulverized.
    — Pu. - שֻׁחַק 1 was rubbed away, was beaten fine, was beaten into powder, was pulverized.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּחֵק 1 was rubbed away; 2 was beaten into powder, was pulverized. [Aram.–Syr. שְׁחַק (= he broke up small, shattered, pounded), Arab. saḥaqa (= he crushed, pounded, bruised, pulverized), saḥq (= crushing, pounding, bruising, pulverization; worn garment, rag; thin clouds), possibly also Akka. shaḫāqu (= to pound, pulverize).] Derivatives: שַׁחַק ᴵ, שַׁחַק ᴵᴵ, שָׁחוּק, שִׁחוּק, שְׁחִיקָה, הִשֽׁתַּחֲקוּת, מִשְׁחָק, מֽשֻׁחָק. cp. שֽׁחִיק.

שַֽׁחַק ᴵ m.n. 1 fine dust. PBH 2 a worn-out garment. [From שׁחק.]

שַֽׁחַק ᴵᴵ m.n. (usually used in the pl. שְׁחָקִים) 1 cloud of dust. 2 clouds in general (lit.: ‘that which is fine, thin’), whence, through sense enlargement, often used in the meaning of ‘sky, heavens’. [Special sense development of שַׁחַק ᴵ.] Derivative: שַׁחֲקִי.

שַׂחֲקָה f.n. MH smile. [Formed from שׂחק with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁחֲקִי adj. NH heavenly, celestial. [Formed from שַׁחַק ᴵᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׂחֲקָן m.n. NH player, actor, artist. [Formed from שִׂחֵק, Pi. of שׂחק, with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivatives: שַׂחֲקָנוּת, שַׂחֲקָנִי.

שַׂחֲקָנוּת f.n. playing, acting. [Formed from שַׂחֲקָן with suff. ◌וּת. cp. צַחֲקָנוּת.]

שַׂחֲקָנִי adj. NH actor’s; artistic. [Formed from שַׂחֲקָן with suff. ◌ִי. cp. צַחֲקָנִי.]

שׁחר ᴵ to be black.
    — Qal - שָׁחַר became or was black, grew dark, darkened (in the Bible occurring only Job 30:30).
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁחַר became black.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵר he blackened, darkened.
    — Nith. - נִשְׁתַּחֵר became black, blackened, darkened.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁחִיר 1 he made black, blackened, darkened; 2 became dark, darkened. [JAram. שְׁחַר, Syr. שֽׁחַר (= became or was black), Syr. שׁוּחֽרָא (= coal), Akka. shūru (= coal).] Derivatives: שָׁחֹר, שְׁחוֹר, שִׁחוּר, שִׁיחוֹר, הַשְׁחָרָה, מֻשְׁחָר, תִּשְׁחֹרֶת.

שׁחר ᴵᴵ to seek early, to search diligently.
    — Qal - שָׁחַר he sought early, sought diligently (in the Bible occurring only Pr. 11:27 in the form of the part. שִׁחֵר).
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵר 1 he sought eagerly, inquired earnestly; MH 2 he went to see, visited.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִיר he rose early. [Prob. derived from שַׁחַר ᴵ (= dawn), whence arose the meaning ‘to rise early in the morning; to go out early in the morning and seek’, whence ‘to turn toward’. Many other derivations of this verb have been suggested, but they are all quite improbable.] Derivatives: שׁוֹחֵר, שִׁחוּר ᴵᴵ, הַשְׁחָרָה ᴵᴵ. cp. also תִּשְׁחֹרֶת.

שַֽׁחַר ᴵ m.n. 1 dawn. 2 daybreak. 3 the blackness preceding the dawn. [Related to Moabite שׁחרת, JAram. שַׁחֲרָא, Arab. sahar, Akka. shēru, also shīrtu (= dawn).] Derivatives: שַׁחֲרִית, prob. שׁחר ᴵᴵ, מִשְׁחָר, possibly also שַׁחַר ᴵᴵᴵ.

שַׁחַר ᴵᴵ m.n. light, or hope (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 8:20). [Prob. figurative use of שַׁחַר ᴵ. cp. שַׁחַר ᴵᴵᴵ.]

