א The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The name of the letter is ‘Aleph’, and so called in allusion to its ancient Heb. form, representing the head of an ox (see אֶלֶף ᴵᴵ, אַלּוּף ⱽᴵ, and cp. Akka. alpu, Arab. alif, Phoen. אלף, whence Gk. Alpha). In PBH it has the numerical value of one. א alternates with other gutterals, as with ה (see e.g. אָמוֹן, Jer. 52:15, instead of הָמוֹן), and with ע (see e.g. מְתָאֵב, Amos 6:5, instead of מֽתָעֵב). It also alternates with י (see e.g. צְבָאִים and צֽבָיִים, pl. of צְבִי). For the interchangeability of א and ה see also in the conjugational system Heb. הִפֽעִיל and Aram. אַפְעֵל, Heb. הִתֽפַּעֵל and Aram. אִתְפַּעֵל. א is used to form secondary verbs and nouns (see e.g. אבטח, אבחן, אַבְטָחָה, אַבֽחָנָה). In Aram. it also serves as the definite article (see ◌ָא ᴵ) and as the most common subst. and adj. suff. (see ◌ָא ᴵᴵ).

 

אַ◌ pref. PBH on, upon. [Aram., equivalent of Heb. עַל◌.]

 

א◌ (אֲ◌, אַ◌, אֶ◌, אָ◌, אִ◌) prosthetic א, usually used in collateral forms of nouns beginning with two consonants (see e.g. זָרוֹעַ and אֶזֽרוֹעַ), esp. before foreign words (e.g. אַבֽרָקַיִם, אִזֽמֵל, אַסְטְרָטֶג, אַסְפַּקְלַרֽיָה).

 

◌ָא ᴵ the Aram. definite article (corresponding to Heb. הַ◌).

 

◌ָא ᴵᴵ the most common subst. and adj. suff. in Aram. (corresponding to Heb. first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָב ᴵ m.n. (pl. אָבוֹת) 1 father. 2 forefather, patriarch. 3 ancestor, progenitor. 4 head (of a family), leader, chief. 5 God. 6 master, teacher. 7 important, great. PBH 8 parent (male). PBH 9 basic factor, origin, source. NH 10 Father (of the Christian Church). [cp. Aram. אַבָּא, Ugar. ’b, Akka. abu, Arab. abu.] Derivatives: אַבֽהוּת, אַבְהִי, אָבוּת.

 

אָב ᴵᴵ m.n. ‘Av’ (also ‘Ab’) — name of the fifth month of the Jewish calendar. [Akka. abu, Arab. ab.]

 

אַב◌ pref. PBH arch-, proto-, chief, master. [Properly c. st. of אָב ᴵ.]

 

אֵב m.n. young shoot, sprout, verdure. [Related to Akka. inbu, Arab. ’abb (= meadow), Aram. אִנְבָּא.] See בְּאִבּוֹ. Derivative: אֲבָבִית.

 

אַבָּא m.n. PBH 1 father, daddy. PBH 2 ‘Abba’ — title of ancient Rabbis. NH 3 reverend (father). [Aram., properly ‘the father’ (= הָאָב in Heb.).]

 

אבב to bring forth shoots, sprout; the coming of spring.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיב PBH 1 (it) brought forth shoots; NH 2 he (it) brought the spring, refreshed, renewed. [Denominated from אָבִיב (= spring). See אֵב.]

 

אֲבָבִית f.n. PBH 1 eruption, rash (disease). NH 2 exanthema. [Formed from אֵב (q.v.).]

 

אבגד to spell; to arrange in alphabetical order.

    — Pi. - אִבְגֵּד 1 he spelled; 2 he arranged (something) in alphabetical order. [Formed from the first letters in the Heb. alphabet.] Derivative: אִבְגּוּד.

 

אִבְגּוּד m.n. NH spelling. [Verbal n. of אִבְגֵּד, Pi. of אבגד.]

 

אַבְגּוּסְט see אוֹגוּסְט.

 

אַבְגּוּרִים m.n. pl. FW augurs. [L. augur (= diviner, soothsayer; a member of the college of priests in Rome, who foretold the future), transformation of *augos, gen. *augeris (= increase), related to augēre (= to increase).]

 

אֶבְגִינוֹס adj. PBH of noble descent, noble. [Gk. eugenes (= well-born), from eu (= well), and genos (= race, descent, gender, kind), which is cogn. with L. genus (= birth, descent, origin, race, sort, kind, class; sex, gender). See ‘eu-’ and ‘genus’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘eugenic’ ibid. cp. also אֶבְגֵּנִיקָה.]

 

אֶבְגֵּנִיקָה f.n. FW eugenics. [Eng. eugenics, coined by Sir Francis Galton in 1883 from the adj. eugenic, which derives from Gk. eugenes (= well-born). See אֶבְגִּינוֹס

 

אַבְגָּר m.n. MH the common agrimony (a genus of plants). [Named after abgar, King of Edessa.]

 

אבד to perish.

    — Qal - אָבַד he was lost, perished; it strayed (said of an animal).

    — Niph. - נֶאֱבַד he (or it) was lost, perished.

    — Pi. - אִבֵּד 1 he destroyed, wasted; 2 he caused to perish; PBH 3 he lost.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַבֵּד he committed suicide.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֶֽבִיד he caused to perish, destroyed. [Moabite אבד (= to perish), Aram. אֲבַד, Syr. אֱבַד (= he perished), Ugar. ’bd (= to perish), Arab. ’ábada (= it ran away — said of an animal), Ethiop. ’abáda (= he wandered about), Akka. abātu (= to destroy).] Derivatives: אָבֵד, אֲבֵדָה, אָבוּד, אִבּוּד, אֲבַדּוֹן, אַבְדָן, אָבְדָן, אוֹבֵד, הֵאָבֽדוּת, הִתֽאַבּֽדוּת, מִתֽאַבֵּד, נֶאֱבָד.

 

אָבֵד adj. PBH perishable. [From אבד.]

 

אֲבֵדָה f.n. a lost thing; loss. [Formed from אבד with subst. suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲבַדּוֹן m.n. destruction, ruin; place of destruction, Abaddon. [Formed with אבד with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַבְדִּינוּת f.n. MH dignity or office of the president of the court of justice. [Formed from the contraction of אַב בֵּית דִּין (see אָב ᴵ) with suff. ◌וּת.][[illegible]]

 

אַבְדָּלָה f.n. PBH secondary form of הַבְדָּלָה.

 

אָבְדָן, אַבְדָן m.n. 1 destruction ruin.[[illegible]] NH 2 loss. [Formed from אבד with suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אבה to want, be willing, consent.

    — Qal - אָבָה he was willing, consented (see Is. 1:19, Job 39:9, the only passages in the Bible where אָבָה is without the neg. part. לֹא. [Akka. abitu (= wish, will, desire), Arab. abay (= he refused). According to Nöldeke Heb. אָבָה also had mostly a negative meaning and the negative part. לֹא was only added for the sake of emphasis. W.M. Müller compares Egypt. ’bj, which means both ‘to want, wish’, and ‘to refuse’. The sense development of this Egypt. verb seems to have been: ‘he wanted, he wanted forcefully, he refused energetically’.] Derivatives: אֲבוֹי, אֶבְיוֹן(?), אֲבִיּוֹנָה.

 

אֵבֶה m.n. reed, papyrus. [Possibly related to Arab. abā’, Akka. abu (= reed). cp. אָב ᴵᴵ.]

 

אַבְהוּת, אֲבָהוּת f.n. MH fatherhood, paternity. [Formed with suff. ◌וּת] from אָב ᴵ (= father). cp. אָבוּת.] Derivative: אַבְהוּתִי.

 

אַבֽהוּתִי adj. NH fatherly, paternal. [Formed from אַבֽהוּת with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְהִי, אֲבָהִי adj. NH fatherly, paternal. [Formed from אָב (= father), with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְהָל m.n. MH savine (name of a plant). [Borrowed from Arab. abhal.]

 

אַבּוּב m.n. PBH 1 flute, pipe, reed. NH 2 tube. NH 3 oboe. [Aram. אַבּוּבָא. Prob. a loan word from Akka. imbūbu (= flute, pipe), which prob. derives from base n-b-b (= was hollow); see נבב. Arab. inbūb (= pipe, tube), is prob. an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: אַבּוּבִי, אַבּוּבִית, אַבּוּבָן.

 

אַבּוּבִי adj. NH reedy, tubular. [Formed from אַבּוּב with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבּוּבִית f.n. NH 1 a small flute; tubule. 2 Zizyphora (botany). [Formed from אַבּוּב with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַבּוּבָן m.n. NH 1 flutist. 2 oboist. [Formed from אַבּוּב with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אָבוּד adj. PBH lost, perishable. [Properly pass. part. of אָבַד. This is an exception because intransitive verbs regularly have no passive participle. For similar exceptions see בָּטוֹחַ and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אִבּוּד m.n. PBH 1 destruction, ruin. 2 loss. [Verbal n. of אִבֵּד (= he caused to perish), Pi. of אבד.]

 

אַבּוּטִילוֹן m.n. NH abutilon (a genus of plants of the mallow family). [Modern L., from Arab. aubūtīlūn, a name coined by the Arab philosopher Avicenna (Ibn-Sina).]

 

אֲבוֹי interj. woe! alas! [According to ReDak, of imitative origin. (cp. אוֹי and words there referred to). According to Barth, a derivative of אָב (= father), and orig. meaning ‘my father!’. According to Gesenius and König, derived from אָבָה (= he was willing), and lit. meaning ‘wish, desire’.]

 

אָבוּךְ adj. NH hazy, misty. [Properly pass. part. of אָבַךְ.]

 

אַבּוּל m.n. PBH arcade, gateway. [From Aram. אַבּוּלָא, which is a loan word from Akka. abullu (= city gate, entrance gate of a building).]

 

אִבּוּל m.n. PBH mourning. [From אבל.]

 

אֵבוֹלוּצְיָה see אֵיבוֹלוּצֽיָה.

 

אַבּוֹלִיצְיוֹנִיזְם m.n. FW abolitionism. [Eng. abolitionism, from abolition, from Fren., from L. abolitiōnem, from abolitus, p. part. of abolēre (= to destroy, efface, abolish), which is prob. a back formation from abolēscere (= to decay gradually, vanish, cease). See ‘abolish’ and ‘-ion’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִבּוּן m.n. NH petrifying, petrification. [Verbal n. of אִבֵּן. See אבן.]

 

אֵבוּס m.n. 1 manger. PBH 2 feeding receptacle; bowl for working men. [From אבס. אֵבוּס stands for אֱבוּס. For the widening of the Hātāph-Seghōl to Tzēre cp. the nouns אֵזוֹב, אֵזוֹר, אֵטוּן, אֵמוּן, אֵסוּר, אֵפוֹד.]

 

אָבוּס adj. fed, fattened. [Pass. part. of אבס.]

 

אִבּוּס m.n. NH feeding, fattening. [From אבס.]

 

אָבוּץ adj. NH covered with zinc. [From אָבָץ (= zinc).]

 

אִבּוּץ m.n. NH zincification. [Verbal n. of אִבֵּץ, Pi. of אבץ.]

 

אִבּוּק m.n. NH 1 covering with dust, dusting. 2 pulverization. [Verbal n. of אִבֵּק, Pi. of אבק ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲבוֹקָדוֹ m.n. NH the avocado tree. [Sp., from aguacate, from Nahuatl ahuacatl. cp. ‘avocado’ and ‘alligator pear’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲבוּקָה f.n. PBH torch. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אָבוֹת m.n. pl. 1 pl. of אָב (= father). 2 parents, patriarchs.

 

אָבוּת f.n. MH fatherhood, paternity. [Formed with suff. ◌וּת from אָב (= father). cp. אַבְהוּת.]

 

אַבְזֵם m.n. NH buckle. [From Arab. ibzīm (= clasp, buckle).] Derivative: אבזם.

 

אבזם to buckle.

    — Pi. - אִבְזֵם he buckled, fastened with a buckle.

    — Pu. - אֻבְזַם was buckled. [Denominated from אַבְזֵם.]

 

אַבְזֶֽקֶת f.n. PBH 1 breaking, corrosion. 2 moth-eaten condition of garments. [According to Fleischer, quoted by Levy, the above word is ‘perhaps to be connected with Pers. bazak (= centipede, woodlouse)’.]

 

אַבְזָר, אֲבִיזָר m.n. PBH (pl. אַבְזָרִים, resp. אֲבִיזָרִים) accessory, spare part. [Aram. אֲבִיזְרָא, אַבְזְרָא (= spice, condiment; whence ‘accessory’), from Arab. abzār (= spice, condiment), from Pers. efzār (of s.m.).]

 

אַבְזָרָן m.n. NH a person in charge of accessories. [Formed from אַבֽזָר with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֶֽבַח m.n. MH slaughter. [Back formation from אִבְחָה.]

 

אבח to slaughter.

    — Pi. - אִבַּח he put to sword, slaughtered. [Denominated from אִבֽחָה.]

 

אִבְחָה f.n. slaughter (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 21:20 in the phrase אִבְחַת חֶרֶב, ‘slaughter by sword’). [Formed from base אבח with subst. suff. ◌ָה. Related to Akka. abāhu (= to slaughter, torment), which is synonymous with ṭabāhu (= to slaughter). Accordingly the noun אִבֽחָה is related to טִבְחָה (= slaughter).] Derivatives: אבח, אֶבַח.

 

אִבְחוּן m.n. NH diagnosis. [Verbal n. of אִבְחֵן, Pi. of אבחן.]

 

אַבְחַי m.n. NH protozoan. [Formed from אַב◌ (= proto-), and חַי (= living).]

 

אַבְחֹֽמֶר m.n. NH protoplasm. [Formed from אַב◌ (= proto-), and חֹמֶר (= material).]

 

אבחן to diagnose.

    — Pi. - אִבְחֵן he diagnosed, diagnosticated.

    — Pu. - אֻבְחַן was diagnosed, was diagnosticated. [Back formation from אַבֽחָנָה.] Derivatives: אִבְחוּן, אַבֽחָן.

 

אַבְחָן m.n. NH diagnostician. [From אבחן.] Derivative: אַבֽחָנוּת.

 

אַבְחָנָה f.n. MH the result of testing; diagnosis. [A secondary form of הַבֽחָנָה (= the action of testing, discrimination). הַפְעָלָה, the regular form of the verbal noun in the Hiph., primarily denotes the action expressed by the verb, secondarily also the result of this action. On analogy of Talmudic Heb. nouns like אַבְדָּלָה, אַבְטָלָה, אַזְהָרָה, which are aramaisms for הַבְדָּלָה, הַבֽטָלָה, הַזְהָרָה, in NH the form אַפֽעָלָה was introduced to denote the result of an action, in contradistinction to the form הַפְעָלָה, which denotes the action par excellence. The most frequently used אַפְעָלָה-forms in NH are אַסְפָּקָה, אַפְתָּעָה, אַרֽגָּעָה, אַשְׁלָיָה.] Derivative: אַבְחָנָתִי.

 

אַבְחָנוּת f.n. NH diagnostics. [Formed from אַבֽחָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַבְחָנָתִי adj. NH diagnostic. [Formed from אַבֽחָנָה with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְטוֹ◌ see אוֹטוֹ◌.

 

אַבְטוֹאֶמַנְצִיפַּצְיָה see אוֹטוֹאֶמַנְצִיפַּצֽיָה.

 

אִבְטֽוּחַ m.n. NH protection, securing. [Verbal n. of אִבְטַח, Pi. of אבטח.]

 

אבטח to protect, secure.

    — Pi. - אִבֽטַח he protected, secured.

    — Pu. - אֻבְטַח was protected, was secured. [Back formation from אַבֽטָחָה.] Derivatives: אִבְטוּחַ, מְאֻבְטָח.

 

אַבְטָחָה f.n. PBH protection, securing, ensuring. [A collateral form of הַבְטָחָה. cp. אבטח.]

 

אֲבַטִּֽיחַ m.n. watermelon (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Num. 11:5). [Related to Aram. אֲבַטִּיחָא. Arab. baṭṭīch is an Aram. loan word.]

 

אַבְטִיט m.n. NH lapwing. [Compounded of אָב (= father), and טִיט (= clay).]

 

אַבְטָלָה f.n. PBH 1 idleness. NH 2 unemployment. [A collateral form of הַבְטָלָה. For the difference in meaning between these two words see אַבְחָנָה.]

 

אַבְטִפּוּס m.n. NH archetype, prototype. [A hybrid coined from Heb. אַב◌ (= proto-) and Gk. typos (= blow, mark of a seal, pattern). See טִפּוּס (= type).]

 

אָבִיב m.n. 1 young ears of corn. MH 2 the season of spring. NH 3 spring of life, youth. [From base אבב. cp. Arab. abb (= pasture).] Derivative: אֲבִיבִי.

 

אֲבִיבִי adj. MH springlike, vernal. [Formed from אָבִיב with adj. suff. ◌ִי.] Derivatives: אֲבִיבִיּוּת, אֲבִיבִית.

 

אֲבִיבִיוּת f.n. NH quality of being spring-like. [Formed from אֲבִיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲבִיבִית f.n. NH the genus Erophila (botany). [Properly f. of the adj. אֲבִיבִי used as a noun, and lit. meaning ‘(flower) of spring’. cp. the Modern L. name Erophila, which lit. means ‘spring-loving’.]

 

אָבִיד adj. NH perishable, losable. [Coined from אָבַד (= perished), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

 

אֲבִי־הַכַּף spoonbill (kind of a bird). [Compounded of אֲבִי, c. st. of אָב (= father), and הַכַּף (= the spoon; see כַּף); so called in allusion to its spoon-shaped bill. cp. Eng. spoonbill.]

 

אֶבְיוֹן m.n. needy, poor. [Prob. from אבה and orig. meaning ‘desirous, longing, yearning’. cp. Ugar. ’bjn. Late Egypt. and Coptic ebiēn are borrowed from Hebrew.] Derivative: אבין.

 

אֲבִיּוֹנָה ᴵ f.n. sexual desire, libido (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 12:5). [Prob. derived from אבה (= to desire). cp. אֲבִיּוֹנָה ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲבִיּוֹנָה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH caper berry. [Prob. derived from אבה (= to desire), and so called in allusion to the simulating effect of its seeds. cp. אֲבִיּוֹנָה.]

 

אֶבְיוֹנוּת f.n. PBH need, want, poverty. [Formed from אֶבְיוֹן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲבִיזָר see אַבְזָר.

 

אָבִיךְ adj. NH hazy, misty. [From אבך.]

 

אֲבִיכוּת f.n. NH haziness, mistiness. [Formed from אָבִיךְ with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲבִילָה f.n. PBH mourning. [Verbal n. of אָבַל. For the ending see subst. suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אבין to pauperize.

    — Pi. - אִבְיֵן he pauperized.

    — Pu. - אֻבְיַן was pauperized. [Denominated from אֶבְיוֹן.]

 

אֲבִיסָה f.n. MH feeding, fattening. [Verbal n. of אבס. For the ending see subst. suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָבִיק ᴵ m.n. PBH pipe, tube. [Prob. related to אָפִיק (= river-bed, channel).]

 

אָבִיק ᴵᴵ adj. NH dusty, powdery. [From אָבָק (= dust, powder).]

 

אַבִּיק m.n. NH alembic, retort. [Prob. from Gk. ambix (= cup, cup of a still, alembic). Whence also Arab. al-anbiq. Of uncertain origin. See ‘alembic’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָבִיר m.n. the Strong One — attribute of God (occurring in the c. st. אֲבִיר, in אֲבִיר יַעֲקֹב, ‘Protector of Jacob’, אֲבִיר יִשְׂרָאֵל, ‘Mighty One of Israel’, Is. 49:26, resp. Is. 1:24). [A secondary form of אַבִּיר.]

 

אַבִּיר 1 strong, mighty, valiant. 2 bull. NH 3 knight, hero. [From base אבר (= to be strong). cp. אָבִיר.] Derivatives: אַבִּירוּת, אַבִּירִי.

 

אַבִּירוּת f.n. MH 1 courage, valor. NH 2 knighthood. NH 3 chivalry, gallantry. [Formed from אַבִּיר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַבִּירִי adj. NH 1 courageous. 2 chivalrous, gallant. [Formed from אַבִּיר with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אבך to rise (smoke), to raise clouds of dust.

    — Qal - אָבַךְ prob. meaning ‘it rose’ (said esp. of smoke).

    — Pi. - אִבֵּךְ it rolled up, billowed (said esp. of smoke).

    — Pu. - אֻבַּךְ 1 was rolled up, was billowed (said esp. of smoke); MH 2 was perplexed, was confused.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַבֵּךְ was rolled up, was billowed (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 9:17 in the form יִתְאַבְּכוּ).

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיךְ MH 1 he confused, perplexed; NH 2 he rolled up (said esp. of smoke). [Akka. abāku (= to bring, turn). Prob. related to הפך.] Derivatives: אָבוּךְ, אָבִיךְ, אֹבֶךְ, אִבְכָה, הִתְאַבּֽכוּת.

 

אֹֽבֶךְ m.n. NH mist, haze, haziness. [From אבך.]

 

אִבְכָה f.n. NH cloud of dust. [Formed from אבך with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אבל to mourn, lament.

    — Qal - אָבַל he mourned, lamented.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַבֵּל he mourned, lamented.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיל he caused to mourn.] [Aram. אֲבֵל, Syr. ’ebhál (= he mourned), Ugar. ’bl (= to mourn), Arab. ’ábbana (= he mourned for a dead person), and prob. also to Akka. abālu (= to be dry). For the change of l to n in Arab. cp. Heb. צֶלֶם (= image), with Arab. ṣánam (= idol); Heb. כַּלָּה (= bride, daughter-in-law), with Arab. kanna (= daughter-in-law). See the introductory entry ל in this dictionary. Derivatives: אִבּוּל, אָבֵל ᴵ, אֵבֶל.

 

אָבֵל ᴵ adj. 1 mourner, lamenter. 2 desolate. [From אבל.] Derivative: אֲבֵלוּת.

 

אָבֵל ᴵᴵ m.n. (a word that appears in the name of several geographical places as in אָבֵל בֵּית־מַעֲכָה). [Of uncertain origin. The most probable derivation is that of W.F. Albright, according to whom it means ‘stream’ and is related to אוּבָל (of s.m.).]

 

אֵֽבֶל m.n. mourning, lamentation. [From אבל.]

 

אֲבָל adv. 1 truly, indeed. 2 but, however. [Formed from pref. א◌ and בַּל (= not). Related to Ugar. bl, blt (= not, nevertheless), Arab. bal (= on the contrary, nevertheless).]

 

אֲבֵלוּת f.n. PBH mourning. [Formed from the adj. אָבֵל (= mourning), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶֽבֶן f.n. 1 stone. 2 weight. [Related to Phoen. אבן, Aram. אֶבֶן, Aram.-Syr. אַבְנָא, Syr. abhnnā, Ugar. ’bn, Ethiop. ’ebn (= stone). cp. Egypt. ōbn (= alum).] Derivatives: אבן, אַבְנוּנִי, אַבְנוּת, אַבֽנִי, אַבְנִית, אַבְנָן. cp. אָבְנַיִם.

 

אבן to petrify, to change into stone.

    — Pi. - אִבֵּן 1 it changed into stone, petrified; 2 he fossilized.

    — Pu. - אֻבַּן was changed into stone, was petrified.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַבֵּן MH 1 became petrified; NH 2 became fossilized; NH 3 was paralyzed. [Denominated from אֶבֶן (= stone). Derivative: אִבּוּן.

 

אִבְּן m.n. MH son of (used in Arabic surnames). [Arab. ibn, related to Heb. בֵּן (= son).]

 

אַבְנוּן m.n. NH synanceja (fish). [Compounded of אֶבֶן (= stone) and נוּן (= fish).]

 

אַבְנוּנִי adj. NH stony. [Formed from אֶבֶן (= stone), through reduplication of the third radical, with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְנוּנִיּוּת f.n. NH stoniness. [Formed from אַבְנוּנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַבְנוּת f.n. NH stoniness. [Formed from אֶבֶן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַבְנֵט m.n. girdle. [Prob. an Egypt. loan word. cp. Egypt. bnd (= to wrap up).]

 

אַבְנִי adj. MH stony. [Formed from אֶבֶן (= stone), with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְנִיוּת f.n. NH stoniness. [Formed from אַבְנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָבְנַֽיִם f.n. dual 1 potter’s wheel. 2 mid-wife’s stool. 3 workbench. [Dual of אֹבֶן, which is prob. a secondary form of אֶבֶן (= stone).]

 

אַבְנִית f.n. NH fur (coating inside of a kettle). [Formed from אֶבֶן (= stone), with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַבְנָן m.n. NH lithium. [Formed from אֶבֶן through reduplication of the נ.]

 

אבס to feed, to be fattened.

    — Qal - אָבַס he fed, fattened an animal (in the Bible occurring only in the pass. part. אָבוּס, pl. אַֽבוּסִים).

    — Niph. - נֶאֱבַס was fed, was fattened.

    — Pi. - אִבֵּס he fed, fattened.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיס he fed, stalled.

    — Hoph. - הָאָֽבֵס was fed, was stalled. [Related to Akka. abūsu, abus(s)atu (= manger).] Derivatives: אֵבוּס, אֲבִיסָה, הֵאָבְסוּת, מַאֲבוּס.

 

אַבְּסוֹלוּטִי adj. FW absolute. [L. absolūtus, p. part of absolvere (= to set free), from ab (= away from, from), and solvere (= to loosen, set free). See ‘ab-’ and ‘solve’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְּסוֹלוּטִיזְם m.n. FW absolutism. [See אַבְּסוֹלוּטִי and suff. ◌ִיזֽם.]

 

אַבְּסוּרְד m.n. FW absurdity. [See אַבְּסוּרְדִי.]

 

אַבְּסוּרְדִי adj. FW absurd. [L. absurdus (= out of tune, harsh, rough, incongruous, absurd), formed from ab (= away from), and a derivative of the IE base *swer-, *sur- (= to sound). See ‘ab-’ and ‘swarm’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְּסוּרְדִיּוּת f.n. FW absurdity. [A hybrid coined from אַבְּסוּרְדִי and the Heb. suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַבְּסְטְרַקְטִי adj. FW abstract [L. abstractus, p. part of abstrahere (= to draw away), from abs-, ab- (= away from, from) and trahere (= to draw), which is cogn. with Old I. dhrájati (= sweeps over, stretches, draws). See ‘ab-’ and ‘tract’ (region) in my CEDEL.]

 

אַבְּסְצִיסָה f.n. FW abscissa (mathematics). [Coined by the Italian mathematician Stefano degli Angeli from L. (linea) abscissa (lit.: ‘a line cut off’), from abscindere (= to tear away; to cut off).]

 

אַבְּסְצֶס m.n. FW abscess. [L. abscessus (= a going away, departure, abscess), from abs, ab (= away from, from), and cēdere (= to go, go away, yield). See ‘ab-’ and ‘cede’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲבַעְבּוּעָה f.n. blister, boil, pustule. [Formed from the imitative stem בעבע (= to bubble up), with prosthetic א◌ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲבַעְבּוּעִית f.n. NH varioloid (disease). [Formed from אֲבַעְבּוּעָה with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַבְעוֹדֵק m.n. NH aorta. [Compounded of אָב (= father) and עוֹרֵק (= artery).]

 

אַבְעָיָה f.n. 1 search, inquiry. 2 gathering of the poor in the fields for the search of their share in the ‘Peah’ (see פֵּאָה). [Formed from Aram. בְּעָא, בּֽעִי (= he asked, inquired) with prosthetic א◌ and subst. suff. ◌ָה. cp. בְּעָיָה.]

 

אָבָץ m.n. NH zinc. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from Aram. אֲבָצָא (= tin). Since we have a biblical word for ‘tin’ (בְּדִיל), ben Yehudah introduced the word אָבָץ in the sense of ‘zinc’, because this latter is similar to tin. Aram. אַבְצָא lit. means ‘the white metal’. cp. Arab. bāḍa (= was white), ’abyaḍu (= white). cp. also בּוּץ, בֵּיצָה, the place name אֶבֶץ (Josh. 19:20) and the proper name אִבְצָן (Jud. 12:8). See also בַּעַץ.]

 

אבץ to coat with zinc.

    — Pi. - אִבֵּץ he coated with zinc, zincked.

    — Pu. - אֻבַּץ was coated with zinc, was zincked. [Denominated from אָבָץ (= zinc).] Derivatives: אִבּוּץ, מְאֻבָּץ.

 

אבק ᴵ to embrace, wrestle.

    — Qal - אָבַק he embraced, clasped, wrestled with.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱבַק he wrestled, struggled, fought.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַבֵּק (of s.m.). [Aram. אֲבַק (= he entangled, twisted). Prob. related to חבק. Some scholars derive נֶאֳבַק (= he wrestled) from אָבָק (= dust), so that its original meaning would have been ‘he got dusty (through wrestling)’, and compare the sentence וֶהֱוֵי מִתֽאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵיהֶם, ‘cover yourself with the dust of their feet’. For sense development refer to Gk. koniesthai (= to cover oneself with dust — said of wrestlers; whence the secondary meaning ‘to prepare for combat’), from konis (= dust). See אבק ᴵᴵ. It is interesting that Joshua ben Levi gives both derivations of the verb וַיִּאָבֵק (Gen. 32:24), and that Rashi, in his commentary to this verse, connects וֵיֵּאָבֵק with Aram. אֲבַק, which is identical with the first derivation given by Joshua ben Levi.] Derivatives: אֶבֶק, הֵאָבְקוּת, הִתְאַבּֽקוּת, מַאֲבָק ᴵᴵ.

 

אבק ᴵᴵ

    — Pi. - אִבֵּק 1 he raised dust. 2 he powdered, pulverized. 3 he dusted.

    — Pu. - אֻבַּק was covered with dust, was dusted.

    — Hith. - הִתְאֵבֵּק was covered with dust.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיק he pollinated.

    — Hoph. - הֶאֱבַק was pollinated. [Prob. base of אָבָק. Prob. related to Arab. ābaqa (= he ran away).] Derivatives: אִבּוּק, הַאֲבָקָה, הִתְאַבְּקוּת ᴵᴵ, מֽאֻבָּק.

 

אָבָק m.n. 1 dust, powder. 2 touch of, shade of. [Together with Aram.-Syr. אַבֽקָא (= dust), prob. derived from אבק ᴵᴵ and lit. meaning ‘that which flees or flies’. cp. the second element in שַׁאֲבָק. Gk. abax, gen. abakos (= a square tablet strewn with dust for drawing geometrical diagrams; reckoning board), is a Heb. loan word; see ‘abacus’ in my CEDEL.] Derivatives: אָבִיק (adj), אִבֵּק, אַבְקִיק, אַבְקָן, אַבֶּקֶת, מַאֲבָק, מַאֲבֵק.

 

אֶֽבֶק m.n. NH buttonhole, loop. [From Aram. אַבְקֽתָא (= loop, leather ring), which derives from אֲבַק (= he entangled). See אבק ᴵ.]

 

אֲבָקָה f.n. 1 powder. 2 spice. NH 3 pollen. [Formed from אבק ᴵᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲבָקִי adj. MH dusty, powdery. [Formed from אָבָק (= dust, powder), with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבְקִיק m.n. NH grain of dust. [Formed from אָבָק (= dust), through reduplication of the third radical.]

 

אֶבְקָלִיפְּטוּס see אֵיקָלִיפְּטוּס.

 

אַבְקָן m.n. NH stamen. [Formed from אָבָק (= dust, powder), with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַבְקָנִי adj. NH bearing stamens, staminate. [Formed from אַבְקָן with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַבֶּֽקֶת f.n. NH coniosis (disease). [Formed from אָבָק (= dust), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases (see אַדֶּמֶת). Properly a loan translation of Medical L. coniosis, from Gk. konis (= dust).]

 

אֵֽבֶר m.n. (pl. אֲבָרִים, also (אֵבָרִים) 1 pinions. PBH 2 limb, member, organ (see אֵבָר). [From אבר (= to be strong). Related to Aram. אַבְרָא, Syr. ’ebhrā, Akka. abru (= pinion). Vollers compares the Arab. noun wábar (= hair). cp. אֶבֽרָה.]

 

אֵבָר, אֵיבָר m.n. PBH 1 limb, member, organ. NH 2 term (mathematics). [A secondary form of אֵבֶר. It arose through back formation from (אֵיבָרִים) אֵבָרִים, pl. of אֵבֶר, in order to differentiate in meaning between אֵבֶר (= wing) and אֵבָר, אֵיבָר (= limb).]

 

אבר ᴵ to be strong.

    — Pi. - אִבֵּר he strengthened, hardened.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיר he hardened. [Related to Akka. abāru (= to be strong).] Derivatives: אֵבֶר, אֶבְרָה, אַבִּיר.

 

אבר ᴵᴵ to fly, soar.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱבִיר he spread his wings, flew, soared (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 39:26).] [Denominated from אֵבֶר.]

 

אֲבָר m.n. PBH lead. [Together with Aram. אֲבָרָא, Syr. ’abhārā (= lead, prob. borrowed from Akka. abar, name of a metal, possibly ‘lead’. Arab. ’abbār (= lead) is an Aram. loan word.]

 

אֶבְרָה f.n. pinion. [Formed from אֵבֶר (= pinions) with ◌ָה, suff. serving to form nomina unitatis.]

 

אַבְרוֹמָה f.n. name of a fish mentioned in the Talmud, usually identified with the bream. [Prob. from Gk. abramis (= bream).]

 

אַבַּרְזִין m.n. PBH 1 a cover of skin. NH 2 tarpaulin. [Prob. from Avestic barezis (= cover). Some scholars derive אַבַּרֽזִין from Gk. bursinon (= leathern cover), from bursa (= hide, leather), which is of uncertain origin. cp. ‘burse’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַבְרֵךְ m.n. 1 proclamation of the Egyptians on the approach of Joseph (see Gen. 41:43). PBH 2 title given to a young scholar. MH 3 title given to an educated young gentleman. [Of uncertain origin and meaning. Some scholars propose various Egyptian derivations, others see in it a Sem. word. Several Jewish commentators of the Bible regard אַבְרֵךְ as a Hiph. form of a verb denominated from בֶּרֶךְ (= knee), so that אַבְרֵךְ would be a command to those present to bend the knee. Friedrich Delitzsch derives אַבֽרֵךְ from Akka. abarakku denoting a dignitary.]

 

אֶבְרָנִי m.n. PBH waterfowl. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אַבְרֵק m.n. NH Sirius (the star). [Denominated from הִבְרִיק (= shone, glittered; see ברק); so called because it is the brightest star in heaven. cp. בַּרְקַאי.]

 

אַבְּרָקָדַבְּרָא FW a magic formula. [Late L., from Gk. abracadabra, in which word the letter c (= s) was misread for k. It was orig. written as a magic formula on abraxas stones, whence its name. See ‘abraxas’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַבְרָקַיִם m.n. PBH dual breeches. [Formed with prosthetic אַ◌ ᴵᴵ from Gk. brakai, from L. brācae (= breeches), which is a Gaulish word borrowed from Teutonic. cp. Old Eng. brēc (= breeches), and see ‘breeches’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַבְרָשׁ m.n. PBH heather (a genus of plants). [From אַבֽרוֹשִׁי, corrupted form of אַבְרוֹסִי, name of a kind of olive, called also אֲגוֹרִי. אַבֽרוֹסִי is of uncertain origin. According to Löw אַבֽרוֹסִי is an adj. formed with suff. ◌ִי from the place name Avaris (in Egypt) and means ‘(olives) of Avaris’.]

 

אֳבָשִׁים m.n. pl. wild grapes. [Of uncertain origin. It is perhaps a metathesized var. of Biblical Heb. בְּאֻשִׁים (= wild grapes); see בְּאוּשִׁים. However, a comparison of אֳבָשִׁים with Syr. ’epshāthā (with change of ב to פ), the Peshitta rendering of יֽבֵשִׁים (= dried grapes), makes it more probable that אֳבֵשִׁים derives from base אבש= יבש (= to be dry), and lit. means ‘dry (grapes)’. See יבשׁ.]

 

אַגַּב prep. PBH on the basis of, by way of, on account of. [Aram., lit.: ‘on the back of’, formed from pref. א◌ (= עַל, on, upon), and גַּב (= back). See עַל and גַּב.] Derivative: אַגָּבִי.

 

אֲגָבָה f.n. NH agave (plant). [Modern L., named after Agave, the mother of Pentheus, in Greek mythology. For the etymology of this name see ‘Agave’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַגָּבִי adj. NH accidental, incidental, casual. [Formed from אַגַּב with adj. suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַגָּבִיּוּת.

 

אַגָּבִיּוּת f.n. NH accidentally. [Formed from אַגָּבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אגד to bind, tie.

    — Qal - אָגַד he joined together, bound, tied, united.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱגַד was bound, was tied, was united.

    — Pi. - אִגֵּד he tied together, united.

    — Pu. - אֻגַּד was bound, was tied together, was united.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַגֵּד was tied together, was united, was amalgamated. [Related to Aram. אֲגַד (= he bound, tied), perhaps also to Akka. agittu, if standing for agidtu (= bandage, plaster).] Derivatives: אֲגֻדָּה (the only derivative of this stem in the Bible), אוֹגֵד, הִתֽאַגּֽדוּת, מְאֻגָּד, אֶגֶד, אֻגֽדָּה, אָגוּד, אִגּוּד, אָגִיד, אֲגִידָה.

 

אֶֽגֶד m.n. NH 1 bunch, bundle. PBH 2 tie, knot. PBH 3 bandage. NH 4 artillery group (military). [From אגד.]

 

אֲגֻדָּה f.n. 1 band, bundle, bunch. 2 vault of heaven. 3 association, society. [Formed from אגד with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֻגְדָּה f.n. NH division (military). [Formed from אגד with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַגָּדָה f.n. PBH 1 legend, tale, story, myth. 2 ‘Aggadah’ — homiletic section in Rabbinic literature. [A secondary form of הַגָּדָה. cp. אַגַּדְתָּא.] Derivatives: אַגָּדָתִי, אַגָּדִי.

 

אַגָּדִי adj. MH 1 legendary, mythical. 2 aggadic. 3 fantastic. [Formed from אַגָּדָה with agential suff. ◌ִי. cp. הַגָּדִי.]

 

אַגַּדְתָּא f.n. PBH of the same meaning as אַגָּדָה. [Aram. equivalent to Heb אַגָּדָה\.]

 

אַגָּדָתִי adj. NH legendary. [A collateral form of אַגָּדִי. Formed from אַגָּדָה with suff. ◌תִי.]

 

אֶגוֹ m.n. FW ego (psychology). [L. ego (= I), cogn. with Gk. ego). See ‘I’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶגוֹאִיזְם m.n. FW egoism. [Fren. égoïsme, formed from L. ego (= I), with suff. ‘ism’. See אֶגוֹ and ◌ִיזם.]

 

אֶגוֹאִיסְט m.n. FW egoist. [Fren. égoïste, formed from L. ego (= I), with suff. - iste. See אֶגוֹ and ◌ִיסֽט.]

 

אֶגוֹאִיסְטִי adj. FW egoist. [Formed from אֶגוֹאִיסֽט with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָגוּד adj. PBH bound, tied, joined. [Pass. part. of אגד.]

 

אִגּוּד m.n. NH 1 a binding together. 2 association, society. [Verbal n. of אִגֵּד. See אגד.]

 

אֲגוּדָל, גּוּדָל m.n. PBH thumb. [Of uncertain origin. Perhaps derived from גדל ᴵ and lit. meaning ‘the large finger’.]

 

אֲגוּדָלִי adj. NH thumblike, tiny. [Formed from אֲגוּדָל with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֱגוֹז m.n. nut; nut tree. [cp. Aram. אֱגוֹזָא, אַמְגּוֹזָא, Arab. jauz, Ethiop. gauz. These words are prob. borrowed from Pers. gauz.] Derivatives: אֱגוֹזָה, אֱגוֹזִי, אֱגוֹזִית.

 

אֱגוֹזָה f.n. PBH nut tree. [Formed from אֱגוֹז (= nut), with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֱגוֹזִי adj. MH nutty, nutlike. [Formed from אֱגוֹז with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֱגוֹזִית f.n. NH a nutlike fruit (botany). [Formed from אֱגוֹז with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֱגוֹטִיזְם m.n. FW egotism. [Eng. egotism (= excessive use of the pronoun I; speaking much of oneself; self-conceit). Coined by the English poet Joseph Addison (1672-1719) from L. ego (= I), and suff. ‘-ism’; see אֶגוֹאִיזְם. The intrusive t is due to the analogy of nepotism, in which word the t is organic (from L. nepos, gen. nepōtis, ‘grandson’).]

 

אֶגוֹטִיסְט m.n. FW egotist. [See אֶגוֹטִיזֽם and suff. ◌ִיסֽט.]

 

אִגּוּם m.n. NH impounding water into a lake, pond or reservoir. [Verbal n. of אִגֵּם, Pi. of אגם.]

 

אִגּוּף m.n. NH flanking, outflanking. [Verbal n. of אִגֵּף, Pi. of אגף.]

 

אֶגוֹצֶנְטְרִי adj. FW egocentric. [Back formation from Eng. egocentric, which is compounded of ego and centric. See אֶגוֹ, צֶנְטְטרָלִיזֽם and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶגוֹצֶנְטְרִיוּת m.n. FW egocentricity. [See אֶגוֹצֶנְטְרִי and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָגוּר adj. PBH gathered together, collected, amassed, accumulated, hoarded, stockpiled. [Pass. part. of אָגַר. See אגר.]

 

אִגּוּר m.n. NH collecting, gathering together, amassing, hoarding, stockpiling. [Verbal n. of אִגֵּר (= he collected). See אגר.]

 

אֲגוֹרָה f.n. 1 a small coin, penny. NH 2 ‘agorah’ — Israel coin, one hundredth of a שֶׁקֶל (= shekel). [Prob. connected with גֵּרָה (= the smallest weight). Several scholars see in it a derivative of the Sem. base אגר (= to hire), whence also Akka. agāru (= to hire). Whence Aram. אֲגַר, Syr. אֶגַּר (= he hired), Arab. ’ājara (= he let for rent), istā’jara (= he hired). cp. אַגְרָא, אַגְרָה.]

 

אָגִיד m.n. NH gill. [From אגד.] Derivative: אֲגִידִי.

 

אֲגִידָה f.n. MH binding, tying. [Verbal n. of אגד. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲגִידִי adj. NH pertaining to the gills, brachial. [Formed from אָגִיד with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַגְ׳יוֹ m.n. FW agio. [It. aggio, agio, from lajjë, from Gk. allagion (= exchange), from allage (= change), which derives from the stem of allassein (= to change), from allos (= other). See ‘else’ in my CEDEL. The l in lajjë was mistaken for the It. definitive article and was accordingly dropped.]

 

אֶגִיפְּטוֹלוֹג m.n. FW Egyptologist. [Back formation from אֶגִיפְּטוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אֶגִיפְּטוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW Egyptology. [Compounded of Gk. Aigyptos (= Egypt), and logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה). Derivative: אֶגִיפְּטוֹלוֹגִי.

 

אֲגִירָה f.n. MH collecting, amassing, accumulation, hoarding, stockpiling. [Verbal n. of אגר. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֵֽגֶל m.n. drop (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 38:28 in the phrase אֶגֽלֵי טַל (= drops of dew). [Of uncertain etymology; possibly related to Arab. ta’ájjala (= was gathered, was collected).] Derivative: אֶגְלִיל.

 

אֶגְלִיל m.n. NH a small drop, droplet. [Dimin. formed from אֵגֶל (= drop), through reduplication of the third radical.]

 

אָגֵם adj. sad, mournful (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 19:10, in the phrase אַגֽמֵי־נֶפֶשׁ (= aggrieved in soul). [A collateral form of עָגֵם, from עגם.]

 

אֲגַם m.n. 1 lake, pool, pond. 2 reeds. PBH 3 marshland. [Related to Aram. אֲגַם, Syr. ’eghmā́, Akka. agammu (= pool), Arab. mā’ ’ā́jim (= pool full of reeds).] Derivatives: אגם, אֲגַמְגַּם, אֲגַמָּה, אַגֽמוֹן, אֲגַמִּי, אֲגַמִּית.

 

אגם to impound water into a lake.

    — Pi. - אִגֵּם he impounded water into a lake, pond or reservoir.

    — Pu. - אֻגַּם (water) was impounded. [Denominated from אֲגַם.] Derivative: אִגּוּם.

 

אַגַ״ם m.n. NH operations branch (at General Headquarters in Israel Army). [Abbr., formed from the initials of the words אֲגַף מִבְצָעִים (lit.: ‘operations branch’).]

 

אֲגַמְגַּם m.n. NH miniature lake, pool. [Dimin. formed from אֲגַם (= lake), through reduplication of the second and third radical. cp. אֲגַמָּה.]

 

אֲגַמָּה f.n. NH miniature lake, pool. [Dimin. formed from אֲגַם (= lake), with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַגְמוֹן m.n. reed, bulrush. [Formed from אֲגַם (= reeds), with suff. ◌וֹן.] Derivatives: אַגֽמוֹנִי, אַגְמוֹנִיּוּת.

 

אַגְמוֹנִי adj. NH reedy. [Formed from אַגְמוֹן with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַגְמוֹנִיּוּת f.n. NH reediness. [Formed from אַגְמוּן with suff. ◌יּוּת.]

 

אֲגַמִּי adj. MH lacustrine. [Formed from אֲגַם (= lake) with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲגַמִּית f.n. NH coot. [Formed from אֲגַם (= lake) with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַגָּן m.n. [Together with Aram. אַגָּנָא, Syr. ’aggānā, Ugar. ’gn, prob. borrowed from Akka. agan(n)u (of s.m.). Arab. sijjā́na (= vessel for washing clothes) is an Aram. loan word.]

 

אֹֽגֶן m.n. PBH 1 rim of a vessel. NH 2 brim of a hat.

 

אַגָּס m.n. PBH pear. [Together with Arab. ’ijjā́s, ’ijjā́ṣ, ’injā́s, ’injā́ṣ (= plum), of unknown origin.] Derivative: אַגָּסָה.

 

אַגָּסָה f.n. NH pear tree. [Formed from אַגָּס with suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲגַף m.n. PBH 1 wing of a bird. NH 2 wing of a building. PBH 3 the upper part of the arm. 4 flank of an army. [Related to גַּף, Aram. גַּדֽפָּא, גַּפָּא (= wing), Arab. jádhafa, qádhafa (= he rowed). The base of these words is prob. גדף; the א in Heb. אֲגַף is prosthetic. Akka. agappu (= wing) is prob. an Aram. loan word. cp. גַּף, גָּדָף.] Derivatives: אגף, אֲגַפַּאי, אֲגַפִּי.

 

אגף to flank, to outflank.

    — Qal - אָגַף he flanked, outflanked.

    — Pi. - אִגֵּף (of s.m.).

    — Pu. - אֻגַּף was flanked, was outflanked. [Denominated from אֲגַף.] Derivatives: אִגּוּף, מְאֻגָּף.

 

אֲגַפַּאי m.n. NH flank man. [Formed from אֲגַף with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אֲגַפִּי adj. NH of the flank, flank (adj.). [Formed from אֲגַף with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אגר to collect, gather.

    — Qal. - אָגַר he collected, gathered, accumulated, hoarded, stockpiled.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱגַר was collected, was gathered together, was hoarded, was stockpiled.

    — Pi. - אִגֵּר (of the s.m. as אָגַר).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַגֵּר was collected, was gathered together, was hoarded. [A base with no equivalents in the other Sem. languages.] Derivatives: אָגוּר, אִגּוּר, אֲגִירָה, אַגֽרוֹן, אַגְרָן, אוֹגֵר, מַאֲגוֹר, מַאֲגָר.

 

אִגָּרָא m.n. PBH roof (occurring in phrases quoted from the Talmud, as in מֵאִגָּרָא רָמָא לֽבֵירָא עֲמִיקְתָּא, ‘from a high roof to a deep pit’). [Aram., perhaps borrowed from Akka. igāru (= side).]

 

אַגְרָא m.n. PBH pay, reward (occurring in phrases quoted from the Talmud and the Midrash, as in לְפוּם צַעֲרָא אַגְרָא, ‘according to the pains is the reward’). [Aram., from אֲגַר (= he hired), which is a loan word from Akka. agāru (= to hire). See אֲגוֹרָה and cp. אַגְרָה.]