שַֽׁחַר ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. sense, meaning. [Of uncertain origin; possibly שַׁחַר ᴵ (= dawn, daybreak), used fig. in the sense ‘light’ (cp. שַׁחַר ᴵᴵ), whence ‘shedding light, enlightenment, elucidation’.]

שָׁחֹר, שָׁחוֹר adj. 1 black, dark. NH 2 gloomy, depressed. [From שׁחר ᴵ.] Derivatives: שְׁחוֹר, שְׁחוּר, שֽׁחוֹרִי, שַׁחֲרוּר, שַׁחֲרוּרִי, שַׁחֲרוּרִית ᴵ, שַׁחֲרוּרִית ᴵᴵ, שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵᴵ, שְׁחַרְחַר, שֽׁחַרֽחֹר, שַׁחֲרִירוּת, שַׁחֶרֶת, prob. also שִׁיחוֹר, possibly also שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵ. cp. the first element of שְׁמַרחוֹם.

שַׁחֲרוּר m.n. NH blackbird; Turdus merula. [cp. Arab. shuḥrūr (= blackbird). From Syr. שַׁחְרוּרָא, whence also Arab. shuḥrūr (= blackbird). cp. also the English name of the bird.]

שִׁחְרוּר m.n. PBH 1 liberation, emancipation, manumission. NH 2 exemption. NH 3 release. [Verbal n. of שִׁחְרֵר. See שׁחרר.]

שַׁחֲרוּרִי adj. NH blackish. [Formed from שָׁחֹר (= black), through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

שַׁחֲרוּרִית ᴵ f.n. PBH blackness. [Formed from שָׁחֹר (= black), through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see suff. ◌ִית. cp. JAram. שַׁחֲרוּרִיתָא (= blackness). cp. also שַׁחֲרוּרִית and שַׁחֲרִירוּת.]

שַׁחֲרוּרִית ᴵᴵ f.n. NH Tenebrionidae (a family of insects). [Formed from שָׁחֹר (= black), through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see suff. ◌ִית. cp. שַׁחֲרוּרִית ᴵ. cp. also אַדֽמוּמִית, לַבְנוּנִית.]

שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵᴵ f.n. prime of life; dawn of youth (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 11:10). [Generally connected with שַׁחַר ᴵ and accordingly rendered by ‘dawn (of life)’. Friedrich Delitzsch refers שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵ to Arab. bakr (= young camel), beside bukrah (= early morning). Barth compares שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵ with Arab. shāriḫ (= young man). Others derive this word from שׁחר ᴵ (= to be black), and see in it an allusion to the black hair. cp. שַׁחֲרוּת ᴵᴵ. cp. also תִּשְׁחֹרֶת.]

שְׁחַרְחוּם adj. NH blackish brown. [Compounded of שָׁחֹר (= black), and חוּם (= brown).]

שְׁחַרְחַר adj. NH blackish. [Dimin. formed from שָׁחֹר (= black), through reduplication of the second and third radical. cp. שְׁחַרְחֹר.] Derivative: שֽׁחַרֽחָרוּת.

שְׁחַרְחֹר adj. blackish (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Cant. 1:6). [Dimin. formed from שָׁחֹר (= black). cp. שְׁחַרֽחַר.] Derivative: שׁחרחר.

שׁחרחר to become black.
    — Pi. - שְׁחַרְחַר became black. [Denominated from שְׁחַרְחֹר.]

שְׁחַרְחָרוּת f.n. MH blackishness. [Formed from שֽׁחַרְחַר, adj., with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁחֹרִי see שְׁחוֹרִי.

שַׁחֲרִירוּת f.n. MH blackishness. [A secondary form of שַׁחֲרוּרִית.]

שַׁחֲרִית f.n. PBH 1 morning, morning time. 2 ‘Shaharith’ — morning prayer (short for תּֽפִלַּת־שַׁחֲרִית). [Formed from שַׁחַר ᴵ with suff. ◌ִית.]