 

אַגְרֶגָט m.n. FW aggregate. [L. aggregātus, p. part. of aggregāre (= to add to, attach oneself to, follow; lit.: ‘to bring to the flock’), from ad (= to, toward), and grex, gen. gregis (= flock). See ‘ad-’, ‘gregarious’ and verbal suff. ‘-ate’ in my CEDEL. cp. also the first element in אַגְרוֹנוֹמוֹן.]

 

אַגְרָה f.n. NH fee for government and municipal services in Israel. [Aram. אַגֽרָא (= pay, reward). See אַגְרָא.]

 

אִגְּרוֹן m.n. NH letter-writer, correspondence textbook. [Formed from אִגֶּרֶת with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֶגְרוֹן m.n. MH glossary, lexicon. [Formed from אגר (= to collect), with suff. ◌וֹן.] Derivatives: אֶגֽרוֹנַאי, אֶגְרוֹנוּת.

 

אֶגְרוֹנַאי m.n. NH a glossarist. [Formed from אֶגֽרוֹן with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אַגְרוֹנוֹם m.n. FW agronomist. [Gk. agronomos (= rural), compounded of agros (= field) and nomos, from the stem of nemein (= to assign, manage; to drive cattle, to pasture). The first element is cogn. with L. ager (= field, land); see אַקֽר. For the second element see ‘nemesis’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אַגְרוֹנוֹמִי.

 

אַגְרוֹנוֹמוֹן m.n. PBH (pl. אַגְרוֹנוֹמִין) , agoranome, superintendent of the market. [Gk. agronomos, compounded of agora (= market) and nomos, from the stem of nemein (= to assign, manage). cp. אַגְרֶגָט and אַגְרוֹנוֹם.]

 

אַגְרוֹנוֹמִי adj. FW agronomical. [Formed from אַגֽרוֹנוֹם word with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַגְרוֹנוֹמְיָה f.n. FW agronomy. [Fren. agronomie, from Gk. agronomos. See אַגֽרוֹנוֹם.]

 

אֶגְרוֹנוּת f.n. NH lexicography. [Formed from אֶגְרוֹן (= lexicon), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶגְרוֹף m.n. fist. [Prob. formed from גָּרַף (= he swept away), with prosthetic א◌. Derivatives: אגרף, אֶגֽרוֹפָן, אֶגֽרוֹפִית.

 

אִגְרוּף m.n. NH 1 clenching of the fist. 2 boxing. [Verbal n. of אִגְרֵף, Pi. of אגרף.]

 

אַגְרוֹפִּירוֹן m.n. FW agropyron (botany). [Modern L. Agropyron (lit.: ‘field wheat’), from Gk. agros (= field), and pyros (= corn, wheat).]

 

אֶגְרוֹפִית f.n. NH hewn stone (used in the Stone Age). [Formed from אֶגְרוֹף (= fist), with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֶגְרוֹפָן m.n. NH 1 boxer, pugilist. 2 knuckle-duster. [Formed from אֶגְרוֹף with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivatives: אֶגְרוֹפָנוּת, אֶגְרוֹפָנִי.

 

אֶגְרוֹפָנוּת f.n. NH boxing. [Formed from אֶגְרוֹפָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶגְרוֹפָנִי adj. NH boxing, pugilistic. [Formed from אֶגְרוֹפָן with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲגַרְטָל m.n. vase, bowl, basin (occurring twice in the Bible, Ez. 1:9). [Of uncertain origin. Prob. related to Aram. קַרֽטַלָּא, Gk. kartallos (= basket).]

 

אַגְרָן m.n. NH collector. [Formed from אגר (= to collect), with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַגְרָנוּת f.n. NH collecting. [Formed from אַגְרָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַגְרֶסּוֹר m.n. FW aggressor. [L. aggressor (= one that aggresses), from aggressus, p. part. of aggredī (= to go to, approach, attack), from ad (= to, toward), and gradī (= to step, go), from gradus (= step). See ‘ad-’, ‘grade’ and agential suff. ‘-or’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַגְרֶסִּיבִי adj. FW aggressive. [From L. aggressus, p. part. of aggredī. For the ending see suff. ‘-ive’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַגְרֶסִּיבִיּוּת f.n. FW aggressiveness. [Formed from אַגְרֶסִּיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַגְרֶסְּיָה f.n. FW aggression. [L. aggressiō (= a going to; an attack), from aggressus, p. part. of aggredī. See אַגְרֶסּוֹר and ◌יָה.]

 

אגרף to clench the fist.

    — Pi. - אִגְרֵף he clenched the fist.

    — Pu. - אֻגְרַף was clenched (said of the fist).

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַגֽרֵף he boxed. [Denominated from אֶגְרוֹף (= fist).] Derivatives: אִגְרוּף, הִתְאַגְרֽפוּת, מֽאַגְרֵף, מֽאֻגְרָף, מִתְאַגְרֵף.

 

אַגְרָרִי adj. FW agrarian. [Ultimately, from L. agrārius (= pertaining to land), from ager (= field, land), which is cogn. with Gk. agros (= field). See אַקֽר.]

 

אִגֶּֽרֶת f.n. letter, epistle. [Together with BAram. אִגְּרָה, אִגּֽרָא, Aram. אִגַּרְתָּא, Syr. אֶגַּרֽתָּא, prob. borrowed from Akka. egirtu (= letter).] Derivative: אִגְּרוֹן.

 

אֵד m.n. mist, vapor, gas. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. edū (= flood, inundation). Some scholars connect Heb. אֵד with Arab. ’iyā́d (= mist). cp. אִיֵּד. cp. also אִדָּה.] Derivatives: אדה ᴵᴵ. אֵדִי.

 

אדב ᴵ to grieve.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱדִיב he caused to grieve, saddened (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam. I 2:33 in the form. לַאֲדִיב, לְהַאֲדִיב). [Related to the bases אדב and דוב.]

 

אדב ᴵᴵ to make polite.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַדֵּב he became polite. [Denominated from אָדִיב.]

 

אֲדַג׳וֹ adj. & n. FW adagio (music). [It. adagio, formed from L. ad (= to, toward), and agio (= leisure), from VL adjacīns, pres. part. of adjacēre (= to lie at, lie near). See ‘adjacent’ and cp. ‘ease’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אדה ᴵ to bring about, to cause. [Possibly the base of אוֹדוֹת.]

 

אדה ᴵᴵ to vaporate, evaporate.

    — Pi. - אִדָּה vaporized, evaporated; steamed, stewed.

    — Pu. - אֻדָּה was turned into vapor, was vaporized, was evaporated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַדָּה (of s.m.). [Denominated from אֵד. See collateral form איד.] Derivatives: אִדּוּי, מַאֲדֶה, מְאַדֶּה מְאֻדֶּה, הִתְאַדּוּת.

 

אַדְּהָכֵי וְהָכֵי adj. PBH meanwhile. [Aram., אַדְּהָכֵי is formed from pref. אַ◌ (= on, upon; see עַל), pref. דְּ◌ and הָכֵי (= so).]

 

אַדְוָה f.n. PBH wavelet. [From Aram. אַדֽוָתָא (= waves). cp. Aram. ’ādhiy (= wave).]

 

אִדּוּי m.n. NH vaporization, evaporation. [Verbal n. of אִדָּה. Pi. of אדה. See its collateral form אִיּוּד.]

 

אָדוּם m.n. MH ducat. [Lit.: ‘the red coin’ (See אָדֹם).]

 

אָדוֹן m.n. lord, master, possessor. [Related to Phoen. אדן, Ugar. ’dn (= lord, master); possibly derived from אדן, דין (= to rule, judge). cp. ‘Adonis’ in my CEDEL. Derivatives: אֲדוֹנָה, אֲדוֹנוּת, אֲדוֹנִית, אַדְנוּת, אֲדֹנָי.

 

אֲדוֹנָה f.n. PBH mistress, lady. [Formed from אָדוֹן with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲדוֹנוּת f.n. MH mastery, lordship; authority. [Formed from אָדוֹן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲדוֹנִית f.n. PBH mistress, lady. [Formed from אָדוֹן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אָדוּק adj. 1 attached to, fastened to. 2 pious, devout, religious, observant. [From אדק. Properly pass. part. of the otherwise not used Qal. In sense 2 it is elliptically used for אָדוּק בֵּדָּת (= attached to religion).]

 

אִדּוּשׁ m.n. NH neutralizing (physics, chemistry). [Verbal n. of אִדֵּשׁ, Pi. of אדשׁ.]

 

אֹדוֹת see אוֹדוֹת.

 

אֵדִי adj. MH misty, vaporous. [Formed from אֵד (= mist, vapor), with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָדִיב adj. NH polite, courteous. [Introduced by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from Arab. ’adīb (= cultured, refined, educated, well-bred, polite).] Derivative: אדב.

 

אֲדִיבוּת f.n. NH politeness. [Formed from אָדִיב with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֵדִיּוּת f.n. NH mistiness, evaporation. [Formed from אֵדִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲדִיקוּת f.n. NH piety, devotion, devotedness, religiosity. [Formed from אָדוּק with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַדִּיר adj. great, mighty, powerful, majestic. [From אדר.]

 

אַדִּירוּת f.n. PBH mightiness, powerfulness. [Formed from אַדִּיר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָדִישׁ adj. NH indifferent, apathetic. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from Aram.-Syr. אֲדַשׁ (= he was silent, was indifferent), back formation from Syr. אַדְשָׁה (= form; species; idea), which is a loan word from Gk. eidos (= form, shape).]

 

אֲדִישׁוּת f.n. NH indifference, apathy. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah from אָדִישׁ and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אדם to be red.

    — Qal - אָדַם was red.

    — Pi. - אִדֵּם he reddened.

    — Pu. - אָדַּם, אֻדַּם (= was reddened).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַדֵּם became red, reddened.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֽדִּים became red, reddened, blushed. [cp. Arab. ’ádima, Ethiop. ’adáma (= was red), Ugar. ’dm (= to be red). Prob. orig. related to דָּם (= blood), and lit. meaning ‘to be of the color of blood’.] Derivatives: הִתְאַדְּמוּת, מַאֽדִּים, מְאָדָם, אַדְמוּמִית, אַדֽמִימוּת, אַדְמוּת, אַדֶּמֶת, הַאְדָמָה, אָדֹם, אֹדֶם, אֲדַמְדַם, אֲדַמְדֶּמֶת, אַדְמוֹן, אַדֽמוּמִי. cp. אֲדָמָה.

 

אָדָם m.n. (with no. pl.) 1 a man. 2 (colloq.) man, mankind. 3 ‘Adam’, name of the first man (according to the Bible). [Properly meaning ‘the one formed from אֲדָמָה, the ground’. See אֲדָמָה and cp. Phoen. אדם. cp. also Ugar. ’dm (= man), ’b ’dm (= the father of mankind). According to Nöldeke, Heb. אָדָם became — through assimilation of d to n before m — Arab. ’anām (= creatures), whence perhaps, through dissimilation, Akka. amēlu, awēlu (= man). For the connection between אֲדָמָה and אָדָם cp. L. homō (= man), humānus (= human), which are related to humus (= ground, soil). cp. ‘Adam’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָדֹם adj. red. [From אדם (= to be red).] Derivatives: אַדֶּמֶת, אַדְמֶמֶת.

 

אְֹדֶם ᴵ m.n. name of a red jewel; carnelian or ruby. [From אדם (= to be red).]

 

אֹֽדֶם ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 red color, redness. NH 2 lipstick. [From אדם (= to be red).]

 

אֲדַמְדַּם adj. reddish. [Formed from אדם (= to be red), with reduplication of the second and third radicals. cp. יְרַקְרַק (= greenish), שֽׁחַרְחֹר (= blackish), הֲפַכְפַּךְ (= crooked), סְגַלְגַּל (= round).] Derivatives: אֲדַמְדַּמּוּת, אֲדַמְדֶּמֶת.

 

אֲדַמְדַּמּוּת f.n. NH red color, reddishness. [Formed from אֲדַמְדַּם with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲדַמְדֶּֽמֶת f.n. NH rubeola (disease). [Properly subst. use of the f. of אֲדַמְדַּם.]

 

אֲדָמָה f.n. ground; soil, earth, land. [Prob. derived from אדם (= to be red), and orig. denoting ‘the red arable ground’. cp. Akka. adnāti (= pieces of land, places of residence), which is a loan word from Heb. אֲדָמוֹת, the change of m to n being due to the assimilation of the m to the d. For the ending of אֲדָמָה see suff. ◌ָה. cp. אָדָם.]

 

אַדְמוּמִי adj. NH reddish. [Dimin. formed from אדם (= to be red), through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַדְמוּמִיּוּת.

 

אַדְמוּמִיּוּת f.n. NH reddishness. [Formed from אַדֽמוּמִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַדְמוּמִית f.n. PBH reddishness. [Dimin. formed from אדם (= to be red), with suff. ◌ִית. cp. לַבְנוּנִית (= whitishness), שַׁחֲרוּרִית (= blackishness).]

 

אַדְמוֹן m.n. MH 1 redskin. NH 2 pyrrhula (bird). NH 3 myripristis (fish). [Formed from אדם with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַדְמוֹנִי adj. reddish, ruddy. [From אדם (= to be red).]

 

אַדְמוֹנִית f.n. peony (a genus of plants). [Subst. use of the f. of the adj., אַדְמוֹנִי.]

 

אַדְמוֹ״ר m.n. MH title of a Hasidic rabbi. [Formed from the initials of אֲדוֹנֵנוּ מוֹרֵנוּ וְרַבֵּנוּ, ‘our master and teacher’.]

 

אַדְמוּת f.n. MH redness. [Formed from אדם (= to be red), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַדְמִימוּת f.n. MH reddishness, ruddiness. [Formed from אדם with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַדְמִינִיסְטְרָטוֹר m.n. FW administrator. [L. administrātor, from administrātus, p. part. of administrāre (= to manage, carry out, attend, serve), from ad (= to, toward), and ministrāre (= to serve). See מִינִיסֽטֶר. For the pref. see ‘-ad’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַדְמִינִיסְטְרָטִיבִי adj. FW administrative. [L. administrātīvus, from administrātus, p. part. of administrāre. See אַדְמִינִיסְטְרָטוֹר and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַדְמִינִיסְטְרַצְיָה f.n. FW administration. [L. administrātiō, from adminitrātus, p. part. of administrāre. See אַדְמִינִיסְטְרָטוֹר and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַדְמִירָל m.n. FW admiral. [Prob. shortened from Arab. ’amīr-ar-raḥl (= commander of transport, officer commanding a transport fleet), whence also Portuguese amirahls, amirat, Fren. amiral, It. ammiraglio. See ‘admiral’ in my CEDEL. Derivative: אַדְמִירָלוּת.

 

אַדְמִירָלוּת f.n. FW admiralty. [Formed from אַדֽמִירָל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַדְמֶֽמֶת f.n. NH erythema (disease). [Formed from אָדֹם, through reduplication of the third radical, according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת. cp. אַדֶּמֶת.]

 

אַדֶּֽמֶת f.n. rubeola (disease). [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אָדֹם (= red), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases on the analogy of בַּהֶרֶת (= bright spot on the skin), יַבֶּלֶת (= wart), יַלֶּפֶת (= scab, scurf), צַלֶּקֶת (= scar), דַּלֶּקֶת (= inflammation), שַׁחֶפֶת (= wasting disease, consumption). Properly a loan translation of Medical L. rubeola (= measles), which was formed from L. rubeus (= reddish), from ruber (= red). cp. כַּתֶּמֶת, מַיֶּמֶת, פַּתֶּלֶת, שַׁעֶלֶת, שַׁקֶּדֶת, תַּלֶּלֶת, אַטֶּרֶת, אַכֶּלֶת, בַּהֶקֶת, בַּצֶּקֶת, בַּקֶּקֶת, גַּזֶּזֶת, גַּלֶּשֶׁת, אַבֶּקֶת.]

 

אֶֽדֶן m.n. 1 base, foundation, pedestal, socket (of a column). NH 2 railway sleeper. Derivative: אֲדָנִית.

 

אַדְנוּת f.n. PBH lordship; authority. [Formed from אָדוֹן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲדֹנָי m.n. pl. the Lord, God. [Lit.: ‘my Lord’, the pl. of majesty of אָדוֹן (= Lord), with the suff. of the first person. The spelling with Qamatz serves to distinguish it from אֲדוֹנַי (= my lords). See אָדוֹן.]

 

אַדְנֵי־הַשָּׂדֶה m.n. PBH name of an apelike animal mentioned in the Mishnah. Perhaps the orangutan. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אֲדָנִית f.n. NH windowbox. [Formed from אֶדֶן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֶֽדֶק m.n. PBH dropping tube, dropper. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אדק to attach, fasten, connect.

    — Qal - occurs only in the pass. part. (see אָדוּק).

    — Niph. - נֶאֱדַק was attached, was fastened. [Related to Aram. אֲדַק (= was attached to, was fastened to). cp. the related bases הדק, חדק.]

 

אדר to be wide, to be high, to be glorious.

    — Niph. - נֶאְדֵּר was mighty, was glorious, was majestic.

    — Pi. - אִדֵּר he made glorious, glorified, exalted.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַדֵּר was glorified.

    — Hiph. - הֶאְדִּיר he made glorious, glorified. [Phoen. ’adr, Ugar. adr (= mighty, glorious, majestic).] Derivatives: אַדִּיר, אֵדֶר, אֶדֶר, אַדֶּרֶת, הַאְדָּרָה, הִתֽאַדּֽרוּת, נֶאְדָּר, נֶאֽדָּרִי.

 

אֶֽדֶר ᴵ m.n. 1 splendor, magnificence. 2 garment, mantle. [Related to אַדֶּרֶת. For sense development see ibid.]

 

אֶֽדֶר ᴵᴵ m.n. 1 either a kind of a cedar or a kind of an oak. NH 2 maple tree. [Aram. אַדְרָא, perhaps related to Gk. kedros (= Acer).]

 

אֵֽדֶר m.n. PBH skin (of a stuffed animal). [Aram. אֵדֶר, אִדְרָא (= skin of an animal), which prob. derives from base אדר (q.v.). cp. אַדֶּרֶת.]

 

אֲדָר m.n. ‘Adar’ — name of the twelfth Jewish month. [A loan word from Akka. Addaru, Adaru, which is prob. related to Akka. iddar (= threshing floor), and properly means ‘month of the threshing floor’. According to Friedrich Delitzsch, Akka. Addaru, Adaru lit. means ‘the dark or clouded month’ and derives from Akka. adāru (= to be dark.]

 

אִדְּרָא m.n. 1 threshing floor. PBH 2 a circular place for assemblies. [Aram., BAram. and Syr. אֶדְּרָא (= threshing floor), perhaps borrowed from Akka. iddar, adru. Arab. ándar is an Aram. loan word.]

 

אַדְּרַבָּא, אַדְּרַבָּה adj. PBH on the contrary. [Aram., lit. meaning ‘upon the greater’, and formed from pref. א◌ (= עַל, on, upon), pref. דּֽ◌ (= which), and רַבָּא (= great). cp. the pref. אַ◌ in אַיְּדֵי, אַלִּבָּא, אַהֲדָדֵי.]

 

אִדְרָה f.n. PBH fishbone. [Aram. אִדְרָא; of unknown origin.]

 

אִדְרוֹן m.n. NH camera obscura. [From Aram. אִדֽרוֹנָא.]

 

אִדְרִיָּה f.n. NH eider (duck of the genus somateria). [Hebraization of eider, from Icelandic aedar.]

 

אַדְרִיכָל see אַרְדִּיכָל.

 

אַדְרִיכָלוּת see אַרֽדִּיכָלוּת.

 

אַדְרֵיסָה f.n. FW (pl. אַדְרֵיסוֹת and אַדְרֵיסָאוֹת) address. [Fren. adresse, back formation from adresser (= to address), from adrecier (= to raise, erect), from a (= to), and drecier (= to direct), from VL dīrectiāre, from L. dīrectus, p. part. of dīrigere (= to put into a straight line; to direct, guide). See ‘a’ and ‘direct’ (v.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲדַרְכּוֹן m.n. MH an ancient Persian gold coin. [A Persian loan word. cp. Avestic zaranya, Pers. zar (= gold) and see זַרְנִיךְ. cp. also Gk. dareikos (= a Persian gold coin), which is of the same origin as אֲדַרֽכּוֹן.]

 

אַדְרַכְתָּה f.n. PBH (pl. אַדֽרַכֽתּוֹת, אַדְרַכְתָּאוֹת) legal permission to seize the debtor’s property; right of seizure. [Aram. אַדְרַכֽתָּא, lit.: ‘permission to reach’, from אַדְרֵךְ, from דְרַךְ (= he stepped, walked, treaded) which is related to Heb. דָּרַךְ (of s.m.). Formally, Aram. אַדְרַכֽתָּא is equivalent to Heb. הַדְרָכָה. cp. Aram. אַבְדַּלְתָּא and Heb. הַבְדָּלָה, Aram. אַכְרַזֽתָּא and Heb. הַכְרָזָה.]

 

אַדְרֶנָלִין m.n. FW adrenalin(e) (chemistry). [Coined by the Japanese chemist Jokichi Takamine in 1901 from L. ad (= to, toward), L. rēnālis (= pertaining to the kidneys) — from rēn (= kidney) — and chemical suff. - in. See ‘ad-’ and ‘renal’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַדֶּֽרֶת f.n. 1 splendor, glory, magnificence. 2 robe of state; cloak, coat, mantle. [Prob. formed from אדר (q.v.) with suff. ◌ֶת. cp. אֵדֶר and אֶדֶר ᴵ. According to Haupt אַדֶּרֶת is related to Akka. udru (= camel).]

 

אדש to be indifferent.

    — Qal - אָדַשׁ he was indifferent.

    — Pi. - אִדֵּשׁ he made indifferent, neutralized.

    — Pu. - אֻדַּשׁ was made indifferent, was neutralized.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱדִישׁ he made indifferent, neutralized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַדֵּשׁ behaved indifferently, was apathetic. [From Aram. אֲדַשׁ (= he was silent), was indifferent. See אָדִישׁ and cp. הִתֽאַדְּשׁוּת.] Derivative: אִדָּשׁוֹן.

 

אִדָּשׁוֹן m.n. NH apathy (psychology). [Formed from אדשׁ with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אהב to love.

    — Qal - אָהַב he loved, liked.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱהַב he was loved, was liked.

    — Pi. - אִהֵב he loved passionately.

    — Pu. - אֹהַב 1 he became beloved; 2 he fell in love.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַהֵב 1 he was loved by; 2 he fell in love with.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱהִיב he caused to love. [Related to Ugar. ahb (= to love), perhaps also to Arab. hábba (= he got in motion).] Derivatives: אֲהַבְהָבִים אַהַב, אַהֲבָה, אֳהָבִים, מַאֲהָב, הִתְאַהֲבוּת, אהבהב, אַהֲבָן, אוֹהֵב, אָהוּב, נֶאֱהָב, מְאַהֵב, מֽאֹהָב.

 

אֹֽהַב see אֳהָבִים.

 

אַֽהַב m.n. MH (in Biblical Heb. only in the pl. אֲהָבִים) love, amour. [Back formation from אַהֲבָה.]

 

אַהֲבָה f.n. love. [Properly inf. of אָהַב (= he loved). For the ending see subst. suff. ◌ָה. For the infinitival origin of the word cp. e.g. Deut. 7:8 and 11:3 לֽאַהֲבָה (= to love); cp. also יִרְאָה (= fear), אָכְלָה (= eating food).] Derivative: אֲהַבֽתָּן.

 

אהבהב to flirt.

    — Pi. - אֲהַבֽהֵב he flirted. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) after Hos. 4:18 אָהֲבוּ הֵבוּ. [See אהב and cp. אֲהַבֽהָבִים, אֲהַבְהֲבָן.]

 

אֲהַבְהָבִים m.n. pl. NH flirt. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah from the verb אהבהב.]

 

אֲהַבְהֲבָן m.n. NH philanderer. [Formed from אהבהב with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֳהָבִים m.n. pl. love (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 7:18). Pl. of אֹהַב, from אהב (= to love).]

 

אַהֲבָן m.n. NH lover. [Formed from אהב with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֲהַבְתָּן adj. NH amorous, flirtatious. [Formed from אַהֲבָה with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אהד to sympathize.

    — Qal - אָהַד he sympathized with.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱהַד was sympathized. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) on the basis of Arab. hā́wada (= he was indulgent). See אַהֲדָה.] Derivatives: אַהֲדָה, אָהוּד, אֵהוּד, אוֹהֵד.

 

אַהֲדָדֵי adv. PBH mutually. [Formed from pref. אַ◌ (= עַל, on, upon), and הֲדָדֵי (= each other).]

 

אַהֲדָה f.n. NH sympathy. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah from אהד (= to sympathize) with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲהָהּ interj. woe! alas! ah! [Of imitative origin. cp. Syr. אהה, Arab. ’ah, ’ahān, hāh, Akka. a-a (= oh! ah!). cp. also Eng. ah, oh! and its equivalents in the other IE languages.]

 

אָהוּב adj. loved, beloved. [Pass. part. of אָהַב (= he loved). See אהב.]

 

אָהוּד adj. NH sympathetic, congenial. [Pass. part. of אָהַד. See אהד and cp. אוֹהֵד.]

 

אֶהֱוִ״י abbr. NH vowel letters in non-vocalized Hebrew. [Abbr. of וָו, הֵא, אָלֶף, יוֹד.]

 

אֲהוּרְיָר, אוּרְיָר m.n. PBH horseman, stableboy. [Of unknown origin.]

 

אֲהוּרְמִין m.n. PBH Ahriman, the spirit of evil in the Zoroastrian religion. [From Avestic anra mainyu (= the evil spirit); lit.: ‘the hostile spirit’.]

 

אֱהִי pron. meaning ‘where’ (occurring three times in the Bible, Hos. 13:10 and 14). [Prob. formed from demonstrative pref. אֱ◌ and deictic הִ, a var. of הֵ, which appears e.g. in הֵא (q.v.).]

 

אֶהְיֶה m.n. name of God. [Lit.: ‘I am’, imperf. of הָיָה (= was). Shortened from אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה, ‘I am that I am’ (Ex. 3:14).]

 

אָהִיל m.n. NH 1 umbrella. 2 lampshade. [From אהל.]

 

אֲהִילָה f.n. NH 1 pitching a tent, tent making. PBH 2 pl. אֲהִילוֹת, the laws concerning the uncleanness of a tent. [Verbal n. of אָהַל. See אהל and first suff. ◌ָה. cp. אֲהִילוֹת.]

 

אֲהִילוֹת f.n. pl. PBH ‘Ahiloth’, name of a Tosephta tractate of the order טָהֳרוֹת. [Properly plof אֲהִילָה. cp. אָהֳלוֹת.]

 

אהל to pitch a tent, to dwell in a tent.

    — Qal - אָהַל he pitched a tent, dwelled in a tent.

    — Pi. - אִהֵל he pitched a tent.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱהִיל he shaded, overshadowed. [Denominated from אֹהֶל (= tent).] Derivatives: אֲהִילָה, הַאֲהָלָה.

 

אֹֽהֶל m.n. 1 tent, shelter. 2 tabernacle. 3 dwelling, habitation. [cp. Aram. אָהֳלָא (emphatic st.), Phoen. אהל, Ugar. ’hl (= tent). Usually connected with but prob. not related to Arab. ’ahl (= relatives, kin, kinsfolk, adherents, inhabitants, people). cp. Egypt. ’(a)har(a). Derivatives: אָהֳלִיָּה, מַאֲהָל, אָהִיל, אָהָל, אָהֳלָה, אָהֳלוֹן, אָהֳלוֹת, אָהֳלִיבָה.

 

אָהָל m.n. (pl. אֲהָלִים and אֲהָלוֹת) 1 aloe. PBH 2 an alkalic plant used as a soap. NH 3 mesembryanthemum (botany). [Of uncertain origin. Perhaps borrowed from agaruh, aguruh (= aloewood), which are prob. of Dravidian origin. Gk. aloe (= aloe), is prob. a Heb. loan word. See ‘aloe’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָהֳלָה f.n. proper name ‘Oholah’, symbolic name for Samaria. [For אָהֳלָהּ (= her tent), short for ‘she who has her own tent’, in contradistinction to אָהֳלִיבָה (q.v.).]

 

אָהֳלוֹן m.n. NH small tent. [Formed from אֹהֶל with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אָהֲלוֹת f.n. pl. PBH ‘Oholoth’, name of a Mishnah tractate. [From אֹהֶל. cp. אֲהִילוֹת.]

 

אָהֳלִיבָה f.n. proper name ‘Oholibah’, symbolic name of Jerusalem. [For אָהֳלִי בָהּ (= my tent is in her), short for ‘she in which my tent (i.e. the Temple) is’. See אֹהֶל and בָּהּ and cp. אָהֳלָהּ.]

 

אָהֳלִיָּה f.n. PBH encampment, a camp formed from tents. [Formed from אֹהֶל (= tent), with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אוֹ conj. or. [Related to Aram. אוֹ, Syr. אוֹ, Ugar. ’u, Arab. au, Ethiop. ’aw, Akka. ū (= or).]

 

אוֹאָזִיס m.n. FW oasis. [Gk. oasis, of Egypt. origin. cp. Coptic ouahe (= oasis), whence also Arab. wāha (of s.m., properly ‘dwelling place’), from ouah (= to dwell).]

 

אוֹבְּ◌ pref. FW ob- (in words of Latin origin) 1 toward, to. 2 against. 3 across, over, upon. 4 down. 5 completely. [L. ob-, from ob (= toward, against, in the way of; about, before; on account of; instead of), from IE base *opi-, which stands in gradational relationship to IE *epi-. See ‘epi-’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘ob-’ ibid.]

 

אוֹב ᴵ m.n. (pl. אוֹבוֹת) , skin bottle. [Of uncertain etymology. cp. אוֹב ᴵᴵ (a hapax legomenon occurring Job 32:19 in the pl.).]

 

אוֹב ᴵᴵ m.n. (pl. אוֹבוֹת) 1 necromancer, sorcerer. 2 ghost. [Of uncertain etymology. Some scholars connect this word with Arab. ’ā́ba (= he came back), so that אוֹב would denote the ghost coming back from the other world. cp. Fren. revenant (= ghost), properly subst. use of the pres. part. of revenir (= to come back). However, it is more prob. that אוֹב in the above sense is ultimately identical with אוֹב (= skin bottle), and would properly refer to the dull sounds made by the ghost. This etymology gains in probability if we compare Syr. זַכּוּרָא (= necromancer) with Arab. zúkra (= wine skin).]

 

אוֹבֵד adj. lost, forlorn. [Properly part. of אָבַד. See אבד.]

 

אוֹבְּיֶקְט m.n. FW object. [Med. L. objectum (lit.: ‘something thrown before’), neuter of L. objectus, p. part. of obicere (= to throw or put before or against), from ob (= toward, against, in the way of; about, before; on account of, instead of), and jacere (= to throw). See ‘ob-’ and ‘jet’ (= to spurt forth) in my CEDEL. Med. L. objectum is properly a loan translation of Gk. problema (= a problem; lit.: ‘something thrown before’).]

 

אוֹבְּיֶקְטִיבִי adj. FW objective. [Med. L. objectīvus, from objectum (= object). See אוֹבְּיֶקְט and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹבְּיֶקְטִיבִיּוּת f.n. FW objectivity. [Formed from אוֹבְּיֶקְטִיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוּבָל m.n. 1 stream, rivulet, water course. NH 2 aqueduct. [Of uncertain origin. According to Jensen, a proper name for the River Ulai (cp. אוּבַל אוּלָי, Dan. 8:2), and lit. meaning ‘that which carries its waters to the sea’, and related to יוּבַל. cp. אָבֵל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אוֹבְּלִיגַצְיָה f.n. FW debenture. [L. obligātiō (= a binding, obligation), from obligātus, p. part. of obligāre (= to bind, put under obligation, oblige), from ob (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and ligāre (= to bind). See ‘ligament’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘obligation’ ibid.

 

אוֹבֶּלִיסְק m.n. FW obelisk. [Gk. obeliskos (= a small spit, an obelisk), dimin. of obelos (= a spit, needle, pointed pillar, obelisk), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אוֹבְּסְטְרוּקְצְיָה f.n. FW obstruction (esp. in Parliament). [L. obstructiō (= a building up), from obstructus, p. part. of obstruere (= to build up, wall up; to bar, render impassable; lit.: ‘to build against’), from ob (see אוֹבּֽיֶקֽט) and struere (= to build). See ‘structure in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אוֹבְּסֶרְוָטוֹרְיָה f.n. FW observatory. [From L. observāre (= to watch, regard, observe), from ob (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and servāre (= to save, deliver, preserve, protect). See ‘conserve’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘observatory’ ibid. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אוֹבַצְיָה f.n. FW ovation. [L. ovātiō, from ovō, ovāre (= to exult, to triumph in ovation), which stands for *eā yō, from the imitative base *eā-, whence also Gk. euazein (= to utter cries of joy; lit.: ‘to cry eua‘ in honor of Bacchus’).]

 

אוֹבֶרְטוּרָה f.n. FW overture (music). [Fren. ouverture (= opening), from ouvrir (= to open), from VL *ōperire (= to open), from L. aperīre (= to open), but influenced in form by L. cooperīre (= to cover). See ‘aperient’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘overture’ ibid.]

 

אוֹג m.n. PBH sumach (kind of a tree). [From Syr. אוֹגָא.]

 

אוֹגֵד adj. NH 1 copulative. 2 copula (grammar). [Properly part. of אָגַד.] Derivative: אוֹגְדָן.

 

אוֹגְדָן m.n. NH classer, classeur (file). [Formed from אוֹגֵד with suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אוֹגוּסְט, אַבְגּוּסְט m.n. FW the month August. [L. Augustus. Named after Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor. Lit.: ‘venerable, august’. Related to augēre (= to increase). See ‘auction’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹגֵר ᴵ m.n. MH 1 lexicographer. NH 2 collector. [Subst. use of the act. part. of אגר.]

 

אוֹגֵר ᴵᴵ m.n. NH hamster. [Of the same origin as אוֹגֵר ᴵ.]

 

אוּגָרִיתִי adj. NH Ugaritic. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from אוּגָרִית (= Ugarit) name of an ancient city in north Syria, whose ruins form today the artificial mound called Ras Shamra. The name Ugarit, which occurs in Babylonian, Hittite and Egyptian records, derives from Akka. Ugārītu, from ugārīytu, which was formed from Sumerian ugāru (= field), with gentilic suff. - īytu (corresponding to Heb. ◌ִי).]

 

אוד base meaning ‘to bend’; ‘to oppress’. [Whence אֵיד ᴵ. See אוֹדוֹת.]

 

אוּד m.n. brand, firebrand. [Related to Aram. אוּד, Syr. אוּדָא (= brand, firebrand), possibly also to Arab. ’ūd (= wood). For the interchangeability of א and ע see the introductory article to letter א.]

 

אוֹדָה f.n. FW ode. [Gk. ode, contraction of aoide (= song), which is related to aeido (= sing), which prob. is cogn. with aedon (= nightingale), aude (= voice, tone, sound), audao (= I talk, speak). cp. ‘ode’ and words there referred to in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹדוֹנְטוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW odontology. [Compounded of Gk. odon (= tooth) and of - logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה). Gk. odon was assimilated from edont, prob. orig. a pres. part. of IE base *ed- (= to eat), and lit. means ‘that which eats’. See ‘tooth’ in my CEDEL and cp. the second element in מַסְטוֹדוֹן.]

 

אוֹדוֹת, אֹדוֹת f.n. pl. cause (?), inducement (?) (used only with the prep. על: עַל אֹדוֹת, עַל אוֹדוֹת, ‘because of’, ‘concerning’). [Of uncertain origin. Several scholars derive it from base אוד (= to bend, turn, enclose), appearing in Arab. ’āda (= he bent), SArab. אוד (= around, about). cp. Heb. בִּגְלַל (= on account of), which is related to גָּלַל (= he rolled), and MH סִבָּה (= cause), from Biblical Heb. סִבָּה (= a turn), from סָבַב (= he turned, enclosed). Others derive אוֹדוֹת from base אדה, whence Arab. áddā (= he brought about, caused).]

 

אוֹדְיוֹמֶטֶר m.n. FW audiometer. [A hybrid coined from L. audīre (= to hear), and Gk. metron (= measure). See ‘audible’ and ‘meter’ (poetical rhythm), in my CEDEL. Cp. the first element in אוֹדִיטוֹרְיָה.]

 

אוֹדִיטוֹרְיָה f.n. FW auditorium. [L. audītōrium (= lecture room, hall of justice), properly neuter of the adjective audītōrius (= relating to hearing), used as a noun and lit. meaning ‘the place where something is heard’, from audītus, p. part. of audīre (= to hear). See ‘audible’ in my CEDEL. cp. the first element in אוֹדְיוֹמֶטֶר.]

 

אוֹדִיסֵיָה f.n. FW the Odyssey (used also figuratively for any long wanderings). [Gk. Odysseia, from Odysseus.]

 

אוה to desire, long for.

    — Pi. - אִוָּה he desired, longed for.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַוָּה he desired, longed for, lusted after. [Base of uncertain etymology.] Derivatives: אַוָּה, אִוּוּי, הִתְאַוּוּת, מֽאֻוֶּה, תַּאֲוָה.

 

אַוָּה f.n. desire. [From אוה.]

 

אוֹהֵב m.n. lover; friend. [Properly act. part. of אָהַב (= he loved); see אהב.]

 

אוֹהֵד adj. & m.n. NH 1 sympathizing, sympathetic. 2 follower, adherent. [Subst. use of the act. part. of אָהַד (= he sympathized). cp. אָהוּד.]

 

אִוּוּי m.n. MH desire. [Verbal n. of אִוָּה, Pi. of אוה.]

 

אַוָּז m.n. PBH 1 gander. 2 goose (as used in the collective sense). [From Aram. אַוֽזָא, which, together with Syr. וַזָּא, is a loan word from Akka. usū, ussu, which itself is borrowed from Sumerian uz. Arab. īwazz, wazz, is an Aram. loan word. cp. אוזז. cp. also בַּרְוָז and words there referred to.] Derivatives: אַוָּזָה, אַוָּזוֹן.

 

אַוָּזָה f.n. MH goose. [Formed from אַוָּז with subst. suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אִוְזוּז m.n. NH goosestep. [Verbal n. of אוזז.]

 

אַוָּזוֹן m.n. NH gosling. [Formed from אַוָּז with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אוֹזוֹן m.n. FW ozone. [Ger. Ozon, coined by the German chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840 from Gk. ozein (= to smell); so called by him because of its strong smell. See ‘ozo-’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוזז to walk like a goose, goosestep.

    — Pi. - אִוְזֵז he goosestepped. [Formed from אַוָּז through reduplication of the third radical.]

 

אוֹטוֹ m.n. FW auto (colloq.). [Short for אוֹטוֹמוֹבִּיל.]

 

אוֹטוֹ◌, אַבְטוֹ◌ FW (before a vowel אוֹט◌, אַבְט◌) auto-, resp. aut-. [Gk. auto-, resp. aut-, from autos (= self, same), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אוֹטוֹאֶמַנְצִיפַּצְיָה, אַבְטוֹאֶמַנְצִיפַּצְיָה f.n. FW autoemancipation. [A hybrid coined from Gk. autos (= self, same; see אוֹטוֹ), and L. emancipātiō (see אֶמַנְצִיפַּצְיָה.]

 

אוֹטוֹבּוּס m.n. FW bus, omnibus. [A hybrid coined from Gk. auto- (= self), and bus, shortened from omnibus, short for Fren. voiture omnibus (= vehicle for all). The term voiture omnibus was introduced by Laffitte in Paris in 1820, from L. omnibus (= for all).]

 

אוֹטוֹבִּיּוֹגְרָפִי, אַבְטוֹבִּיּוֹגְרָפִי adj. FW autobiographical. [Formed from אוֹטוֹבִּיּוֹגְרַפְיָה with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹטוֹבִּיּוֹגְרַפְיָה, אַבְטוֹבִּיּוֹגְרַפְיָה f.n. FW autobiography. [Compounded of אוֹטוֹ◌ and בִּיּוֹגְרַפְיָה.]

 

אוֹטוֹגֶנִי, אַבְטוֹגֶנִי adj. FW autogenous, self-generated. [From Eng. autogenous, which was coined by the English biologist Sir Richard Owen in 1846 from Gk. autogenes (= self-produced), from auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and the stem of gennein (= to produce). See ‘-genous’ in my CEDEL. For the ending of אוֹטוֹגֶנִי see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹטוֹדִידַקְט, אַבְטוֹדִידַקְט m.n. FW autodidact, one self-taught. [From Gk. autodidaktos (= self-taught), from auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and didaktos (= taught), verbal adj. of didaskein (= to teach). See דִּידַקְטִיקָה.]

 

אוֹטוֹדָפֶה m.n. FW auto-da-fé. [Portuguese auto-da-fé (lit.: ‘act of faith’), from L. āctus dē fidē (= an act concerning faith). L. āctus derives from āctus, p. part. of agere (= to do, act). L. fidē is the ablative of fidēs (= faith). See ‘act’, ‘de-’ and ‘fidelity’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹמוֹבִּיל, אַבְטוֹמוֹבִּיל m.n. FW automobile. [Lit.: ‘moving of itself’. A hybrid coined from Gk. auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and L. mōbilis (= movable). See ‘movable’ in my CEDEL. The modern Greek calls it autokineto (= moved of itself).]

 

אוֹטוֹמָט, אַבְטוֹמָט m.n. FW automaton. [Gk. automaton, neuter of automatos (= acting of one’s own will, happening of itself), compounded of auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and IE *mntós (= thinking), from base *men- (= to think), whence also Gk. mentor (= adviser). See ‘mind’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹמָטִי, אַבְטוֹמָטִי adj. FW automatic. [Formed from אוֹטוֹמָט with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹטוֹנוֹמִי, אַבְטוֹנוֹמִי adj. FW autonomous. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Gk. autonomos (= living by one’s own laws), which is compounded of auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and nomos (= law). See ‘nomo-’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹנוֹמְיָה, אַבְטוֹנוֹמְיָה f.n. FW autonomy. [Gk. autonomia (= independence), from autonomos. See אוֹטוֹנוֹמִי.]

 

אוֹטוֹסוּגֶסְטְיָה, אַבְטוֹסוּגֶסְטְיָה f.n. FW auto-suggestion. [Compounded of אוֹטוֹ◌ and סוּגֶסֽטְיָה.]

 

אוֹטוֹסְטְרָדָה f.n. FW autostrada. [A hybrid coined from אוֹטוֹ◌, shortened from automobile, and It. strada (= street, road).]

 

אוּטוֹפִּי adj. FW Utopian. [Back formation from אוּטוֹפּֽיָה. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוּטוֹפְּיָה f.n. FW Utopia. [Modern L. Utopia, coined by Sir Thomas Moore (1779–1852) from Gk. ou (= not), and topos (= place). See ‘topic’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹקְלָב m.n. FW autoclave. [Fren. autoclave (lit.: ‘self-locking’), a hybrid coined from Gk. auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌), and L. clāvis (= key). See ‘clavicle’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹקְרָט, אַבְטוֹקְרָט m.n. FW autocrat. [Fren. autocrate, from Gk. autokrates (= ruling by oneself), which is compounded of auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and kratos (= strength, power, rule). See ‘-crat’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹטוֹקְרַטְיָה, אַבְטוֹקְרַטְיָה f.n. FW autocracy. [Fren. autocratie, from Gk. autokrateia, from autokrates (see אוֹטוֹקְרָט).]

 

אוֹטוֹרִיטָה, אַבְטוֹרִיטָה f.n. FW authority. [Fren. autorité, from L. auctōritās (= invention, advice, opinion, influence, command), from auctor (= master, leader), an agential noun formed from auctus, p. part. of augēre (= to increase). See ‘auction’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘octroi’ ibid.]

 

אוּטִילִיטָרִי adj. FW utilitarian. [Back formation from Eng. utilitarían, which was coined by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) from utility, from Fren. utilité, from L. ūtilitās, from ūtilis (= useful), from the stem of ūtī (= to use). See ‘use’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוּטִילִיטָרִיזְם m.n. FW utilitarianism. [See אוּטִילִיטָרִי and ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אוֹטַרְקְיָה f.n. FW autarky, self-sufficiency. [Gk. autarkeia, from autarkein (= to be self-sufficient), which is compounded of auto- (see אוֹטוֹ◌) and arkein (= to suffice), which is related to arkos (= defense), arkios (= safe, sure), and cogn. with L. arcēre (= to enclose, keep away, ward off). These words stand in gradational relationship to Orcus, name of the god of the infernal regions in Roman mythology. cp. קְסַרְקָט.]

 

אוֹי interj. woe!, alas! [Of imitative origin. cp. Aram. וַי, Syr. וַי, Arab. way, Ethiop. way, Akka. ua (= woe!). cp. also אֲבוֹי, אוֹיָה, אִי, הוֹי, and see ‘woe’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹיֵב m.n. enemy, foe, hater. [Properly act. part. of אָיַב. See איב.]

 

אוֹיָה interj. woe!, alas! (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 120:5). [Formed from אוֹי with paragogic ◌ה (cp. שָׁמָּה, derivative of שָׁם).]

 

אֱוִיל 1 foolish, silly, stupid. 2 a fool. [From אול ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אֱוִילוּת, אֱוִילִי.

 

אֱוִילוּת f.n. MH foolishness, silliness, stupidity. [Formed from אֱוִיל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֱוִילִי adj. foolish, silly, stupid. [Formed from אֱוִיל with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲוִיר m.n. PBH air. [From Gk. aer (= air), of uncertain origin.] See ‘air’ (atmosphere) in my CEDEL and cp. words there referred to. cp. אֲוִירִיָּה, אֲוִירִיּוּת, אורר, אִוֵּר, אֲוִירַאי, אֲוִירָה, אֲוִירוֹן, אֲוִירִי.]

 

אֲוִירָאוּת f.n. NH airmanship; aviation. [Formed from אֲוִירַאי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲוִירַאי m.n. NH airman. [Formed from אֲוִיר with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אֲוִירָאִית f.n. NH airwoman. [f. of אֲוִירַאי.]

 

אֲוִירָה f.n. NH atmosphere. [Formed from אֲוִיר with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲוִירוֹבָּטִיקָה f.n. FW aerobatics. [A hybrid coined on the analogy of Eng. aerobatics from אֲוִיר (= air), and the stem of Gk. bainein (= to go). Eng. aerobatics itself was coined on the analogy of acrobatics (q.v. in my CEDEL).]

 

אֲוִירוֹדִינָמִיקָה f.n. FW aerodynamics. [Compounded from אֲוִיר (= air), and דִּינָמִיקָה (= dynamics).]

 

אֲוִירוֹדְרוֹם m.n. FW airdrome. [A hybrid coined on the analogy of Eng. aerodrome from Heb. אֲוִיר (= air), and Gk. dromos (= course). See ‘dromedary’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲוִירוֹן m.n. NH aeroplane, airplane (now mostly superseded by מָטוֹס). [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אֲוִיר (= air) and suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֲוִירוֹנוּת f.n. NH aviation. [Formed from אֲוִירוֹן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲוִירִי adj. MH airy, aerial. [Formed from אֲוִיר (= air) with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲוִירִיָּה f.n. NH air force. [Formed from אֲוִיר (= air) with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אֲוִירִיּוּת f.n. NH airiness. [Formed from אֲוִירִי (= aerial) with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹכִיל m.n. food (?), nourishment (?) (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Hos. 11:4). [Prob. from אכל.]

 

אוּכְלוּסִיָּה see אֻכֽלוּסִיָּה.

 

אוּכְלוּסִים see אֻכֽלוּסִים.

 

אוּכָּף see אֻכָּף.

 

אול ᴵ to be in front. [From this base prob. derive the words מוּל, מוֹל. This base is prob. identical with אול, ‘to be strong’, with the derivatives אוּל, אַיִל ᴵᴵ, אַיָּל, אֵלָה, אַלָּה ᴵ, אֵלוֹן, אַלּוֹן, possibly also אֱיָל and אֱיָלוּת, and Arab. ’áwwal, Aram. אֲוַל, אַוֽלָה, (= beginning). cp. אול ᴵᴵ.]

 

אול ᴵᴵ to be foolish. [Whence אֱוִילִי, אִוֶּלֶת,אֱוִיל. cp. base יאל. Since the ideas of ‘strong, fat and foolish’ are related, some scholars identify this base with אול ᴵ (= to be strong).]

 

אוּל m.n. health, sound (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 73:4 in the phrase וּבָרִיא אוּלָם, generally rendered by ‘and their body is sound’. [Prob. from אול ᴵ.]