שׁחרר to liberate, set free, emancipate; to exempt; to release.
    — Shiph. - שִׁחְרֵר PBH 1 he liberated, set free, emancipated; NH 2 he exempted; NH 3 he released.
    — Shuph. - שֻׁחְרַר PBH 1 was liberated, was set free, was emancipated; NH 2 was exempted; NH 3 was released.
    — Hish. - הִשְׁתַּחְרֵר PBH 1 was liberated, was set free, was emancipated; NH 2 he liberated himself, set himself free. [Shiph‘el of חרר ᴵᴵᴵ (= to become or be free).] Derivatives: שִׁחֽרוּר, הִשֽׁתַּחֽרֽרוּת, מְשֻׁחֽרָר.

שַׁחֶֽרֶת f.n. NH melanosis (disease). [Coined from שָׁחֹר (= black), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת, serving to form names of diseases; see אַרֶּמֶת and words there referred to.]

שׁחת to be laid waste, be ruined.
    — Pi. - שִׁחֵת 1 he spoiled, destroyed, ruined; 2 he corrupted, perverted; 3 he dealt corruptly.
    — Niph. - נִשְׁחַת 1 was laid waste, was destroyed; 2 was marred, was spoiled; 3 was corrupted.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁחִית 1 he spoiled, marred; 2 he ruined, destroyed; 3 he corrupted (morally).
    — Hoph. - הָשְׁחַת was spoiled, was ruined. [Phoen. שׁחת, TA shaḫātu (= to fall — said esp. of a city), OAram. שׁחת (= to destroy), JAram. שֽׁחַת (= he spoiled, mutilated, destroyed), Syr. שחת (= he harmed, marred, abused), Ethiop. seḥēta (= he injured), saḥata (= he extirpated), prob. also Akka. shētu (= to flee, escape).] Derivatives: שַׁחַת ᴵᴵ, שֽׁחוּת, שִׁחוּת, שְׁחִית, שֽׁחִיתָה, שַׁחֲתָן, הַשֽׁחָתָה, מַשְׁחֵת, מָשְׁחָת ᴵ, מָשְׁחָת ᴵᴵ, מַשְׁחֶתֶת.

שַֽׁחַת ᴵ f.n. (pl. שְׁחָתוֹת, also שְׁחָתִים) 1 pit. 2 (fig.) grave. [Derived from שׁוח (= to bow down, bend), to which it stands as נַחַת (q.v.) stands to נוח ᴵ. cp. the collateral forms שׁוּחָה, שִׁיחָה.]

שַֽׁחַת ᴵᴵ f.n. destruction, ruin, corruption. [From שִׁחֵת, Pi. of שַׁחַת.]

שַֽׁחַת ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. PBH green fodder. [Of uncertain origin.]

שַׁחֲתָן m.n. NH destroyer; wicked person. [Formed from שִׁחֵת, Pi. of שׁחת, with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שֵׂט m.n. deviator, apostate (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Hos. 5:2 in the pl. and prob. meaning ‘deviators’ or ‘deviations’). [Prob. derived from שׂוט (= to turn aside, swerve). cp. סֵטים.]

שַׁטְגַּב m.n. NH Notonectidae (a family of insects that habitually swim back downward and therefore are called ‘back swimmers’. [Compounded of שָׁט (= swimming, swimmer), part. of שׁוּט (see שׁוט ᴵ) and גַּב (= back). Accordingly Heb. שַׁטְגַּב is a loan translation of the scientific name Notonectidae, which is compounded of Gk. netos also neton (= the back), and nektes (= swimmer).]

שׂטה to turn aside, to go astray.
    — Qal - שָׂטָה 1 he turned aside, went astray; 2 he became, or was, unfaithful (said of a wife).
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂטָה he caused to turn aside. [Aram.–Syr. סְטָא, Ethiop. sataya (= he turned aside, he went astray). A second form of base שׂוט. cp. סטה. cp. also Arab. shātiyy (= bank of a river), which is related to shatt (= side).]

שִׁטָּה f.n. acacia. [Formed from שִׁנְטָה, which is prob. borrowed from Egypt. shnṣt, Late Egypt. shonte, whence also Akka. samṭu, Arab. sanṭ (= acacia).]