 

אוּלְטִימָטוּם m.n. FW ultimatum. [Late L. ultimātum, neuter of ultimātus, p. part. of ultimāre (= to come to, or be at, an end), from L. ultimus (= last), superlative of uls (= beyond), whence ulter (= that which is on the other side), ulterior (= farther, beyond). See ‘ulterior’ and ‘most’ in my CEDEL. cp. also אוּלֽטֽרָה.]

 

אוּלְטְרָה adj. FW ultra, extreme. [L. ultrā (= on the other side, beyond), related to ulter (= that which is on the other side). See אוּלֽטִימָטוּם.]

 

אוּלְטְרָה◌ FW combining form meaning ‘extremely’, as in אוּלְטְרָה־מוֹדֶרְנִי (= ultra-modern). [From אוּלְטְרָה.]

 

אוּלַי adv. perhaps, maybe. [Perhaps compounded of אוֹ and לֹא and lit. meaning ‘or not’. cp. Akka. ūlā. Barth connects אוּלַי with Aram. לְוַאי (= would that).]

 

אוֹלִיגַרְכִי adj. FW oligarchical. [Back formation from אוֹלִיגַרְכְיָה. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹלִיגַרְכְיָה f.n. FW oligarchy. [Gk. oligarchia (= government by a few persons, oligarchy), from oligarches (= oligarch), which is compounded of oligos (= small, little; in the pl. ‘few’), and archos (= leader, chief, ruler). See ‘oligo-’ and ‘-arch’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹלִימְפְּיָאדָה f.n. Olympiad. [Gk. Olympias, from olympia (a district in Elis in ancient Greece, where the Olympian games were held), from f. of olympios (= pertaining to Olympus or Olympia), from olympos (= Olympus), which is of unknown etymology.]

 

אוּלָם ᴵ conj. but, however. [Prob. related to Akka. ellamu (= in front of, opposite). cp. אוּלָם ᴵᴵ (n.).]

 

אוּלָם ᴵᴵ m.n. (pl. אוּלַמִּים) 1 porch, vestibule. NH 2 hall, parlor. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. ellamu (= in front of). cp. אֵילָם. cp. also אוּלָם ᴵ (conj.).]

 

אוּלְפָּן, אוּלְפָּנָא see אֻלְפָּן.

 

אוּלְפָּנִית see אֻלֽפָּנִית.

 

אוּלְקוּס m.n. FW ulcer. [From L. ulcus (= a sore, ulcer).]

 

אוֹלָר m.n. PBH penknife. [Of unknown origin.]

 

אִוֶּֽלֱת f.n. NH folly, foolishness. [Formed from אול ᴵᴵ with subst. suff. ◌ֶת.]

 

אוֹם m.n. FW ohm (electricity). [Named after the German physicist Georg Limon Ohm (1787–1854).]

 

אוּ״ם m.n. NH UN (United Nations). [Abbr. of אֻמּוֹת מְאֻחָדוֹת for אִרְגּוּן אֻמּוֹת מְאֻחָדוֹת (= UNO — United Nations Organization).]

 

אוּמְדָן see אֻמְדָּן.

 

אוּמְדָנָה see אֻמְדָּנָה.

 

אוּמְלָל see אֻמֽלָל.

 

אוּמְלָלוּת see אֻמְלָלוּת.

 

אוֹמָן m.n. PBH row of corn in the field. [Of uncertain origin; possibly related to Arab. ’immān (of s.m.), or a loan word from Gk. ogmos (= row, line), which stands in gradational relationship to agein (= to lead), for whose etymology see ‘agent’ (adj.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹמֵן m.n. 1 trainer, educator. 2 pedagogue, tutor. [Subst. use of the part. of אָמַן (= he brought up). See אמן.]

 

אוּמָן see אֻמָּן.

 

אוֹמְנָה see אֹמְנָה.

 

אוֹמֶֽנֶת f.n. foster-mother, nurse, governess. [f. of. אוֹמֵן.]

 

אוּמְצָה see אֻמֽצָה.

 

אוֹן ᴵ m.n. 1 strength, power. 2 manly vigor. 3 wealth, riches.

 

אוֹן ᴵᴵ, אוֹנָה, אוֹנִי m.n. resp. f.n. PBH (pl. אוֹנוֹת, resp. אוֹנִיּוֹת) deed of purchase. [Gk. one (= buying, purchasing; deed of purchase), which is cogn. with Old I. vasnáh (= purchase money), vasnám (= reward), L. vēnum or vēnus (= sale), vēnālis (= that which can be bought). See ‘venal’ in my CEDEL. cp. the second element in אַפֽסַנְיָה.]

 

אָֽוֶן m.n. (pl. אוֹנִים) 1 trouble, sorrow, wickedness, iniquity. 2 idolatry. [Of uncertain origin. There are only three more ‘segholate’ nouns of this form and they all have a ו as their second radical: עָוֶל (= iniquity), מָוֶת (= death), תָּוֶךְ (= middle). The regular form should have been אֶוֶן, etc.]

 

אוּן m.n. PBH skein. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אוֹנָאָה f.n. PBH 1 deception, deceit, fraud. 2 overreaching, imposition. [A secondary form of הוֹנָאָה.]

 

אֶוַנְגֶּלְיוֹן m.n. FW Evangel, Gospel. [Gk. euaggelion (= reward of good tidings; gospel), from euaggelos (= bringing good news), from eu (= well), and aggelos (= messenger). See ‘eu-’ and ‘angel’ in my CEDEL and cp. אַנֽגַּרְיָה.]

 

אוֹנָה see אוֹן ᴵᴵ.

 

אוּנָה, אֻנָּה f.n. PBH lobe. [Aram. אוּנָא, אֻנָּא. Assimilated from אוּדֽנָא (= ear; see אֹזֶן); so called in allusion to its shape. cp. אוּנִית.]

 

אוֹנוֹמָטוֹפֵּיָה f.n. FW onomatopoeia. [Late L. onomatopoeia, from Gk. onomatopoiía (= the formation of a word in imitation of a sound; lit.: ‘name-making’), from onoma, gen. onomatos (= name), and a derivative of poiein (= to make). See נוֹמִינָלִי and פִּיּוּט.]

 

אוֹנוּת f.n. NH strength; potency. [Formed from אוֹן (= strength), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹנִי see אוֹן ᴵᴵ.

 

אוּנִיבֶרְסוּם m.n. FW universe. [L. ūniversum (= the whole world, the universe), properly neuter sing. of the adj. ūniversus (= whole, general, universal; lit.: ‘turned into one’), from ūnus (= one), and versus, p. part. of vertere (= to turn).]

 

אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה f.n. FW university. [Med. L. ūniversitās (= university), from Late L. ūniversitās (= a number of persons), from L. ūniversitās (= the whole, the whole world, associated into one body), from universus (= whole, general, universal). See אוּנִיבֶרְסוּם.]

 

אוּנִיבֶרְסָלִי adj. FW universal. [L. ūniversālis (= belonging to all, universal), from ūniversus. See אוּנִיבֶרֽסוּם.]

 

אוּנִיסוֹן m.n. FW unison (music). [Fren. unisson, from Late L. ūnisonus (= having one and the same sound), compounded of L. ūnus (= one), and sonus (= sound). See ‘uni-’ and ‘sound’ (noise) in my CEDEL.]

 

אוּנִיפוֹרְמִי adj. FW uniform. [L. ūniformis (= having one form), from ūnus (= one), and forma (= form, shape). See ‘one’ and ‘-form’ (n.) in my CEDEL. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוּנִיפוֹרְמִיּוּת f.n. FW uniformity. [Formed from אוּנִיפוֹרְמִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוּנִית, אֻנִּית f.n. NH lobule. [Formed from אוּנָה with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אוּנִיתִי, אֻנִּיתִי adj. NH lobular. [Formed from אוּנִית, resp. אֻנִּית, with adj. suff. ◌ָי.]

 

אוֹנֵךְ see אָנֵךְ.

 

אוֹנָן m.n. NH onanist; masturbator. [Named after אוֹנָן (Onan), son of Judah (see Gen. 38:39).] Derivatives: אוֹנָנוּת, אוֹנָנִי.

 

אוֹנֵן m.n. PBH mourner (before the burial). [Properly subst. use of the act. part. of אָנַן. See אנן (= to mourn).]

 

אוֹנְנוּת f.n. MH mourning (before the burial). [Formed from אוֹנֵן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹנָנוּת f.n. NH onanism; masturbation. [Formed from אוֹנָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹנָנִי adj. NH onanistic. [Formed from אוֹנָן with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוּנְקְיָא, אוּנְקְיָה f.n. ounce. [Gk. ounkia, from L. uncia (= the sixteenth part of a pound, an ounce), from oinicia, oincia (lit.: ‘unity’), and related to L. ūnus (= one). See ‘uncia’ in my CEDEL. cp. אוֹקֽיָה, אִינְץ׳.]

 

אוּנְקָל, אוּנְקְלִי m.n. PBH hook. [A loan word from Gk. ankyle (= bend of the arm, hook), which is related to ankylos (= crooked, curved), ankol (= elbow), and cogn. with L. ancus (= crooked, curved), angulus (= angle, corner). See ‘angle’ (corner), and ‘angle’ (fishhook) in my CEDEL.]

 

אוּנְקָלִי adj. NH (also אַנֽקוֹלִי) unciform, uncinate. [Formed from אוּנְקָל (resp. אַנְקוֹל) with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹסְמִיּוֹן m.n. FW osmium (chemistry). [Modern L. osmium, coined by its discoverer, the English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803 from Gk. osme (= smell, odor), which is cogn. with L. odor (= smell, odor); so called because of the strong odor of its oxide. See ‘odor’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘osmium’ and words there referred to ibid.]

 

אוֹסְרָנוּת f.n. NH non-permissiveness, strictness. [Formed from אוֹסֵר, pres. part. of אָסַר (see אסר), with suff. ◌ָן and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹפֶה m.n. baker. [Subst. use of the act. part. of אָפָה (= he baked). See אפה.]

 

אוֹפּוֹזִיצְיָה f.n. FW opposition. [L. oppositiō (= a placing against), from oppositus, p. part. of opponēre (= to place against), from ob- (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and ponēre (= to put, place). See ‘position’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אוֹפּוּס m.n. FW opus. [L. opus, gen. operis (= work, labor, exertion), whence opera (= service, pains, work, labor), operārī (= to work, labor). Related to ops, gen. opis (= strength, power, might, abundance, wealth, riches, treasure), and cogn. with Old I. ápas- (= work), ā́pas- (= work, religious act). See ‘opus’ in my CEDEL and cp. אוֹפְּטִימוּם, אוֹפֶּרָה,אוֹפֶּרָטִיבִי.]

 

אוֹפּוֹסוּם m.n. FW opossum. [Algonquian apasum (= a wild animal).]

 

אוֹפּוֹרְטוּנִיזְם m.n. opportunism. [Fren. opportunisme. See אוּפּוֹרְטוּנִיסְט and ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אוֹפּוֹרְטוּנִיסְט m.n. FW opportunist. [Fren. opportuniste, coined by Rochefort in 1876 from L. opportūnus (= suitable, convenient, seasonable, advantageous), and suff. - iste and applied by him to Gambetta. L. opportūnus stands for ob-portūnus and lit. means ‘leading to the port or harbor’, from ob- (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and portus (= harbor). See ‘port’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹפּוֹרְטוּנִיסְטִי adj. FW opportunistic. [Formed from אוֹפּוֹרְטוּנִיסְט with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוּפוֹרְיָה see אֵיפוֹרְיָה.

 

אוֹפְּטוֹמֶטְרִיָּה f.n. FW optometry. [Compounded of Gk. optos (see אוֹפְּטִי) and - metria (= measure of), from metron (= measure). See ‘metry’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹפְּטִי adj. NH optic, optical. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Gk. optos (= seen; visible), verbal adj. of opsomay (= I shall see), whence also ops, gen. opos (= eye, face), opsis (= sight). See ‘optic’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹפְּטִימוּם m.n. FW optimum, the best. [L. optimum, neuter of optimus (= best), which stands for opitumos, seen in ops (= wealth); accordingly optimus orig. meant ‘the richest’, but was used later in the senses ‘the most esteemed, the most distinguished, the best’. See אוֹפּוּס and cp. אוֹפְּטִימִי.]

 

אוֹפְּטִימִי adj. FW optimistic. [Back formation from אוֹפְּטִימִיזְם. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹפְּטִימִיּוּת f.n. FW optimism. [Hebraization of אוֹפְּטִימִיזֽם. For the ending see suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹפְּטִימִיזְם m.n. FW optimism. [Fren. optimisme, from L. optimus (= best); see אוֹפְּטימוּם. The word optimisme was coined by the Jesuits. It first occurs in the ‘Mémoires de Trévoux’ conducted by them (in the number for February 1737).]

 

אוֹפְּטִיקַאי m.n. FW optician. [Back formation from אוֹפְּטִיקָה.]

 

אוֹפְּטִיקָה f.n. FW optics. [Ultimately from Gk. ta optika (= optics), neuter pl. of optikos (= pertaining to the eyes or sight), from optos (= seen, visible). See אוֹפּֽטִי.]

 

אוֹפִי see אֹפִי.

 

אוֹפְּיוּם, אוֹפְיוֹן m.n. FW opium. [L. opium, resp. directly from Gk. opion (= poppy juice), from Gk. opos (= vegetable juice).]

 

אוֹפִיצְיָאלִי adj. FW official. [From L. officium (= service), which stands for opi-faction (lit.: ‘work-doing’), from ops, gen. opis (= strength, power, might; see אוֹפּוּס), and the stem of facere (= to make, do). cp. L. opi-fex (= workman, artist; lit.: ‘one who does a work’), which has the same two elements. See ‘fact’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹפַן m.n. wheel. [Of uncertain origin. cp. אוֹפַנַּיִם, אוֹפַנָּן, אוֹפַנּוֹעַ and the second element in חַדּוֹפָן, דּֽיוֹפַן. cp. אֹפֶן, אפן.]

 

אוֹפַנּֽוֹעַ m.n. NH motorcycle. [Compounded of אוֹפַן (= wheel), and נוֹעַ (= movement, motion). Derivatives: אוֹפַנּוֹעִי, אוֹפַנּוֹעָן.

 

אוֹפַנּוֹעִי adj. NH of, or pertaining to, a motorcycle. [Formed from אוֹפַנּוֹעַ with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹפַנּוֹעָן m.n. NH motorcyclist. [Formed from אוֹפַנּוֹעַ with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אוֹפַנַּֽיִם m.n. dual bicycle. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) in the (inexact) form אָפְנַיִם as the dual of אוֹפַן (= wheel).]

 

אוֹפַנָּן m.n. NH bicyclist, cyclist. [Back formation from אוֹפִנַּיִם. For the ending see suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אוֹפֶנְסִיבָה f.n. FW offensive. [From Med. L. offēnsīvus (= pertaining to striking), from L. offēnsa (= a striking against), from offēnsus, p. part. of offendere (= to strike against), from ob- (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and fendere (= to thrust, strike), from IE base *ghēn- (= to strike). See ‘defend’ in my CEDEL. cp. דֶּפֶנְסִיבָה.]

 

אוֹפְסֶט m.n. FW offset (printing). [Eng. offset, compounded of off (adv.), and set (n.).]

 

אוֹפְּצְיָה f.n. FW option. [Fren. option, from L. optiōnem, accusative of optiō (= choice), from opiō, opere, p. part. optus (= to choose), whence also opinārī (= to think, suppose). See ‘opine’ in my CEDEL. For the ending of אוֹפְּצְיָה see ◌יָה.]

 

אוֹפֶּרָה f.n. FW opera. [It. opera (= work, labor, composition), from L. opera (= service, pains, work, labor), from opus, gen. operis (= work, labor, exertion). See אוֹפּוּס and cp. אוֹפֶּרֶטָה.]

 

אוֹפֶּרֶטָּה f.n. FW operetta. [It. dimin. formed from opera (see אוֹפֶּרָה).]

 

אוֹפֶּרָטִיבִי adj. FW operative. [Late L. operātīvus, from operātus, p. part. of operārī (= to work, labor). See אוֹפּוּס.]

 

אוֹפֶּרִית f.n. NH operetta. [Hebraization of It. operetta. See אוֹפֶּרֶטָּה.]

 

אוֹפֶּרַצְיָה f.n. FW operation. [L. operātiō (= a working, operation), from operātus, p. part. of operārī (= to work, labor). See אוֹפּוּס.]

 

אוץ to make haste, hasten.

    — Qal - אָץ 1 he made haste, hurried. 2 he urged.

    — Hiph. - הֵאִיץ 1 he urged; NH 2 he hastened, accelerated.

    — Hoph. - הוּאַץ was hastened, was accelerated. [Perhaps related to Arab. ’aṣṣa (= he urged).] Derivatives: אָץ, אִיצָה, הֶאָצָה, מֵאִיץ, תְּאוּצָה.

 

אוֹצָר m.n. (pl. אוֹצָרוֹת) 1 supply. 2 storehouse, granary. 3 treasure, treasury. [Of uncertain etymology. cp. Aram. אוֹצָר, אוֹצָרָא, which are prob. Heb. loan words. In senses 2 and 3 אוֹצָר is elliptically used for בֵּית הָאוֹצָר (lit.: ‘house of supplies, storehouse’).]

 

אוֹצֵר m.n. NH curator. [Subst. use of אוֹצֵר, part. of אָצַר; see אצר.]

 

אוֹקוּפַּצְיָה f.n. FW occupation. [L. occupātiō (= a seizing, taking possession of), from occupātus, p. part. of occupāre (= to seize, take possession of, possess), from ob- (see אוֹבְּיֶקְט) and capere (= to seize, take). See ‘captive’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹקְטָאֶדֶר m.n. FW octahedron (geometry). [Gk. oktaedron, neuter of the adjective oktaedros (= eight-sided), compounded of okta- (= eight) and edra (= seat; base, side, face). See ‘octa-’ and ‘hedron’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אוֹקְטָבָה f.n. FW octave. [From L. octāva (= an eighth part), f. of octāvus (= eighth), from octō (= eight). See ‘octave’ in my CEDEL. cp. אוֹקְטוֹבֶּר.]

 

אוֹקְטוֹבֶּר m.n. FW October. [L. Octōber(mēnsis) (lit.: ‘the eighth month’), from octō (= eight). The Roman year began with March. cp. סֶפְּטֶמְבֶּר, נוֹבֶמְבֶּר, דֶּצֶמְבֶּר.]

 

אוֹקְטָן m.n. FW octane (a hydrocarbon of the methane series C 8H 18). [Coined from Gk. oct-, combining form meaning ‘eight’, and - ane, suff. used to form names of saturated hydrocarbons.]

 

אוֹקְיָה, אוֹקְיָא f.n. PBH ounce. [A var. of אוּנְקְיָא, אוּנְקָיְה.]

 

אוֹקְיָנוֹס m.n. PBH ocean. [Gk. okeanos (= the great river encompassing the whole earth), hence ‘the great Outward Sea’ (opposed to the Inward or Mediterranean), the Ocean, which is of uncertain etymology.]

 

אוֹקָרִינָה f.n. FW ocarina (music). [It. ocarina, dimin. of oca (= goose), from L. auca (= goose; properly ‘bird’), back formation from avicula (= a little bird), from avis (= bird). See ‘aviary’ in my CEDEL. The instrument was called ocarina (lit: ‘a goose pipe’) in allusion to its shape.]

 

אור ᴵ to give light, shine.

    — Qal - אוֹר was lit, shone.

    — Niph. - נָאוֹר was brightened, was enlightened.

    — Hiph. - הֵאִיר it gave light (said of the sun or the moon), shed light, brightened, shone.

    — Hoph. - הוּאַר was lit, was lighted. [Related to Aram. אוּר (= to give light, shine), Ugar. ’r (of s.m.), Akka. urru, ūru (= light, day), Arab. ’áwwara (= enkindled), ’uwā́r (= heat, glow).] Derivatives: אוֹר ᴵ (n.), אוּר, אוֹרָה ᴵ, אוּרִים, אוֹרִית, הֶאָרָה, מָאוֹר, מְאוֹרָה, מֽאוּרָה, מוּאָר, נָאוֹר, תְּאוּרָה. cp. אַיָּר.

 

אור ᴵᴵ to air, ventilate.

    — Pi. - אִוֵּר he aired, ventilated.

    — Pu. - אֻוֵּר was aired, was ventilated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַוֵּר was aired, was ventilated. [Denominated from אֲוִיר (= air). cp. מֽאֻוָּר. cp. also אִוְרֵר.] Derivative: אַוָּר.

 

אוֹר ᴵ m.n. (pl. אוֹרִים, also אוֹרוֹת) 1 light, brightness. 2 daylight. [From אור ᴵ. cp. Ugar. ’r (= light). cp. also אוֹר ᴵᴵ and the second element in מָגִנּוֹר, מַחֲזִירוֹר, רַמֽזוֹר, זַרְקוֹר, מִגְדַּלּוֹר.] Derivatives: אוֹרִיָּה, אוֹרִיּוּת.

 

אוֹר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH evening. [Lit.: ‘light (see אוֹר ᴵ); formed on the analogy of Aram. אוּרֽתָּא (= evening), which was formed euphemistically from אוּר (= to give light). See אור ᴵ.]

 

אוּר m.n. fire. [From אור ᴵ.cp. אוּרִים.]

 

אַוָּר m.n. NH breather, ventilator. [Formed from אִוֵּר, Pi. of אור.]

 

אוֹרֵב m.n. waylayer, ambusher. [Subst. use of the act. part. of ארב ᴵ.]

 

אוֹרְבָנִי adj. NH waylaying. [Formed from אוֹרֵב word with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

 

אוֹרֵג m.n. weaver. [Subst. use of the act. part. of ארג.]

 

אוֹרְגְּיָה f.n. FW orgy. [Gk. orgia (= secret rites, orgies), related to organon (= instrument). See אוֹרֽגָּן and אוֹרְגָּנִי.]

 

אוֹרְגָּן m.n. FW organ. [From L. organum, from Gk. organon (= instrument; bodily organ; musical instrument), which is related to orgia (= secret rites, orgies), and in gradational relationship to ergon (= work).]

 

אוֹרְגָּנִי adj. FW organic. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Gk. organon (= instrument, implement, tool, engine; a musical instrument which derives from IE base *werĝ- (= work, to work), whence also Gk. ergon (= work). See ‘ergon’ in my CEDEL and cp. אֶרֽגְּ in this dictionary. cp. also ארגן.]

 

אוֹרְדִּינָטָה f.n. FW ordinate (mathematics). [L. līnea ōrdināta (= parallel line), f. p. part. of ōrdināre (= to set in order, arrange; to order), from ōrdō, gen. ōrdinis (= a straight row, regular series, order, class, rank) which is cogn. with Gk. ordein (= to begin a web); prob. derived from IE base *ar- (= to join). See ‘article’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘order’ ibid.]

 

אוֹרָה ᴵ f.n. light. [Formed from אוֹר ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. אוֹרָה ᴵᴵ. cp. also Aram. אוּרְתָּא (= evening light, evening, night), and see אוֹר ᴵᴵ. cp. also לִכֽאוֹרָה.]

 

אוֹרָה ᴵᴵ f.n. name of a plant (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. II 4:39). [Prob. derived from אור ᴵ and lit. meaning ‘(herb) of light’, hence derivatively identical with אוֹרה ᴵ.]

 

אוֹרֶה m.n. PBH picker (of fruits). [Subst. use of the part. of אָרָה (= he picked fruits). See ארה.]

 

אֲוֵרָה f.n. stable; crib (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Chron. II 32:28). [A metathesized var. of אֻרֽוָה.]

 

אוּרְוָה see אֻרֽוָה.

 

אוֹרוֹלוֹגִין see אוֹרֽלוֹגִין.

 

אוּרְוָן see אֻרֽוָן.

 

אִוְרוּר m.n. NH airing, ventilation. [Verbal n. of אורר.]

 

אוֹרֵז m.n. NH packer. [Subst. use of the act. part. of אָרַז. See ארז.]

 

אֽוֹרֶז see אֹרֶז.

 

אוֹרֵֽחַ, אֹרֵֽחַ m.n. wanderer, wayfarer. 2 visitor, guest. [Subst. use of the part. of אָרַח (= he wandered). See ארח and cp. אוֹרֽחָה.]

 

אוֹרְחָא, אֹרְחָא m.n. PBH (pl. אוֹרֽחִין) way, path. [Aram., emphatic state of, אוֹרַח, אֹרַח, which is equivalent to Heb. אֹרַח (= way; path).]

 

אוֹרְחָה, אֹרְחָה f.n. traveling company, caravan. [Properly f. of אוֹרֵחַ (= visitor, guest), used in a collective sense. cp. Akka. harrānu (= way), which in TA has also the meaning ‘traveling company, caravan’. For sense development cp. גּוֹלָה (= exiles), f. of גּוֹלֶה (= an exile).]

 

אוֹרָטוֹר m.n. FW orator. [L. ōrātor (= speaker, orator), from ōrātus, p. part. of ōrāre (= to speak, pray, beseech), which prob. derives from the IE imitative base *ōr-, *’r-, appearing also in Homeric Gk. are (= I pray). cp. אוֹרָטוֹרְיָה. cp. also אוֹרַקְל.]

 

אוֹרָטוֹרְיָה f.n. FW oratorio. [It. oratorio, from ecclesiastic L. ōrātōrium (= place of prayer), subst. use of the neuter of the L. adjective ōrātōrius (= pertaining to prayer), from ōrātus, p. part. of ōrāre. See אוֹרָטוֹר.]

 

אוֹרִיגִינָל m.n. FW original. [From L. originālis (= primitive, original), from origō, gen. originis (= origin). For the ending of original see suff. ‘-al’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אוֹרִיגִינָלִי.

 

אוֹרִיגִינָלִי adj. FW original. [L. originālis. See אוֹרִיגִינָל and suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אוֹרִיגִינָלִיּוּת.

 

אוֹרִיגִינָלִיּוּת f.n. FW originality. [Formed from אוֹרִיגִינָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוֹרִיָּה f.n. NH phot (physics). [Formed from אוֹר with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אוֹרְיוֹן m.n. FW Orion. [Gk. Orion, of uncertain origin.]

 

אוֹרִיּוּת f.n. NH luminosity. [Formed from אור with suff. ◌ִי and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אוּרִים m.n. pl. ‘Urim’, one of the two objects attached to the breastplate of the high priest (אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים). [Of uncertain origin. It is prob. not connected with אָדַד (= he cursed), nor with the Akka. Pi. inf. form uuru, stem אאר or איר (= to send forth an edict), as several scholars would have it, but identical with pl. of אוּר (= fire, flame).]

 

אוֹרְיָן m.n. PBH learning. [Aram., a var. of אוֹרֽיָא (= learning; the Law). See אוֹרַיֽתָא.]

 

אוֹרְיֶנְט m.n. FW Orient. [Fren. orient, from L. orientem, accusative of orīens (= the rising sun, east), properly pres. part. of orior, orīrī (= to rise, become visible, appear), from IE base *er-, *or- (= to set in motion, stir up, raise).]

 

אוֹרְיֶנְטָלִי adj. FW oriental. [From L. orientālis (= pertaining to the east, Eastern, Oriental), from oriēns (see אוֹרְיֶנְט). For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹרְיֶנְטָלִיזְם m.n. FW orientalism. [Formed from L. orientālis (see אוֹרֽיֶנֽטָלִי) with suff. ◌ִיזֽם.]

 

אוֹרְיֶנְטָלִיסְט m.n. FW orientalist. [Formed from L. orientālis (see אוֹרְיֶנְטָלִי) with suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אוֹרְיֶנְטַצְיָה f.n. FW orientation. [Fren. orientation, from orienter (= to set forward to east), from orient (= east), and subst. suff. ◌ַצְיָה (-ation). See אוֹרְיֶנְט.]

 

אוּרְיָר see אֲהוּריָר.

 

אַוְרִירוּת f.n. NH airiness. [A collateral form of אַוְרִירִיּוּת.]

 

אַוְרִירִי adj. NH airy. [Coined by H.N. Bialik (1873–1934) from אֲוִיר (= air) on the analogy of the adj. חַכְלִילִי (= dull red).] Derivatives: אַוְרִירוּת, אַוֽרִירִיּוּת.

 

אַוְרִירִיּוּת f.n. NH airiness. [Formed from אַוֽרִירִי with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אַוֽרִירוּת.]

 

אוֹרִית f.n. NH radium (now superseded by רַדְיוּם). [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אוֹר (= light) and suff. ◌ִית on the analogy of Modern L. radium, which was formed from L. radius (= ray), in allusion to its power of emitting energy in the form of rays.]

 

אוֹרַיְתָא f.n. FW instruction, teaching the Torah. [Aram., emphatic state of אוֹרָיָא, formed from אוֹרִי (= he taught), Aph‘el of ירי; properly a loan word from Heb. תּוֹרָה.]

 

אוֹרְלוֹגִין, אוֹרוֹלוֹגִין m.n. PBH clock, horologe, timepiece. [Gk. orologion (lit.: ‘that which tells the hour’), from ora (= hour), and logos (= telling, saying). Gk. ora is cogn. with Avestic jar (= year), L. hōrnus, for *hōyōrinos (= of this year). See ‘year’ in my CEDEL. Gk. logos derives from the stem of legein (= to pick up, choose; to speak, declare); see לוֹגוֹס.]

 

אוֹרַנְג־אוּטָן m.n. FW orangutan. [From Malay ōrang (= man), and (h)ūtan (= forest, wild), used only of the savage tribes inhabiting the Sunda islands. The word was misunderstood by the Europeans and applied by them to this anthropoid ape.]

 

אוּרָנוּס m.n. FW 1 the god of heaven, husband of Gaia, the Earth goddess (Greek mythology). 2 name of a planet. [L., from Gk. Ouranos, from ouranos (= heaven, sky), which prob. is cogn. with Old I. Várunah (= the god of the evening sky) in Hindu mythology. cp. אוּרַנְיוּם.]

 

אוּרַנְיוּם m.n. FW uranium (chemistry). [Modern L. uranium, coined by its discoverer, the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789, from the name of the planet Uranus, which was discovered by Herschel in 1781. See אוּרָנוּס and cp. טִיטַנְיוּם.]

 

אוֹרְנִיתוֹלוֹג m.n. FW ornithologist. [Gk. ornithologos (= one who speaks of birds), compounded of ornis, gen. ornithos (= bird), and - logos (see לוֹגוֹס).]

 

אוֹרְנִיתוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW ornithology. [Modern L. ornithologia, from Gk. ornithologos. See אוֹרֽנִיתוֹלוֹג and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אוֹרְצֵל m.n. NH chiaroscuro. [Compounded of אוֹר (= light), and צֵל (= shade).]

 

אוֹרְקוֹלִי adj. NH audio-visual. [Compounded of אוֹר (= light), and קוֹל (= sound; voice), and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹרַקְל m.n. oracle. [L. ōrāculum, for *ōrā-tlom (= divine announcement, oracle), formed with instr. suff. *tlom from ōrāre (= to speak, pray, beseech). See אוֹרָטוֹר.]

 

אורר to air, ventilate.

    — Pi. - אִוְרֵר he aired, ventilated.

    — Pu. - אֻוְרַר was aired, was ventilated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַוְרֵר was aired, was ventilated. [Formed from אֲוִיר (= air), through reduplication of the ר.] Derivatives: אִוֽרוּר, אַוְרָר, מֽאַוְרֵר, מְאֻוְרָר. cp. אַוְרִירִי.

 

אַוְרָר m.n. NH ventilator. [Formed from אִוְרֵר, Pi. of אורר.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹגְרָפִי adj. FW orthographical. [Back formation from אוֹרְתּוֹגְרַפְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹגְרַפְיָה f.n. FW orthography. [Gk. orthographia (= correct writing), compounded of orthos (= right, correct), and - graphia (see גְרַפְיָה).]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹדוֹקְס, אוֹרְתּוֹדוֹכְּס m.n. FW orthodox. [Gk. orthodoxos (= having the right opinion), from orthos (= right) and doxa (= opinion), which stands for doksa and is related to dokein (= to seem good, to seem, think, believe). See ‘decent’ in my CEDEL and cp. דוֹצֶנְט.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹדוֹקְסִי adj. FW orthodox. [From אוֹרֽתּוֹדוֹקְס and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹדוֹקְסְיָה f.n. FW orthodoxy. [Gk. orthodoxia (= right opinion), from orthodoxos (see אוֹרְתּוֹדוֹקְס).]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹפֶּד m.n. FW orthopedist. [Back formation from אוֹרְתּוֹפֶּדְיָה.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹפֶּדִי adj. FW orthopedic. [Back formation from אוֹרְתּוֹפֶּדְיָה.]

 

אוֹרְתּוֹפֶּדְיָה f.n. FW orthopedics. [Formed from Gk. orthos (= straight, right) and pais, gen. paidos (= child), which derives from IE base pěu- (= small, little, few). See ‘few’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘pedo-’ ibid.]

 

אושׁ to make a noise.

    — Pi. - אִוֵּשׁ it rustled.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַוֵּשׁ it rustled. [From Aram. אֲוַשׁ (= he made a noise, shouted), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אֶֽוֶשׁ m.n. NH rustle. [Back formation from אִוְשָׁה.]

 

אִוְשָׁה f.n. MH rustle. [From Aram. אַוֵּשׁ (= it rustled). See אושׁ and first suff. ◌ָה.] Derivative: אֶוֶשׁ.

 

אִוְשׁוּשׁ m.n. NH rustle. [Verbal n. of אִוְשֵׁשׁ. See אושׁשׁ.]

 

אוּשְׁכִּי־בּוּשְׁכִּי PBH 1 a magic formula (according to Rashi, two words meaning ‘day and night’). NH 2 prattle, nonsense, idle chatter.

 

אוּשְׁכָּף see אֻשְׁכָּף.

 

אוּשְׁפִּיז see אֻשְׁפִּיז.

 

אוּשְׁפִּיזְכָן see אֻשְׁפִּיזְכָן.

 

אושׁשׁ to rustle.

    — Pi. - אִוְשֵׁשׁ it rustled. [Formed from אושׁ, through reduplication of the third radical.] Derivative: אִוְשׁוּשׁ.

 

אוֹת ᴵ m.n. (pl. אוֹתוֹת) 1 sign, signal, symbol, token. 2 miracle. [Related to Aram.-Syr. אָתָא, Arab. ’āya (= sign). These words are traceable to the common form awayat, and prob. derive ultimately from base אוה (= to sign, mark), whence possibly also אֵת ᴵ. cp. אוֹתֵת א[[illegible]], אַתָּת.] Derivatives: אוֹת ᴵᴵ.

 

אוֹת ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH (pl. אוֹתִיּוֹת) letter (of the alphabet). [From אוֹת (= sign). cp. אית.]

 

אות ᴵ to consent, agree; base of נֵאוֹת.

    — Niph. - נֵאוֹת he consented, agreed. [Of unknown etymology.] Derivatives: הֵאוֹתוּת,נָאוֹת.

 

אות ᴵᴵ to signal.

    — Po‘lel . - אוֹתֵת he signaled.

    — Po‘lal . - אוֹתַת was signaled. [Denominated from אוֹת (= sign). cp. אתת.] Derivative: מְאוֹתֵת.

 

אוֹתִי, אוֹתְךָ , etc. — see אֵת (particle denoting the accusative).

 

אָז, אֲזַי adv. then, at that time. [Prob. orig. a noun meaning ‘time’. Related to Arab. ’idhā, ’idh (= then), BAram. and Aram. אֱדַיִן, Aram. הֵידַיִן, Syr. הָיְדֵין (= then). According to most scholars the orig. form was אֲזַי in Heb. and ’idhā in Arab. (whence the shortened forms אָז, resp. ’idh).]

 

אַזְבֶּסְט m.n. FW asbestos. [Gk. asbestos (lit.: ‘unquenchable, inextinguishable’), from pref. a-, and sbestos, verbal adj. of sbennunai (= to quench, extinguish), which derives from IE base *ges- (= to quench, extinguish).] Derivative: אַזְבֶּסְטוֹן.

 

אַזְבֶּסְטוֹן m.n. NH asbestos hut. [Formed from אַזְבֶּסְט (= asbestos) and dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אִזְדָּרֶֽכֶת f.n. NH the China tree; the margosa tree. [A loan word from Pers. āzād dirakht (= free tree; i.e. ‘noble tree’). cp. ‘azedarach’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִזְדָּרַכְתִּי.

 

אִזְדָּרַכְתִּי adj. MH meliaceous. [Formed from אִזְדָּרֶכֶת with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַזְהָרָה f.n. PBH warning, exhortation. [Formed from זהר ᴵᴵ (= to warn), with pref. אַ◌. cp. הַזֽהָרָה.]

 

אֵזוֹב m.n. (pl. אֲזוֹבִים, also אֱזוֹבִים) marjoram; others identify it with hyssop. [אֵזוֹב stands for אֱזוֹב; see אֵבוּס and words there referred to. It is related to Aram.

 

אֵיזוֹבָא , Syr. זוּפָא (of s.m.), prob. also to Akka. zūpu (= ‘a garden plant’). Arab. zūfā, Ethiop. ’azōb (= hyssop), and Gk. hyssopos (= an aromatic plant) are Heb. loan words. See ‘hyssop’ in my CEDEL.] Derivatives: אֲזוֹבִי, אֲזוֹבִית. cp. אֵזוֹבְיוֹן.

 

אֲזוֹבִי adj. NH hyssoplike. [Formed from אֵזוֹב with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֵזוֹבְיּוֹן m.n. PBH lavender. [Perhaps dimin. formed from אֵזוֹב.]

 

אֲזוֹבִית f.n. NH Origanum dayi (name of a plant). [Formed from אֵזוֹב with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֶזוֹטֶרִי adj. FW esoteric. [Gk. esoterikos (lit.: ‘pertaining to those within’), from esotero (= more within), comparative of eso (= within), which is related to eś, eis (= into), and to en (= in). For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִזּוּן m.n. MH balancing, leveling, weighing carefully. [Verbal n. of אִזֵּן, Pi. of אזן ᴵᴵ.]

 

אָזוּר adj. girded. [Pass. part. of אָזַר. See אזר.]

 

אֵזוֹר m.n. (pl. אֲזוֹרִים) 1 girdle. MH 2 zone, region. [אֵזוֹר stands for אֱזוֹר; see אֵבנּס and cp. words there referred to. It is prob. related to Arab. ’izā́r (= loincloth, wrapper, covering). Ugar. mzrt (= loins). cp. אזר.] Derivatives: אֲזוֹרָה, אֲזוֹרִי, אזרר.

 

אֲזוֹרָה f.n. PBH belt, girdle. [Formed from אֵזוֹר with suff. ◌ִה.]

 

אֲזוֹרִי adj. NH zonal, regional. [Formed from אֵזוֹר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲזַי see אָז.

 

אַזִימוּת f.n. FW azimuth (astronomy). [Fren. azimuth, from Arab. as-sumūt, pl. of as-samt (= the way). from as, assimilated form of al- (= the) and samt (= way). See זֶנִית.]

 

אֲזִירָה f.n. NH girding. [Verbal n. of אָזַר. See אזר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אִזְכּוּד m.n. NH reference. [Verbal n. of אִזְכֵּר, Pi. of אזכר.]

 

אזכר to commemorate, to refer to.

    — Pi. - אִזְכֵּר he referred to.

    — Pu. - אֻזְכָּר was referred to. [Denominated from אַזְכָּרָה.] Derivative: אִזְכּוּר.

 

אַזְכָּרָה f.n. 1 that part of the meal offering and of the shewbread, which was burned. PBH 2 the Divine name, Tetragrammaton. PBH 3 memorial, commemoration. NH 4 memorial prayer. [From זכר (= to remember); properly verbal n. of הִזְכִּיר, Hiph. of זכר. cp. הַזֽכָּדָה, which is a collateral form of אַזְכָּרָה.]

 

אזל to go, go away.

    — Qal - אָזַל 1 he went away, was gone; 2 it was exhausted. [BAram. and Aram. אֲזַל, Syr. אֱזל (= he went, went away, was gone), Arab. ’azal (= eternity), ’azaliyy (= long since past, eternal). cp. zāla (= he went away.] Derivatives: אֵזֶל, אַזְלָא, אָזְלָת◌.

 

אֵֽזֶל m.n. NH (in אֵזֶל־יָד) weakness, helplessness. [Back formation from אָזְלַת יָד.]

 

אַזְלָא m.n. MH ‘ozla’, name of a conjunctive accent placed over the word; its form is ◌. [Aram(= lit.: ‘going’), from אֲזַל (= he went). See אזל.]

 

אָזְלַת◌ f.n. NH weakness, helplessness. [Formed from אָזֽלַת יָד (Deut. 31:36), where, however, אָזְלַת (with a long Qamatz) is the third person f. of אָזַל (see אזל). In contradistinction, the Qamatz in the noun אָזְלַת־יָד is short. For the second word in אָזְלַת־יָד see יָד. cp. אֵזֶל־יָד s.v. אֵזֶל.]

 

אִזְמֵל m.n. PBH (pl. אִזְמְלִים) cutting tool, knife. [Formed from prosthetic א◌ from Gk. smile (= cutting tool, chisel, knife — whence also Syr. זְמֶלְיָא, זְמַלְיָא — which derives from IE base *smēi-, smī- (= to carve, cut). (See ‘smith’ in my CEDEL). Arab. ’izmīl (= shoe-knife) is a Syr. loan word.]

 

אִזְמָדַגְדְּ m.n. PBH emerald. [Formed with prosthetic א from Gk. smaragdos which itself is of Sem. origin. See בָּרֶקֶת.]

 

אֹֽזֶן f.n. (dual אָזְנַיִם) 1 ear. 2 handle. [Related to Aram. אוּדֽנָא, Syr. אֶדֽנָא, Ugar. udn, Arab. udhn, Ethiop. ezn, Akka. uznu (= ear).] Derivatives: אזן ᴵ, אָזְנִי, אָזֽנִיָּה, אָזֽנִית, מֽאֻזְנָן. cp. אֻנָּה. cp. also מוּאַזִּין.

 

אזן ᴵ to give ear, listen.

    — Qal - אָזַן he listened, hearkened.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱזִין he gave ear, listened, hearkened.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳזַן was listened to. [Denominated from אֹזֶן.] Derivatives: הַאֲזָנָה, מַאֲזִין.

 

אזן ᴵᴵ to balance.

    — Pi. - אִזֵּן he balanced, leveled, weighed carefully, tested, proved (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 12:9).

    — Pu. - אֻזַּן was balanced, was leveled.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַזֵּן was balanced. [Denominated from מֹאזְנַיִם (= balances, scales).] Derivatives: אִזּוּן, הִתְאַזְּנוּת, מַאֲזָן, מְאַזֵּן, מְאֻזָּן, מַאֲזֵנָה.

 

אָזֵן m.n. PBH belt, weapon, implement (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Deut. 23:14 in the form אֲזֵנֶךָ). [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אָזְנִי adj. NH auricular. [Formed from אֹזֶן (= ear), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָזְנִיָּה f.n. NH auricle, receiver, earphone. [Formed from אֹזֶן with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אָזְנִית f.n. NH 1 auricle (anatomy). 2 receiver, earpiece, ear cap. [Formed from אֹזֶן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַזְעָקָה f.n. NH alarm [A secondary form of הַזְעָקָה. For the difference in meaning between these two words see אַבֽחָנָה.]

 

אֲזִקִּים m.n. pl. chains, fetters (in the Bible occurring only Jer. 40:1 and 14). [A collateral form of זִּקִּים. See זֵק ᴵ.]

 

אזר to gird.

    — Qal - אָזַר he girded, put on.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱזַר was girded.

    — Pi. - אִזֵּר he girded, encompassed.

    — Pu. - אֻזַּר was girded.

    — Hith. - הִתִאַזֵּר he girded himself. [Prob. denominated from אֵזוֹר (= girdle). cp. Akka. mēsiru (= girdle), whence Syr. מִיזְרָנֵי (= girdles).] Derivatives: אָזוּר, הֵאָזֽרוּת, הִתֽאַזְּרוּת, נֶאְזָר.

 

אִזְרֽוּחַ m.n. NH naturalizing. [Verbal n. of אִזֽרַח. See אזרח.]

 

אֶזְרֽוֹעַ f.n. (pl. אֶזְרוֹעוֹת) arm. [A collateral form of זְרוֹעַ. cp. BAram. אֶדֽרַע (= arm). For the pref. see prosthetic א◌.]

 

אִזְרוּר m.n. NH zonation. [Verbal n. of אִזְרֵר, Pi. of אזרר.]

 

אֶזְרָח m.n. homeborn, native, citizen. [Prob. formed from זרח ᴵᴵ with prosthetic א◌.] Derivatives: אזרח, אֶזֽרָחוּת, אֶזֽרָחִי, אֶזֽרִחָן.

 

אזרח to naturalize.

    — Pi. - אִזְרַח he naturalized.

    — Pu. - אֻזֽרַח was naturalized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַזְרַח 1 he became naturalized; 2 he became familiar. [Denominated from אֶזְדָח.] Derivatives: אִזְרוּחַ, הִתְאַזְרְהוּת, מֽאֻזְרָח.

 

אֶזְרָחוּת f.n. NH citizenship. [Formed from אֶזֽרָח with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶזְרָחִי adj. NH civil, civic. [Formed from אֶזֽרָח with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶזְרְחָן m.n. NH civilian. [Formed from אֶזְרָח with suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אֶזְרֽחָנִי.

 

אֶזְרְחָנִי adj. NH civilian. [Formed from אֶזֽרֽחָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אזרר to zone.

    — Pi. - אִזֽרֵר he zoned.

    — Pu. - אֻזְרַר was zoned. [Denominated from אֵזוֹר through reduplication of the ר.] Derivative: אִזְרוּר.

 

אָח ᴵ m.n. 1 brother. 2 kinsman. 3 friend. MH 4 friar. [Related to Phoen. אח, BAram. אַח, אַחָא, אָחָא, Syr. אַחָא. Arab. ’ah, ’ahu, Ethiop. ’ehu, Akka. ahu (= brother).] Derivatives: אֲחָאִים, אַחֲוָה, אַחֽיָן, אַחֽיָנִית. cp. אֶחָא. cp. also אחה.

 

אָח ᴵᴵ m.n. fire port, brazier, fireplace. [A loan word from Egypt. ’ah.]

 

אָח ᴵᴵᴵ interj. woe! alas! [Of imitative origin. cp. Arab. ’ah, ’áhhu (= fie!). cp. also אַחֲלַי and אֹחַ.]

 

אֹֽחַ m.n. (pl. אֹחִים) eagle owl, Bubobubo Aharonii (ornithology). [Imitative of its cry. cp. אָח ᴵᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶחָא m.n. PBH oh my brother! (used in the vocative). [Aram., emphatic state of אַח. See אָח ᴵ.]

 

אֲחָאִים m.n. pl. siblings. [From אָח.]

 

אֶחָד adj. 1 one, single. 2 first. 3 someone. [From אחד. Related to BAram. חַד, f. חֲדָה, Aram. חַד, f. חֲדָא, Ugar. ’hd (= together), Arab. ’aḥad, f. ’iḥdā́, Akka. ēdu, Ethiop. aḥattī (= one). cp. אַחֶדֶת. cp. also כּֽאֶחָד, לִחוֹד, לְחוּד.]

 

אחד to be one; to make one, unite; whence אֶחָד (q.v.). Related to יחד (of s.m.).]

    — Pi. - אִחֵד he united, joined, combined.

    — Pu. - אֻחַד became united.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱחִיד he unified.

    — Hoph. - הָאֱחַד was unified.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַחֵד was united, unified. Derivatives: אֶחָד, חַד, אַחְדוּת, אֲחָדִי, אַחֶדֶת, אָחוּד, אָחִיד, הַאֲחָדָה, הִתְאַחֲדוּת, מְאֻחָד, combining form חַד◌ ᴵᴵ, and the first element in חַדּוֹפַן.

 

אַחְדוּת f.n. MH unity. [Formed from אחד with suff. ◌וּת.] Derivative: אַחְדוּתִי.

 

אֲחָדוֹת pl. some, few. [pl. of אַחַת (= one).]

 

אַחְדוּתִי adj. MH united, unified. [Formed from אַחֽדוּת with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַחְדוּתִיּוּת.

 

אַחְדוּתִיּוּת f.n. NH unitedness, unity. [Formed from אַחְדוּתִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲחָדִים some, a few. [pl. of אֶחָד (= one).]

 

אַחֶֽדֶת f.n. the number one. [Formed from אֶחָד (= one), with suff. ◌ֶת.]

 

אחה to join; to stitch together.

    — Pi. - אִחָה 1 he joined; 2 he stitched or pieced together, mended.