שׁטה to be mad.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁטָה he went crazy.
    — Pi. - שִׁטָּה he laughed at, derided, mocked at, sneered at, ridiculed, made fun of.
    — Pu. - שֻׁטָּה was laughed at, was derided, was mocked at, was sneered at, was ridiculed, was made fun of.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּטָּה PBH 1 he went crazy, went mad; NH 2 he behaved like a fool.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁטָה he laughed at, derided, mocked at, sneered at, ridiculed, made fun of. [JAram.–Syr. שְׁטָא (= he went wrong, played the fool, was out of his wits), Arab. saṭā (= he assailed, attacked).] Derivatives: שׁוֹטֶה, שִׁטּוּי, שְׁטוּת, שַׁטְיוּת, שַׁטְיָן, הַשְׁטָאָה, הַשֽׁטָיָה, הִשְׁתַּטּוּת. cp. שָׁטְיָא.

שָׁטֽוּהַ adj. PBH 1 stretched out, extended. 2 flattened, flat. [Pass. part. of שָׁטַח. See שׁטח.] Derivative: שְׁטִיחוּת.

שִׁטּֽוּחַ m.n. MH 1 stretching oneself. NH 2 stretching out, extending. NH 3 making superficial. [Verbal n. of שִׁטַּח, Pi. of שׁטח.]

שִׁטּוּט m.n. NH wandering, roving about, rambling. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ. cp. שַׁטָּט, שׁוֹטֽטוּת.]

שִׁטּוּי m.n. NH mocking, derision, sneering. [Verbal n. of שִׁטָּה, Pi. of שׁטה.]

שָׂטוּם adj. NH hated. [Pass. part. of שָׂטַם. See שׂטם.]

שָׁטוּף adj. MH 1 flooded. PBH 2 (fig.) addicted to, absorbed in, ardently desirous. [Pass. part. of שָׁטַף. See שׁטף.] Derivative: שֽׁטִיפוּת.

שִׁטּוּף m.n. MH flooding, washing, rinsing. [Verbal n. of שִׁטֵּף, Pi. of שׁטף.]

שִׁטּוּר m.n. NH policing. [Formed from שׁוֹטֵר (q.v.).]

שְׁטוּת f.n. PBH 1 folly, madness, lunacy. 2 nonsense. [Formed from שׁטה with suff. ◌וּת. cp. JAram. שֽׁטוּתָא.] Derivative: שְׁטוּתִי.

שְׁטוּתִי adj. NH foolish. [Formed from שֽׁטוּת with suff. ◌ִי.]

שׁטח to stretch out, spread, spread out, spread, extend, expand.
    — Qal - שָׁטַח he spread out, spread, extended.
    — Pi. - שִׁטַּח 1 he stretched out (his hands); NH 2 he flattened; NH 3 he expatiated upon, enlarged upon; NH 4 he dealt superficially with.
    — Pu. - שֻׁטַּח MH 1 was spread out, was spread; NH 2 was flattened; MH 3 was laid before, was presented to; NH 4 was made superficial.
    — Hith. - הִשֽׁתַּטַּח MH 1 he stretched himself; NH 2 became flattened.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁטִיחַ he stretched out, spread out, spread.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁטַח was stretched out, was spread out, was spread. [Aram.–Syr. שְׁטַח (= he stretched out, spread out, laid out), Arab. saṭaḥa, Ethiop. saṭḥa (= he spread out, spread, flattened).] Derivatives: שָׁטוּחַ, שׁטּוּחַ, שְׁטִיחָה, שַׁטְחָן, הַשְׁטָחָה, הִשְׁתַּטְּחוּת, מִשְׁטוֹחַ, מִשְׁטָח, מַשְׁטֵחַ, מִשְׁטָח, מְשֻׁטָח. cp. שֶׁטַח.

שֶֽׁטַח m.n. MH 1 surface. NH 2 area. NH 3 zone. [Loan translation of Arab. satḥ (= surface).] Derivatives: שִׁטְחָה, שִׁטְחִי, שִׁטְחוֹן, שַׁטְחָן.

שִׁטְחָה f.n. NH facet. [Formed from שֶׁטַח with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שִׁטְחוֹן m.n. NH areola. [Formed from שֶׁטַח with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

שִׁטְחִי adj. PBH 1 superficial. NH 2 (fig.) superficial, shallow. [Formed from שֶׁטַח with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שִׁטֽחִיּוּת.