    — Pu. - אֻחָה 1 was joined; 2 was stitched or pieced together.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַחָה 1 was joined; 2 was stitched together; 3 grew together. [According to several scholars base of Heb. אָח ᴵ (= brother) etc. According to others, denominated from אָח ᴵ.] Derivatives: אָחוּי, אִחוּי, הִתֽאַחוּת, מְאִחֶה.

 

אָֽחוּ m.n. (pl. אֲחָוִים) 1 reeds, Nile grass. 2 meadow. [An Egypt. loan word. Other Egypt. loan words are אֵיפָה, הִין, חוֹתָם, טֶנֶא, שֵׁשׁ ᴵᴵᴵ, possibly also אִי (= island), גֹּמֶא, דְּיוֹ, קֶסֶת.]

 

אָחוּד adj. MH united. [From אחד.]

 

אִחוּד m.n. MH unity, union. [Verbal n. of אִחֵד, Pi. of אחד.]

 

אַחֲוָה f.n. 1 brotherhood. 2 brotherly love. NH 3 fraternity. (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Zech. 11:14). Denominated from אָח ᴵ. cp. Syr. אֲחוּתָא, Arab. ’uhuwwa, Akka. ahūtu (= brotherhood).] Derivatives: אחוה, אַחֲוָתִי.

 

אַחְוֶה f.n. declaration (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 13:17). [From חוה (= to show, state, pronounce).]

 

אחוה to fraternize, to become a friend.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַחֲוָה , Nith. נִתְאַחֲוָה he fraternized, became a friend. [Denominated from אַחֲוָה (= brotherhood; fraternity).] Derivative: הִתְאַחֲווּת.

 

אָחוּז ᴵ adj. 1 seized, held. 2 taken out of a number. 3 holding. [Pass. part. of אָחַז. See אחז.]

 

אָחוּז ᴵᴵ m.n. NH rate, proportion. [Subst. use of אָחוּז ᴵ.]

 

אָחוּי adj. PBH stitched or pieced together, mended. [Pass. part. of an (otherwise nonexisting) Qal. See אחה.]

 

אִחוּי m.n. PBH 1 joining. 2 stitching or piecing together, mending. NH 3 growing together, symphysis. [Verbal n. of אִחָה, Pi. of אחה.]

 

אַחֲוָיָה f.n. statement. [BAram., properly Aph‘el inf. of חוה (= to show, state, pronounce). See חוה.]

 

אִחוּל m.n. NH good wish, congratulation. [Verbal n. of אִחֵל. See אחל.]

 

אָחוֹר m.n. 1 the hinder part, backside, back. 2 west. [From אחר, whence also Aram. אֲחוֹרָא, Arab. uhur.] Derivatives: אֲחוֹרָה, אֲחוֹרִי, אֲחוֹרַיִם, אֲחוֹרָנִי, אֲחוֹרַנִּית אֲחוֹר◌.

 

אֲחוֹר◌ NH combining form meaning ‘retro-’. [From אָחוֹר.]

 

אִחוּר m.n. PBH delay, lateness. [Verbal n. of אִחֵר, Pi. of אחר.]

 

אֲחוֹרָה f.n. NH the back part of a shoe. [Formed from אָחוֹר with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲחוֹרִי adj. NH hind, hindmost, backward, posterior. [Formed from אָחוֹד with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲחוֹרַֽיִם m.n. MH dual 1 the hind part, buttock. 2 the back part (i.e. outside) of a vessel. [Properly dual of אָחוֹר.]

 

אֲחוֹרָנִי adj. NH hind, hindmost, backward, retrospective. [Formed from אָחוֹר with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

 

אֲחוֹרַנִּית, אֲחֹרַנִּית adv. backward(s). [Formed from אָחוֹר. cp. קֽדוֹרַנִּית (= mournfully).]

 

אָחוֹת (pl. אֲחָיוֹת) 1 sister. 2 female relation, kinswoman. 3 sweetheart, companion, mate. 4 friend. NH 5 nurse. [Related to Aram. אֲחָתָא, Syr. חָתָא, Ugar. ’ht, Arab. ’uht, Ethiop. ’eht, Akka. ahātu (= sister).]

 

אַחֲוָתִי adj. NH brotherly, fraternal. [Formed from אַחֲוָה (= brotherhood), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אחז to seize.

    — Qal - אָחַז 1 he grasped; caught, seized, clutched, held, fastened; 2 he bolted, shut.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱחַז was caught, was seized.

    — Pi. - אִחֵז (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 26:9 in the phrase מְאַחֵז פְּנֵי כִּסֵא and prob. meaning ‘to close’).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַחֵז he settled (on the land).

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱחִיז he caused to seize, caused to hold, fastened.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳחַז was fastened. [Related to Aram. אֲחַד, Syr. אֱחַד, Arab. ’aḥadha, Ethiop. ’aháza (= he seized), Ugar. ’hd, Akka. ahāzu (= to seize). cp. מָחוֹז.] Derivatives: אָחוּז ᴵ, אָחוּז ᴵᴵ, אֶחֶז, אֲחֻזָּה, אֲחִיזָה, הַאֲחָזָה, הֵאָחֲזוּת, הִתְאַחֲזוּת, מַאֲחָז, מַאֲחֵז, מַאֲחֹזֶת, תַּאֲחוּז, תַּאֲחִיזָה.

 

אֶֽחֶז m.n. NH 1 handle. 2 grip, grasp. [From אחז.]

 

אֲחֻזָּה f.n. possession, property, estate. [Formed from אחז with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אחזק to maintain.

    — Pi. - אִחְזֵק he maintained.

    — Pu. - אֻחְזַק was maintained. [Back formation from אַחְזָקָה.]

 

אַחְזָקָה f.n. NH maintenance (of vehicles, buildings, etc.). [A secondary form of הַחְזָקָה.] Derivative: אחזק.

 

אֲחִיגֶֽזֶר m.n. Orlaya (botany). [Lit.: ‘brother of the carrot’, from אֲחִי, c. st. of אָח (= brother), and גֶּזֶר (= carrot). cp. the first element in אֲחִירֹתֶם, אֲחִישֶׁבֶת, אֲחִילוֹטוּס, אֲחִילוּף.]

 

אָחִיד adj. NH unified, uniform, homogeneous. [From אחד.] Derivative: אֲחִידוּת.

 

אֲחִידוּת f.n. NH unification, uniformity. [Formed from אֲחִיד with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲחִיזָה f.n. PBH 1 holding, seizing. 2 support. [Verbal n. of אָחַז. See אחז and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲחִילוֹטוּס m.n. NH Dorycnium (botany). [Lit.: ‘brother of the lotus’, from אֲחִי, c. st. of אָח (= brother), and לוֹטוּס (= lotus). cp. אֲחִיגֶזֶר and words there referred to.]

 

אֲחִילוּף m.n. NH Biarum (botany). [Lit.: ‘brother of the Arum’, from אֲחִי, c. st. of אָח (= brother), and לוּף (= Arum). cp. אֲחִיגֶזֶר and words there referred to.]

 

אַחְיָן m.n. NH nephew. [Formed from אָח ᴵ with dimin. suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אַחְיָנֽית.

 

אַחְיָנִית f.n. NH niece. [Formed from אַחְיָן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֲחִירֹֽתֶם m.n. NH Spartium (botany). [Lit.: ‘brother of the broom’, from אֲחִי, c. st. of אָח (= brother), and רֹתֶם (= broom). cp. אֲחִיגֶזֶר and words there referred to.]

 

אֲחִישֶֽׁבֶת m.n. NH Peucedanum (botany). [Lit.: ‘brother of the dill’, from אֲחִי, c. st. of אָח (= brother), and שֶׁבֶת (= dill). cp. אֲחִיגֶזֶר and words there referred to.]

 

אחל to wish.

    — Pi. - אִחֵל he wished.

    — Pu. - אֻחַל was wished for. [Back formation from אַחֲלַי.] Derivatives: אִחוּל, מְאַחֵל, מְאֻחָל.

 

אַחֲלַי, אַחֲלֵי interj. O that! would that… (in the Bible אַחֲלַי occurs only Ps. 119:5, אַחֲלֵי occurs Kin. II 5:3). [Of uncertain origin. According to Olshausen, compounded of אָח (= woe!) and לַי, לוּ (= would that). cp. אחל.]

 

אַחְלָמָה f.n. the name of a precious stone (Ex. 28:19 and 39:12), usually identified with the amethyst (on the basis of the Septuagint rendering amethystos). [Of uncertain etymology. Most scholars see in it a derivative of base חלם (= to be strong). According to them the word אַחְלָמָה lit. means ‘the stone that has the power of making strong’. Others derive it from Egypt. hnmt, the name of a red precious stone.]

 

אַחַ״ם abbr. NH V.I.P. (very important person). [Formed from the initials of the words אֲנָשִׁים הֲשׁוּבִים מְאֹד (= very important people).]

 

אִחְסוּן m.n. NH storage. [Verbal n. of אִחְסֵן. See אחסן.]

 

אחסן to store.

    — Pi. - אִחְסֵן he stored.

    — Pu. - אֻחֽסַן was stored. [Back formation from אַחֽסָנָה.] Derivative: מְאֻחְסָן.

 

אַחְסָנָה f.n. NH storage. [A collateral form of הַחְסָנָה. cp. אחסן.]

 

אַחְפָּר m.n. NH fossil. [From חפר ᴵ (= to dig).]

 

אחר to be or remain behind.

    — Qal - אָחַר he was late, tarried (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Gen. 32:5 in the form וָאֵחַר).

    — Pi. - אֵחַר 1 he delayed, tarried; 2 he caused one to delay, kept back.

    — Pu. - אֻחַר he was late.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַחֵר he came late.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱחִיר he delayed, postponed.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳחַר was delayed, postponed. [Aram. אֵחַר, Syr. אוֹחַר, Arab. ’ahhara (= he put off), ’ta’áḥḥara (= he was behind, was late, tarried), Akka. uḥḥuru (= he remained behind), Ugar. aḥr (= later, afterward).] Derivatives: מֽאֻחָר אַחֲרוֹן, אַחֲרָיוּת, הַאֲחָרָה, הִתֽאַחֲרוּת, מְאַחֵר, אָחוֹר, אִחוּר, אַחַר, אַחֵר, אַחֲרַאי,, prob. also מָחָר.

 

אַחֵר adj. 1 another, other. 2 next. 3 strange. [From אחר. cp. BAram. אָחֳרָן, Aram. אָחֳרָן, אָחֽרָן, Syr. אַחֽרֵנָא, SArab. אחֿר, אאחֿר, Arab. ’aḥar (= another).] Derivative: אֲחֵרוּת.

 

אַחַר 1 after, behind, afterward. 2 behind, after. [Orig. a noun meaning ‘the hinder part’ and a derivative of אחר, whence also Moabite אחר, Ugar. ’hr (= after), Aram. אַחֽרָא (= behind). cp. אַחֲרֵי.] Derivatives: אַחַר◌, אַחֲרֵי.

 

אַחַר◌ combining form meaning ‘post-’, as in אַחַר־מִלְחַמְתִּי (= post-war). [From אַחַר (= after).]

 

אַחֲרַאי, אַחֲרַי PBH 1 responsible, liable. 2 guarantor. [From אחר (= to be or remain behind). Accordingly אַחֲרַאי lit. denotes a person who stands behind someone or something, for whom or for which he has accepted responsibility.] Derivatives: אַחֲרָאִי, אַחֲרָיוּת.

 

אַחֲרָאִי adj. NH responsible. [From אַחֲרַאי. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַחֲרוֹן adj. 1 last, latter, next. 2 the one behind. 3 future. [From אחר. cp. TA ahru-un-u (= behind him), Syr. אַחֲרָיָא, Arab. ’áhir (= last), Akka. ahrū (= future).]

 

אֲחֵרוּת f.n. NH otherness. [Formed from אַחֵר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַחֲרַי see אַחֲרַאי.

 

אַחֲרֵי prep. 1 behind. 2 after. [This prep. was orig. a noun meaning ‘the hinder part’. It is properly the c. st. of אַחַר (q.v.).]

 

אַחֲרָיוּת f.n. PBH surety, warranty, responsibility, liability. [Formed from אַחֲרַי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַחֲרִית f.n. 1 end. 2 posterity, future. 3 remnant. [Formed from אחר with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֲחֹרַנִּית see אֲחוֹרַנִּית.

 

אַחֶֽרֶת adv. MH otherwise. [Properly f. of אַחֵר (= another), used adverbially.]

 

אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן m.n. satrap. [A loan word from Old Per. khsharthrapāvan (= ruler of the province), compounded of khshathra (= province), and a derivative of pā(y) (= to guard, protect). The first element is related to Old Pers. khshaya (= king), khshayathiya (= power); see ‘satrap’ in my CEDEL and cp. the first element in שַׁחְמָט. The second element is cogn. with pateisthai (= to feed); see ‘food’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲחַשְׁתְּרָן adj. belonging to the king, royal. [A loan word from Old Pers. khshathraāna, formed from khshathra (= dominion, government, province), with adj. suff. āna.]

 

אַחַת adj. one. [f. of אֶחָד.] Derivative: חַת ᴵᴵᴵ.

 

אַט adv. slowly. [See אטט (= to slow down).] Derivatives: אִטִּי, אטאט. cp. אטה. cp. also לְאַט.

 

אֵט m.n. sorcerer, magician (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 19:3 in the pl. אִטִּים, from which the sing. אֵט is a back formation. [Borrowed from Akka. edimmu, eṭimmu (= ghost of a dead person), which itself is a Sumerian loan word.]

 

אטאט to slow down.

    — Pilp. - אִטְאֵט he slowed down. [Pilp. of אטט. For other Pilp. verbs formed from ע״ע verbs cp. בזבז and words there referred to.]

 

אֶֽטֶב m.n. NH paper clip, clasp, fastener. [From Aram. אַטְבָּא (= hook, clasp), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אֲטָבִיזְם m.n. FW atavism. [Formed from L. atavis (= father of a great-grandfather, ancestor), from pref. at- (= beyond), and avus (= grandfather); see ‘uncle’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌ִזֽם. cp. אֲטָבִיסֽטִי.]

 

אֲטָבִיסְטִי adj. FW atavistic. [See אֲטָבִיזֽם and the suffixes ◌ִיסֽט and ◌ִי.]

 

אָטָד m.n. bramble, buckthorn. [Related to Aram.-Syr. אַטְדָּא, Arab. ’aṭad, Akka. eṭidu and iṭṭitti.]

 

אטה to slow down.

    — Pi. - אִטָּה he slowed down, delayed.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַטָּה was slowed down, was delayed. [From אַט (whose base, however, is אטט.] Derivative: הִתְאַטּוּת.

 

אַטּוּ PBH 1 on account of, because of. 2 interrogative particle introducing a question to which a negative answer is expected. [Aram., a collateral form of אַמְטוּ, abbreviation of אַמְטוּל (of s.m.), which is related to Syr. מֶטּוּל, מֶטּוֹל (of s.m.).]

 

אָטוֹל m.n. FW atoll. [Prob. from Malayalam aḍal (= uniting).]

 

אָטוֹם m.n. FW atom. [Ultimately from Gk. atomos (= atom), properly ‘uncut, indivisible’, from privative pref. a- and tomos, from temnein (= to cut), which derives from IE base *tem-, *tm (= to cut). cp. ‘tome’ in my CEDEL. cp. also the second element in אֲנָטוֹמֽיָה.] Derivative: אֲטוֹמִי.

 

אָטוּם adj. 1 shut, closed. MH 2 solid, dull, obtuse. NH 3 impermeable, impervious. [Pass. part. of אָטַם. See אטם.]

 

אִטּוּם m.n. NH caulking, impregnating. [Verbal n. of אִטֵּם. Pi. of אָטַם. See אטם.]

 

אֲטוֹמִי adj. FW atomic. [Formed from אָטוֹם with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַטוֹמִיּוּת.

 

אֲטוֹמִיּוּת f.n. FW atomicity; atomism. [Formed from אֲטוֹמִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֵטוּן m.n. thread, yarn, cord. [Of uncertain etymology. It is possibly a loan word from Egypt. ’dmy (= linen of red color). Gk. othone (= fine white linen), is prob. borrowed from Heb.]

 

אטט to slow down.

    — Hiph. - הֵאֵט he slowed down, decelerated.

    — Hoph. - הוּאַט was slowed down, became slow. [From אַט (= slowly).] Derivative: הֶאָטָה.

 

אֶטָטִיזְם m.n. FW étatism. [Fren. étatisme, from état (= state), from L. status (which properly means ‘mode of standing’), from p. part. of stāre (= to stand). See טְטָטִי and suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִטִּי adj. NH slow; adagio (music). [Formed from אֵט with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִטִּיּוּת.

 

אֶטְיוּד m.n. FW étude, study. [Fren. étude, from L. studium (= study), which is related to studēre (= to apply oneself to, to study). Studēre prob. meant orig. ‘to strike at something’, whence ‘to aim at something’, and is related to tundere (= to beat, strike). See ‘stint’ and cp. ‘study’ (n.) and ‘étude’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶטְיוֹלוֹגִי adj. FW etiological. [Back formation from אֶטֽיוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶטְיוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW etiology. [Late L. aetiologia, from Gk. aitiologia (= an inquiring into causes), from aitiologein (= to inquire into causes), from aitia (= cause), and logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אִטִּיּוּת f.n. NH slowness. [Formed from אִטִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָטִים adj. NH impermeable, inpenetrable, waterproof. [Coined from אטם (= to close, fill up), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

 

אֲטִימָה f.n. NH closing, stoppage, filling up, caulking. [Verbal n. of אָטַם. See אטם and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶטִימוֹלוֹג m.n. FW etymologist. [Back formation from אֶטִימוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אֶטִימוֹלוֹגִי adj. FW etymological. [Back formation from אֶטִימוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶטִימוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW etymology. [Ultimately from Gk. etymologia, properly ‘the study of the true sense of a word’, compounded of etymon (= the true sense of a word according to its origin), properly neuter of etymos (= true), and - logia. See ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אֲטִימוּת f.n. NH 1 impermeability, impenetrability. 2 dullness. [Formed from אָטִים with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָטִיף m.n. PBH a small hole in cheese, bread, etc. [Aram., prob. meaning lit. ‘droplike hole’, and formed from טִיף (= drop) with prosthetic א◌. See טיף ᴵ.]

 

אֶטִיקֶט m.n. FW etiquette. [Fren. étiquette, from Old Fren. estiquier, estiquer (= to stick on, attach), from Dutch stikken (= to stitch).]

 

אִטְלוּלָא f.n. PBH jest (used esp. in the phrase חוּכָא וְאִטְלוּלָא, ‘jest, derision, laughing-stock’). [Aram., from טְלַל (= he played, sported, jested), which prob. meant lit. ‘he enjoyed himself in the shade’, and is ultimately identical with טְלַל (= he covered), lit. ‘he overshadowed’. Aram. טְלַל in this sense is related to טלל ᴵ. cp. טְלוּלָא.]

 

אִטְלוּק m.n. NH italianization. [Verbal n. of אטלק.]

 

אֲטֶלְיֶה f.n. FW (pl. אֲטֶלְיָאוֹת) atelier. [Fren., from astelier, from astelle (= shiver of wood), from Late L. astella (of s.m.), from L. astula, which is prob. a blend of assula (= shiver of wood), and hastula (= a little spear). Assula is a dimin. of assis (= board, plank); see ‘ashlar’ in my CEDEL. Hastula is a dimin. of hasta (= spear); see ‘hastate’ ibid.]

 

אִטְלִיז m.n. PBH 1 butcher shop. 2 a group of booths put up for a fair or bazaar; fair, bazaar. [A secondary form of אַטְלִיז, itself an alteration of קַטְלִיז (of s.m.), which is borrowed from Gk. katalysis (= dissolution, putting down; unyoking of the draft animals of a caravan; place where such animals are unyoked; resting, lodging; guest chamber; caravanserai), from katalyein (= to dissolve), which is formed from kata (= down), and lyein (= to loose, loosen). See ‘catalysis’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַטְלַס ᴵ m.n. FW Atlas (one of the Titans in Gk. mythology). [L. Atlas (gen. Atlantis), from Gk. Atlas (gen. Atlantos), which stands for A-tlas and lit. means ‘the bearer (of Heaven)’.]

 

אַטְלַס ᴵᴵ m.n. FW atlas (a collection of maps bound into a book). [First so called by the geographer Mercator because the figure of Atlas supporting the world was frequently put on the page of such collections. The first part of Mercator’s Atlas appeared in 1585. See אַטְלַס ᴵ.]

 

אַטְלַס ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. FW atlas — name of the first vertebra (anatomy). [From Atlas (See אַטְלַס ᴵ); so called because it bears the skull. This name was first given to the first vertebra by the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564).]

 

אַטְלַס ᴵⱽ m.n. FW atlas (silk-satin). [Arab. áṭlas (= lit.: ‘wiped smooth’), from ṭálasa (= he wiped, smoothed away).]

 

אטלק to italianize.

    — Pi. - אִטְלֵק he italianized. [Back formation from אִיטַלְקִי (= Italian).] Derivative: אִטְלוּק.

 

אטם to shut, shut up.

    — Qal - אָטַם (of s.m.) he shut, closed.

    — Niph. - נֶאְטַם was shut, was closed.

    — Pi. - אִטֵּם he shut, closed, made impermeable, caulked, impregnated.

    — Pu. - אֻטַּם was shut, was closed. [Arab. ’atama (= he stopped up). Related to טמם, טמטם.] Derivatives: אִטּוּם, אָטִים, אֲטִימָה, אֲטִימוּת, אֶטֶם, אֹטֶם, אָטוּם.

 

אֶֽטֶם m.n. NH gasket, obturator. [From אטם.]

 

אֹֽטֶם m.n. NH 1 closure, stoppage. 2 lower part of the wall. 3 infarct. [From אטם. cp. Arab. uṭum (= fortress), uṭā́m (= retention of wine).]

 

אַטְמָה f.n. PBH flank. [From Aram. אַטִמָא, assimilated from עַטְמָא (= bones; loin), which is related to Syr. טְמָא (= bones), Heb. עֶצֶם (= bone). cp. טֽמַיָא.]

 

אַטְמוֹסְפֵירָה f.n. FW atmosphere. [Ultimately from Eng. atmosphere, which was first coined by the English bishop and scientist John Wilkins in 1638 with reference to the moon (which in reality has no atmosphere). The word atmosphere was formed from Gk. atmos (= steam, vapor), and aphaira (= ball, globe, sphere). Gk. atmos is a contraction of aetmos, which prob. is related to aella (= tempest, whirlwind), from IE base *wē- (= to blow). See ‘wind’ (air in motion) in my CEDEL. For the second element see סְפֵירָה. Derivative: אַטְמוֹסֽפֵירִי.

 

אַטְמוֹסְפֵירִי adj. FW atmospheric. [Back formation from אַטְמוֹסֽפֵירָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אטר to shut up, close, bind.

    — Qal - אָטַר he closed, shut (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 69:16).

    — Niph. - נֶאְטַר was closed, was shut. [Arab. ’a’ṭara (= he bent), ’iṭār (= what surrounds, what encloses, frame).] Derivatives: אִטֵּר, אַטֶּרֶת.

 

אִטֵּר adj. left-handed. [However, it is more probable that אִטֵּר denotes in the Bible ‘one who can use both hands alike’. cp. Jud. 20:16 with Chron. I 12:2. cp. also the Septuagint rendering of אִטֵּר, amphoterodoxios, and the Vulgate’s translation: qui utraque manu pro dextra utebatur (Jud. 3:15), resp. it a sinistra, ut dextra proeliantes (Jud. 20:16). Short for אִישׁ אִטֵּר יֵד יְמִינוֹ (Jud. 3:15; 20:16), usually rendered ‘a man bound with reference to his right hand’ (from אטר, ‘to bind’), i.e. ‘left-handed’, or ‘a man whose right hand was bound’; so that he might learn to use the left hand also.] Derivatives: אִטְּרוּת, אַטֶּרֶת.

 

אַטְרוֹפְיָה f.n. FW atrophy (disease). [Gk. atrophia (= want of food), from atrophos (= not nourished, ill-fed), from privative pref. a- and trophe (= food, nourishment), which stands in gradational relationship to trephein (= to make solid, thicken, congeal, curdle; to nourish; lit.: ‘to make thick’), from IE base *dhrebh- (= to make firm, curdle). See ‘draff’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘trophic’ ibid. cp. also הִיפֶּרְטֽרוֹפֽיָה.]