שִׁטְחִיּוּת f.n. MH 1 superficiality. NH 2 (fig.) shallowness. [Formed from שִׁטֽחִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שַׁטְחָן m.n. NH a shallow person. [Formed from שָׁטַח (see שׁטח) with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

שַׁטָּט m.n. NH rover, rambler. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ. cp. שִׁטּוּט.]

שָׁטְיָא adj. PBH foolish. [Aram., from שֽׁטָא (= he went wrong, played the fool, was out of his wits). See שׁטה and cp. שַׁטְיָה.] Derivatives: שַׁטֽיָה, שַׁטְיוּת.

שַׁטְיָה f.n. NH a fool (f.). [Formed on the analogy of שָׁטֽיָא.] Derivative: שַׁטֽיָן.

שַׁטְיוּת f.n. NH 1 idiotism. 2 folly, stupidity. [Formed from שָׁטֽיָא, resp. שַׁטְיָה, with suff. ◌וּת.]

שָׁטִֽיחַ m.n. 1 spread, mat. NH 2 rug, carpet. [Formed on the analogy of JAram. שֽׁטִיחָא, from שָׁטַח (see שׁטח).] Derivative: שְׁטִיחוֹן.

שְׁטִיחָה f.n. MH 1 spreading out, spreading. NH 2 stretching out (of the hand). [Verbal n. of שָׁטַח. See שׁטח and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁטִיחוֹן m.n. NH a small rug, a small carpet. [Formed from שָׁטִיחַ with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

שְׁטִיחוּת f.n. NH 1 flatness. 2 (fig.) superficiality. [Formed from שָׁטוּחַ with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁטִיטָה f.n. MH roving, rambling. [Formed from שׁוט ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שַׁטְיָן adj. & m.n. NH 1 foolish. 2 fool. [Formed from שַׁטֽיָה with suff. ◌ָן.]

שְׁטִיפָה f.n. PBH 1 rinsing, washing. MH 2 flooding, flushing. MH 3 addiction, ardent desire. [Verbal n. of שָׁטַף. See שׁטף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׁטִיפוּת f.n. MH addiction, ardent desire. [Formed from שָׁטוּף with suff. ◌וּת.]

שְׁטִירָה f.n. MH establishment of a régime. [From base שׁטר, orig. meaning ‘to write’, whence also מִשְׁטָר (= rule, authority), שׁוֹטֵר (= officer), שֽׁטָר (= document).]

שׂטם to hate, bear a grudge to, cherish animosity to.
    — Qal - שָׂטַם he hated, bore a grudge to, cherished animosity to.
    — Niph. - נִשְׂטַם was hated.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׂטִים he caused to hate. [Aram. שְׂטַם. A collateral form of שׂטן.] Derivatives: שֶׂטֶם, שִׂטֽמָה, שֽׂטִימָה, שָׂטוּם, מַשְׂטֵמָה.

שֶֽׂטֶם m.n. MH hatred. [From שׂטם.]

שִׂטְמָה f.n. PBH hatred. [Formed from שׂטם with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שָׂטָן m.n. 1 Satan. 2 adversary. 3 accuser. [Prob. derived from שׁוּט (= to go about, go to and fro, rove). JAram. שָׂטָנָא, סָטָנָא, Syr. סָטָנָא (= adversary; Satan), Arab. shayṭān, and Ethiop. shayṭān (= Satan; devil) are Heb. loan words.] Derivatives: שׂטן, שֽׂטָנִי.

שׂטן to be or act as an adversary; to accuse; to hate.
    — Qal - שָׂטַן he was, or acted as an adversary, he hated.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׂטִין he accused. [Denominated from שָׂטָן, Aram.–Syr. סְטַן (= he acted like Satan, he acted like an adversary), Arab. shayṭana (= he acted like Satan, acted like a devil), are denominated from Aram.–Syr. סָטָנָא, resp. Arab. shayṭān. cp. the secondary form שׂטם.] Derivatives: שׂוֹטֵן, הַשְׂטָנָה, מַשֽׂטִין. cp. שִׂטְנָא.

שִׂטְנָא m.n. PBH Aram. (= Heb. שָׂטָן).

שִׂטְנָה f.n. accusation (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ez. 4:6). [Formed from שָׂטַן (see שׂטן) with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שְׂטָנִי adj. NH Satanic, diabolical, devilish. [Formed from שָׂטָן with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: שְׂטָנִיּוּת.

שְׂטָנִיּוּת f.n. NH diabolism, devil(t)ry. [Formed from שְׂטָנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

שִׁטְעוּן m.n. NH transshipment, reloading. [Verbal n. of שִׁטְעֵן. See שׁטען.]

שׁטען to reload, transship.
    — Shiph. - שִׁטְעֵן he transshipped, reloaded.
    — Shuph. - שֻׁטֽעַן was transshipped, was reloaded. [Shiph‘el of טען ᴵ.] Derivative: שִׁטְעוּן.

שׁטף to overflow, inundate, to rinse, wash off.
    — Qal - שָׁטַף 1 it overflowed, inundated; 2 he rinsed off, was washed off, cleansed by washing; 3 it flowed with strength; 4 it swept away as with a flood; PBH 5 he was addicted to.
    — Niph. - נִשֽׁטַף 1 was rinsed; 2 was swept away, was completely defeated; PBH 3 he became addicted.
    — Pi. - שִׁטֵּף it flushed, flooded.
    — Pu. (or Qal pass.) . - שֻׁטַּף 1 was rinsed; MH 2 was flooded, was swept away.
    — Nith. - נִשֽׁתַּטֵּף PBH 1 he rinsed himself, washed himself; NH 2 was flooded, was swept away.
    — Hiph. - הִשֽׁטִיף PBH 1 he flooded, washed away; NH 2 he caused (e.g. his horse) to run at full speed.
    — Hoph. - הֻשְׁטַף PBH 1 was swept away by the flood; PBH 2 was flooded, was covered by water; MH 3 it was overflowed. [JAram. שְׁטַף (= it overflowed, he rinsed, washed off), Arab. saṭafa (= it overflowed), Akka. shaṭāpu (= to overflow), Egypt. shtf (= to carefully decant in preparing medicine). All these verbs are possibly Shaph‘el forms of base נטף or טפף (= to drop).] Derivatives: שֶׁטֶף, שִׁטָּפוֹן, שַׁטֽפָן, שָׁטוּף, שְׁטִיפָה, שִׁטּוּף, שׁוֹטֵף, הִשְׁתַּטְּפוּת, מַשְׁטֵף, מִשְׁטָף, תַּשְׁטִיף. cp. שִׁטֽפָּא.

שֶֽׁטֶף, שֵׁטֶף m.n. 1 flood, flow, stream. 2 torrent. 3 quickness, speed. MH 4 fluency, routine. [From שׁטף. cp. שִׁטֽפָּא. cp. also שֶׁצֶף.]

שִׁטְפָּא m.n. PBH flood, fluency. [Aram., emphatic case, corresponding to Heb. הַשֶּׁטֶף. See שֶׁטֶף.]

שִׁטָּפוֹן m.n. MH (pl. שִׁטֽפוֹנוֹת) flood, inundation, deluge. [Formed from שׁטף (= to flood), with ◌וֹן, suff. forming abstract nouns. cp. שִׁצָּפוֹן.]

שַׁטְפָן m.n. NH galloping horse. [Formed from שׁטף with suff. ◌ָן.]

שַׁטְצַד m.n. NH Gammarius (a genus of crustaceans). [Compounded of שָׁט (= he swam; see שׁוט ᴵ), and צַד (= side).]

שְׁטָר m.n. PBH 1 bill, promissory note. 2 document, deed, writ, bond. [Lit.: ‘something written, writ’. Together with Aram.–Syr. שְׁטָרָא (= document, deed, promissory note, bond, bill), borrowed from Akka. shaṭāru (= document), which derives from shaṭāru (= to write). Arab. saṭara (= he wrote), is denominated from saṭr, saṭar (= line; row), which is a loan word from Aram. שְׁטָרָא. cp. שׁוֹטֵר, מִשְׁטָר, שְׁטִירָה.]

שׁטר to punish, to police.
    — Qal - שָׁטַר he punished, policed.
    — Hiph. - הִשְׁטִיר he appointed officers. [Denominated from שׁוֹטֵר.]

שַׁטְרֶגֶל m.n. NH Capepoda (a genus of crustaceans). [Compounded of שָׁט (= he swam; see שׁוט ᴵ), and רֶגֶל (= foot).]

שְׁטְרוּדְל m.n. NH apple pie. [Yiddish, from Ger. Strudel (= lit.: ‘eddy, whirlpool’), cogn. with Gk. rodhos, for * srodhos (= roar of waves), from IE * sr- et-, enlargement of base * ser– (= to flow).]

שַׁי m.n. (pl. שַׁיִּים) gift, present (in the Bible occurring only Is. 18:7, Ps. 68:30, 76:12). [Of uncertain origin. In spite of the Arabic sh perhaps related to shä’a (= he wanted, he wished), shay (= something; orig.: ‘a thing desired’).]

שַׁ״י contraction meaning 310 (in שַׁ״י עוֹלָמוֹת, ‘a whole world’; lit.: ‘310 worlds’). [The letter שׁ has the numerical value of 300, י that of 10.]

שִׂיא m.n. 1 loftiness, pride (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 20:6). NH 2 highest point, climax, record. [Aphetic for נֽשִׂיא, from נָשָׂא. cp. שִׂיאָה and שִׂיאוֹן.]

שִׂיאָה f.n. MH climax, record, highest point. [A secondary form of שִׂיא.]

שִׂיאוֹן m.n. NH highest point, climax, record. [Formed from שִׂיא with suff. ◌וֹן, hence lit. meaning ‘height, elevation’. The word occurs in the Bible (Deut. 4:48) as one of the names of Mount Hermon. cp. שִׂיאָן.]

שִׂיאָן m.n. NH record-holder (in sport, etc.). [Formed from שִׂיא with suff. ◌ָן.]

שׂיב to grow or be old.
    — Qal - שָׂב he grew old.
    — Hiph. - הֵשִׂיב 1 he grew old; 2 he made gray, made old. [JAram. סִיב, Syr. סֵאב, Arab. shāba, Ethiop. shēba(= became white-haired, grew old), Ugar. shb, Akka. shēbu (= old man), Ugar. shbt (= gray hair).] Derivatives: שָׂב, שֵׂיב, שֵׂיבָה. cp. סָב, סָבָא, סַבֽתָּא.

שֵׂיב m.n. old age (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. I 14:4). [From שׂיב; a collateral form of שֵׂיבָה.]

שֵׂיבָה f.n. 1 grey hair, hoary head. 2 old age. [Formed from שֵׂיב with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. Aram. שֵׂיבוּ, שֵׂיבוּת (= old age). cp. also שֵׂיב.]

שִׁיבָה f.n. PBH coming back. [Verbal n. of שׁוּב. See שׁוב and first suff. ◌ָה.]

שִׂיג m.n. going away, moving away (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. I 18:27 in the phrase כִּי־שִׂיחַ וֽכִי־שִׂיג לוֹ, ‘because he is either musing or he has gone away’), whence שִׂיחַ וָשִׂיג (= dealing, meditation). [Prob. derived from שׂיג, a collateral form of שׂוג (= to move away).]

שִׂיד m.n. lime, whitewash, plaster. [Related to Aram. סִידָא, Syr. סַיֽדָא, Arab. shīd (= lime). cp. סִיד.] Derivative: שׂיד.

שׂיד to whitewash, plaster.
    — Qal - שָׂד he whitewashed, plastered (in the Bible occurring only Deut. 27:2). [cp. סיד.]

שֵׂיָה f.n. NH she-lamb. [Formed from שָׂה with first suff. ◌ָה.]

שִׁיּוּט m.n. NH rowing; cruising. [Verbal n. of שִׁיֵּט, Pi. of שׁוט ᴵ.]

שִׁיּוּךְ m.n. NH 1 belonging. 2 attribution, ascription. [Verbal n. of שִׁיֵּךְ, Pi. of שׁיך.]