 

אִטְּרוּת f.n. NH left-handedness. [Formed from אִטֵּר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִטְרִיָּה f.n. PBH vermicelli. [From Aram. אִטֽרִי, אִטְרִיתָא, whence also Arab. ’iṭruyya (= vermicelli), from Gk. itrion (= a kind of cake), which is of unknown origin.]

 

אַטְרַקְצְיָה f.n. FW attraction. [Fren. attraction, from L. attractiō (= a drawing together, attraction), from attractus, p. part. of attrahere (= to draw to, attract), from ad (= to, toward), and trahere (= to draw). See ‘draw’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘tract’ (region) and words there referred to, ibid. For the ending of אַטֽרַקְצֽיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַטֶּֽרֶת f.n. FW left-handedness. [Formed from אִטֵּר (= left-handed), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases of defects (see אַדֶּמֶת).]

 

אִי ᴵ m.n. island, isle. [According to several scholars, contraction of אֱוִי (= place where one betakes oneself for shelter), from אוה, which corresponds to Arab. ’āwā(y) (= he sought refuge, sought shelter), hence אִי would have denoted orig. ‘(the mariner’s) place of refuge’. Others see in אִי a loan word from Old Egypt. iw (= island, coast).] Derivative: אִיּוֹן.

 

אִי ᴵᴵ m.n. either Canis aureus (= jackal) or Canis lupaster. [Prob. contraction of אֱוִי, from the imitative base אוה (= to howl). Barth compares Arab. ibnu ’āwā(y), vulg. Arab. wāwī (= jackal). cp. אַיָּה.]

 

אִי ᴵᴵᴵ interj. woe!, alas! (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 10:16). [Of imitative origin. cp. אוי and words there referred to.]

 

אִי ᴵⱽ, אִי◌ negative particle meaning ‘not’. [Related to MH אִי (= not), Phoen. אִי (= not), Akka. ai, ē, ī (= not).]

 

אִי ⱽ cogn. PBH if. [Aram., formed from אִין (= if), with apocope of the ן. See אִם and cp. the first element in אִילֵימָא.]

 

אֵי adv. where? [From אֵי; cp. אַיֵה. Related to Ugar. iy (= where), Syr. אַיְכָּא (= where?), Arab. ’ayy, Ethiop. ’ay, Akka. ayu (= which? who? where?), TA ayami (= where?). cp. אֵי◌ and the first element in אֵיכָן, אֵימָתַי, אֵיפוֹא.]

 

אֵי◌ NH a combining form equivalent to Eng. some-, the first element of compound pronouns like אֵי־מִי (= someone), אֵי־פַּעַם (= sometime), אֵי־שָׁם (= somewhere). [Coined through back formation from אֵי־זֶה, אֵיזֶה.]

 

◌ַאי PBH suff. forming nomina opificum from ל״ה verbal stems, as בַּנַּאי (= builder), from בנה (= to build); גַּבַּאי (= collector), from גבה (= to collect).

 

איב to be hostile to, to hate.

    — Qal - אָיַב was hostile to, hated.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱיֵב was hated. [Ugar. ’b, Akka. ayyābu (= enemy). Barth connects this base with Arab. wa’iba (= was angry, was hostile).] Derivatives: אוֹיֵב, אֵיכָה, הִתְאַיְּבוּת.

 

אֵיבָה f.n. enmity, hatred, grudge, malice. [Formed from איב with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֵיבוֹלוּצְיָה f.n. FW evolution. [L. ēvolūtio (= an unrolling of a scroll, an opening of a book), from ēvolūtus, p. part. of ēvolvere (= to unroll, unfold), from ē (= out of; see אֶקְס־), and volvere (= to roll), which derives from IE base *welu, *welw-, enlargement of *wel-, wal- (= to bend, turn, twist, roll), whence also Gk. eilein (= to roll, turn, twist). cp. ‘volute’ in my CEDEL. For the ending of אֵיבוֹלוּצְיָה see suff. ◌יָה. cp. רֶבוֹלוּצֽיָה.]

 

אִיבִּיס m.n. FW ibis. [L. ībis, from Gk. ibis, from Egypt. hīb.]

 

אֵיבָר see אֵבָר.

 

אִיגְלוּ m.n. FW igloo, snowhut. [Eskimo igdlu (= snowhouse).]

 

אִיגָרָא see אִגָּרָא.

 

אֵיד ᴵ m.n. PBH distress, calamity, misfortune. [Prob. from base אוד (= to bend; to oppress). cp. Arab. ’ā́da (= he bent, curved, crooked), ’ā́’id (= burdening).]

 

אֵיד ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH feast (of gentiles). [A var. of עֵיד, JAram. עִידָא, Syr. עֵידָא (= feast; lit.: ‘that which returns every year’), from עוּד (= to return, to occur). See עוֹד. Arab. ’īd (= feast) is an Aram. loan word. This spelling אֵיד (for עֵיד) is prob. due to an association with אֵיד ᴵ.]

 

איד to vaporize, to steam.

    — Pi. - אִיֵּד vaporized, evaporated; steamed, stewed.

    — Pu. - אֻיַּד was turned into vapor, was vaporized, was evaporated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַיֵּד (of s.m.). [Denominated from אֵד (= mist, vapor).] Derivatives: אִיּוּד, הִתְאַיּֽדוּת, מְאַיֵּד, מְאֻיָּד.

 

אִידֵאָה f.n. FW idea. [Ultimately from Gk. idea (= form, kind, sort, nature, class, species, opinion, notion, idea, ideal form). The original pre-Platonic meaning is ‘look, semblance’. Gk. idea prob. derives from idein (= to see) which is related to oida (= I know), eidon (= I saw), eidos (= form, shape; lit.: ‘that which is seen’), eidolon (= knowing, learned), and cogn. with L. videre (= to see). See וִיזָה and cp. אִידִילְיָה.]

 

אִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW ideology. [Fren. idéologie, coined by the French philosopher Destutt de Tracy (1754–1836), from Gk. idea (see אִידֵיאָה) and logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה).]

 

אִידֵאָל m.n. FW ideal. [Fren. idéal (n.), from idéal (adj.), from Late L. ideālis, from idea, from Gk. idea. See אִידֵאָה. For the suff. - ālis see adj. suff. ‘-al’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִידֵאָלִי.

 

אִידֵאָלִי adj. FW ideal (adj.) [Formed from אִידֵיאָל with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִידֵאָלִיּוּת.

 

אִידֵאָלִיּוּת f.n. FW idealism. [Formed from אִידֵאָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִידֵאָלִיזְם m.n. FW idealism. [Borrowed from Fren. idéalisme, from idéal. See אִידֵאָל and suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִידֵאָלִיזַצְיָה f.n. FW idealization. [Fren. idéalisation, from idéaliser (= to idealize), from idéal (n.). See אִידֵאָל and suff. ◌ַצְיָה.]

 

אִידֵאָלִיסְט m.n. FW idealist. [Fren. idéaliste, from idéal (n.). See אִידֵאָל and suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אַיְּדֵי דְ◌ conj. PBH because (occurring in quotations from the Talmud, as in אַיּֽדֵי דֽזוֹטַר מִרְכָּס, ‘because it is small, it may be lost’). [Aram., formed from pref. אַ◌ (= עַל, on, upon), c. st. pl. of יַד (= hand), and pref. דְּ◌ (= which; that).]

 

אִידְיוֹט m.n. FW idiot. [Fren. idiot, from L. idiōta, from Gk. idiotes (= private person, one not holding office, layman, an ignorant). See הֶדְיוֹט.] Derivative: אִידְיוֹטִי.

 

אִידְיוֹטִי adj. FW idiotic. [Formed from אִידְיוֹט with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִידְיוֹטִיּוּת.

 

אִידְיוֹטִיּוּת f.n. FW idiocy; idiotism. [Formed from אִידְיוֹטִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִידְיוֹם m.n. FW idiom. [Ultimately from Gk. idioma (= peculiarity, esp. peculiarity in a language), from idioumai (= I make my own), from idios (= one’s own). See הֶדֽיוֹט.] Derivative: אִידֽיוֹמָטִי.

 

אִידְיוֹמָטִי adj. FW idiomatic. [Formed from אִידֽיוֹם with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִידְיוֹסִינְקְרַסְיָה f.n. FW idiosyncracy. [Gk. idiosynkrasia (= a peculiar temperament; lit.: ‘a proper blending together’), compounded of idio (= one’s own, proper; see הֶדְיוֹט), syn (= with; see סִינִ◌), and krasis (= a blending), which is related to krates (= a large bowl for mixing wine and water). These words derive from IE base *k̂erāi-, k̂er- (= to mix, blend). See ‘rare’ (underdone) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘crasis’, ‘crater’, ibid. For the ending of אִידְיוֹטִינְקְרַסֽיָה see ◌יָה.]

 

אִידִילִי adj. FW idyllic. [Back formation from אִידִילְיָה.] Derivative: אִידִילִיּוּת.

 

אִידִילְיָה f.n. FW idyl. [L. idyllium, from Gk. eidyllion (= a little picture; whence ‘a short descriptive poem’), dimin. of eidos (= form, shape), which is related to idea (see אִידֵאָה).]

 

אִידִילִיּוּת f.n. FW idyllicism. [Formed from אִידִילִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִידִישׁ m.n. (also אִידִית, f.n.) the Yiddish language. [Ger. jüdisch (= Jewish), from Jude (= Jew), from L. Judaeus, from Gk. ioudaios, from Aram. יְהוּדֵי, יֽהוּדַיָּא, from Heb. יֽהוּדִי (= Jew, Jewish). אִידִית is Hebraization of אִידִישׁ. cp. יִידִישׁ.] Derivative: אִידִישִׁיזְם.

 

אִידִישִׁיזְם m.n. FW Yiddishism. [Formed from אִידִישׁ with suff. ◌ִיזֽם.]

 

אִידָךְ pron. PBH that, the other. [Aram. and BAram., prob. formed from pron. pref. אִי◌ and דָּךְ (= this, that), which is related to Arab. dhākr (= this, this one).]

 

אִידָן m.n. PBH bast. [Of uncertain origin. It is perhaps borrowed from Gk. iteinon (= of willow), from itea (= willow), which prob. is related to itus(= the edge or rim of anything round), from IE base *wei- (= to bend, twist).]

 

אַיָּה f.n. hawk, falcon, kite. [Prob. of imitative origin. cp. Arab. yū’yū (= a kind of hawk), which is also imitative. cp. also אִי ᴵᴵ.]

 

אַיֵּה adv. where? [Lengthened form of אַי (see אֵי). cp. הִנֵּה (= behold), which is a lengthened form of הֵן.]

 

אִיהוּ pron. PBH he, himself. [Aram., formed from pron. pref. אִי◌ and הוּ(א) (= he). See הוּא.]

 

אִיהִי pron. PBH she, herself. [Aram., formed from pron. pref. אִי◌, and הִי(א) (= she). See הִיא.]

 

אִיּוּד m.n. NH vaporization, evaporation. [Verbal n. of אִיֵּד (see איד). cp. the collateral form אִדּוּי.]

 

אִיּוּךְ m.n. MH qualification. [Verbal n. of אִיֵךְ. See איך.]

 

אִיּוּם m.n. MH threat, threatening. [Verbal n. of אִיֵם. See אים.]

 

אִיּוֹן m.n. NH islet. [Formed from אִי ᴵ (= island), with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אִיּוּן m.n. NH negation, annulment, denial. [Verbal n. of אִיֵּן. See אין.] Derivative: אִיּוּנִיּוּת.

 

אִיּוּנִיּוּת f.n. NH negativism. [Formed from אִיּוּן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִיּוּר m.n. NH illustration. [Verbal n. formed from אִיֵּר, Pi. of איר.]

 

אִיּוּשׁ m.n. NH manning. [Verbal n. of אִיֵּשׁ, Pi. of אישׁ.]

 

אִיּוּת m.n. NH spelling. [Verbal n. of אִיֵּת. See אית.]

 

אֵיזֶה pron. (in the Bible written in two words אֵי־זֶה) 1 who? which? what? 2 some, any. [Compounded of אֵי (= where), and זֶה (= this). cp. אֵיזוֹ, אֵיזֶהוּ, אֵיזוֹהִי, אֵילוּ, and the second element in כֵּיצַד. cp. also אֵי◌.]

 

אֵיזֹה, אֵיזוֹ pron. PBH f. of אֵיזֶה (q.v.). [Compounded of אֵי (= where) and זוֹ (= this), f. of זֶה.]

 

אֵיזֶהוּ pron. PBH who is? which is? [Properly two words: אֵיזֶה הוּא.]

 

אִיזוֹ◌ FW combining form meaning ‘equal’ (as in אִיזוֹבָּר). [Gk. iso-, from isos (= equal), which is related to Gk. eidos (= form, shape). See אִידֵאָה.]

 

אִיזוֹבָּר m.n. FW isobar. [Compounded of Gk. isos (= equal), and baros (= weight). See אִיזוֹ◌ and בָּרוֹמֶטֶר.]

 

אֵיזוֹהִי f. pron. PBH who is? which is? [Properly two words: אִיזוֹ הִיא (q.v.).]

 

אִיזוֹטוֹפּ m.n. PBH isotope. [Eng. isotope (lit.: ‘having the same place’), from Gk. isos (= equal) and topos (= place). See אִיזוֹ◌ and טוֹפּוֹגְרַפְיָה. The term isotope was introduced into chemistry by the English chemist Frederick Soddy in 1913 at the suggestion of Margaret Todd.]

 

אִיזוֹלַצְיָה f.n. FW isolation. [Fren. isolation, from isoler, back formation from isolé, from It. isolato, p. part. of isolare (= to isolate), from isola (= island), from L. īnsula, which is of uncertain origin. Following the ancients, some modern philologists derive L. īnsula from in salō (= that which is in the sea), from in (= in), and ablative of salum (= the open sea, the high sea). cp. Gk. en-alos, en-alios (= in the sea), from en (= in), and als, gen. alos (= m. salt, f. sea). cp. אִינְסוּלִין. For the ending of אִיזוֹלַצְיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִיזוֹתֶרְם m.n. FW isotherm. [Compounded of Gk. isos (= equal), and therme (= heat). See אִיזוֹ◌ and תֶּרֽמוֹס.] Derivative: אִיזוֹתֶרֽמִי.

 

אִיזוֹתֶרְמִי adj. FW isothermal. [Formed from אִיזוֹתֶרְם with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִיזְם m.n. FW (pl. אִיזְמִין) ism. [Back formation from words ending in ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִיטְרִיּוּם m.n. FW yttrium (chemistry). [Modern L., coined by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander (1797–1858), from Ytterby, name of a town in Sweden, place of its discovery.]

 

אֵיךְ adv. how, in what manner. [Shortened from אֵיכָה (adv.). cp. Aram. אֵיךְ (= as, how), Syr. אַיֽךְ (= as, such as, as if, as it were). Ugar. ’k (= how, why, so). Derivatives: איך, אֵיכוּת. cp. הֵיךְ.

 

איך to qualify.

    — Pi. - אִיֵךְ he qualified.

    — Pu. - אֻיַךְ was qualified.

    — Niph. - נִתְאַיֵךְ he acquired a quality, was qualified. [Formed from אֵיךְ (= how).] Derivatives: אִיּוּךְ, מְאֻיָּךְ.

 

אַיֶּךָּ, אַיֶּכָּה where art thou? where are you? [See אַיֵּה.]

 

אִיכָּא adv. PBH there is, there are. [Aram., contraction of אִית כָּא (lit.: ‘there is here’, or ‘there are here’). Aram. אִית is related to Heb. יֵשׁ (= there is, there are). For the etymology of Aram. כָּא see כֹּה. cp. לֵיכָּא.]

 

אֵיכָה ᴵ adv. how, in what manner. [Compounded of אֵי◌ and ◌כָּה; see אֵי and כֹּה and cp. אֵיךְ. cp. also אֵיכוֹ, אֵיכָכָה.]

 

אֵיכָה ᴵᴵ PBH the Book of Lamentations. [So called from אֵיכָה (= how), the first word of the first chapter of the Book.]

 

אַיֶּֽכָּה see אַיֶּךָּ.

 

אֵיכוֹ, אֵיכֹה adv. where. [Derivatively identical with אֵיכָה ᴵ.]

 

אֵיכוּת f.n. MH (pl. אֵיכֻיּוֹת) quality. [Coined from אֵיךְ (= how), and suff. ◌וּת as loan translation of Arab. kayfiyya (= quality), which was formed from kayfa (= how), with suff. - iyya. Derivative: אֵיכוּתִי.

 

אֵיכוּתִי adj. MH qualitative. [Formed from אֵיכוּת with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֵיכָכָֽה, אֵיכָֽכָה adv. how. [Compounded of אֵי◌ and כָּכָה (= so). See אֵי and כָּכָה.]

 

אֵיכָן adv. PBH where. [Aram., formed from אֵי (= where) and כָּאן (= here). See אֵי and כָּאן.] Derivative: אכן.

 

אִיכְּס see אִיקְס.

 

אִיכְפַּת see אִכְפַּת.

 

אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ adv. NH somehow. [Compounded of אֵיךְ and שֶׁהוּא (q.v.).]

 

אִיכְשַׁר PBH was worthy. [Aram., from כְּשַׁר (= was worthy), equivalent of Heb. כָּשַׁר. See כשׁר.]

 

אִיכְתְּיוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW ichthyology. [Compounded of Gk. ichthys (= fish), and - logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה).]

 

אִיכְתְּיוֹסָאוּר m.n. FW Ichthyosaurus (paleontology). [Compounded of Gk. ichthys (= fish) and sauros (= lizard), which is prob. related to saulos (= twisting, wavering).]

 

אַֽיִל m.n. (pl. אֵילִים) 1 ram. 2 head, chief, leader. 3 projecting pillar, pilaster. [Prob. meaning lit. ‘the strong animal’ and derived from אול ᴵ (= to be strong). Related to Ugar. ’l, Akka. ailu (= ram). Coptic oile, aile (= ram) is a Heb. loan word. cp. אַיָּל, אֵילוֹנִית. For the sense development of אַיִל (= ram; head, chief, leader). cp. עַתּוּד (= he-goat; prince, chief), Akka. lulimu, and Arab. kabsh (= ram; chief, head, leader).]

 

אַיָּל m.n. hart, stag, deer. [Prob. of the same origin as אַיִל (= ram). Related to Phoen. איל, Ugar. ’yl, Aram. אַיְּלָא, Aram.-Syr. אַיֽלָא, Arab. ’ayyil, ’iyyal, ’uyyal, Ethiop. hayyal (= hart, stag, deer). Akka. ayalu is prob. of s.m.] Derivative: אַיָּלָה.

 

אִיל m.n. PBH grape worm. [Aram. אִילָא, prob. a loan word from Gk. eyle (= worm, maggot), which prob. is a verbal n. of eilein (= to wind, turn round), from IE base *wel- (= to bend, turn, twist, roll), for whose derivatives in the other IE languages see ‘volute’ in my CEDEL. Accordingly Gk. eyle properly means ‘that which twists’.]

 

אֱיָל m.n. power, strength (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 88:5). [Prob. from אול ᴵ (= to be strong). cp. אֱיָלוּת.]

 

אַיָּלָה f.n. hind, doe. [Ugar. ’aylt (= hind, doe). See אַיָּל and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. Aram. אַיַּלֽתָּא, Syr. אַיְלְתָא.]

 

אֵילוּ pron. PBH which? [pl. of אֵיזֶה and אֵיזוֹ.]

 

אִילוּזְיָה f.n. FW illusion. [L. illūsiō (= a mocking, jesting), from illūsus, p. part. of illūdere (= to play with, sport with, mock at; to deceive), from in (= in), and lūdere (= to play). See ‘ludicrous’ in my CEDEL. For the ending of אִילוּזֽיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִילוּמִינַצְיָה f.n. FW illumination. [Fren., from L. illūminātiō (= a lighting up; enlightening), from illūminātus, p. part. of illūmināre (= to make light, illuminate), from in- (= in), and lūmen (= light), which is related to lux (= light). These words derive from IE base *leuq- (= to emit light, shine bright). cp. אִילוּסְטְרַצְיָה. For the ending of אִילוּמִינַצְיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אֵילוֹנִית f.n. PBH a barren woman. [A derivative of אַיִל (= ram). cp. Aram. דּוּכְרָנִיתָא (= resembling a man, ramlike), from דְּכַר (= male, man, ram).]

 

אִילוּסְטְרַצְיָה f.n. FW illustration. [L. illūstrātiō (= enlightening), from illūstrātus, p. part. of illūstrāre (= to make light, light up, enlighten, illustrate, render illustrious), from in (= in) and lustrāre (= to purify from guilt, to illuminate). From lūstrum (= purificatory sacrifice made once in five years; a period of five years), which stands for *leuqs-trom, louqs-trom (properly ‘illumination’), from IE base *leuq- (= to emit light). See ‘light’ (brightness), and verbal suff. ‘-ate’ in my CEDEL and cp. אִילּוּמִינַצֽיָה.]

 

אֱיָלוּת f.n. power, strength (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 22:20 in the form אֱיָלוּתִי and prob. meaning ‘my power, my strength’). [See אֱיָל and ◌וּת.]

 

אִילִיאָדָה f.n. FW Iliad. [Gk. Ilias, gen. Iliados (= the Iliad), short for Ilias poiesis (lit.: ‘poem treating of Ilium’), from Ilios, Ilion (= Ilium, Troy), properly ‘city of Ilus’, from Ilos, name of the founder of Ilium.]

 

אִילֵימָא PBH if he says, should he say. [Aram., prob. the two words אִי לֵימָא, written in one. See אִי V and לֵימָא.]

 

אֵילָךְ adv. PBH hither, thither, further, afterward. [Formed from demonstrative אֵי with the deictic element ◌לָךְ. אֵילָךְ is a collateral form of הֵילָךְ ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֵילָם m.n. (pl. אֵילַמִּים) 1 porch. 2 hall. [A secondary form of אוּלָם (n.).]

 

אִילָן m.n. PBH (pl. אִילָנוֹת, also אִילָנִים) tree. [Related to Aram. אִילָן, אִילָנָא, Syr. אִילָנָא (= tree), and to Heb. אֵלוֹן (= oak).] Derivative: אִילָנִית.

 

אִילָנִית f.n. NH tree frog. [Formed from אִילָן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אים to threaten, frighten.

    — Pi. - אִיֵּם he frightened, threatened.

    — Pu. - אֻיַּם was frightened, was threatened.

    — Nith. - נִתְאַיֵּם 1 became terrible; 2 was frightened, was threatened. [Base of אָיֹם and אֵימָה.] Derivatives: אִיּוּם, מְאֻיָּם.

 

אָיֹם adj. fearful, frightful, terrible. [From אים.]

 

אֵימָה f.n. (pl. אֵימוֹת, also אֵימִים) fright, terror, panic. [Formed from אים with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אִימִיגְרַצְיָה f.n. FW immigration. [From L. immigrāt-(um), p. part. stem of immigrāre (= to go or remove into), from in- (= in), and migrāre (= to move from one place to another, to wander). For the ending of אִימִיגְרַצֽיָה see suff. ◌יָה. cp. אֶמִיגְרַצֽיָה.]

 

אִימִיטַצְיָה f.n. FW imitation. [Fren. imitation, from L. imitātiō (= imitation), from imitātus, p. part. of imitārī (= to represent, copy, imitate, counterfeit), which is related to imāgō (= representation, likeness, picture, image, appearance, idea), and stands in gradational relationship to aemulus (= striving to equal), aemulārī (= to strive to equal. See ‘image’ and verbal suff. ‘-ate’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘emulate’ ibid. For the ending of אִימִיטַצְיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אֵימָל see אֶמַיל.

 

אִימָם m.n. FW ‘Imam’, the leading priest in a Moslem mosque; religious leader of Islam. [Arab. ’imām (= leader; lit.: ‘one who precedes’), from ’amma (= he was in front, led the way, preceded). cp. אִמּוּם.]

 

אִימָנֶנְטִי adj. FW immanent. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from L. immanēns, pres. part. of immanēre (= to dwell in, remain in), from in- (= in), and manēre (= to remain, stay). See ‘mansion’ and ‘-ent’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִימְפּוֹזַנְטִי adj. FW imposing. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from Fren. imposant, pres. p. of imposer, from L. impōnere (= to place into, lay upon, impose), which was Gallicized after Fren. poser (= to put, place). L. impōnere is formed from in- (= in) and pōnere (= to put, place), which is a contraction of *poznō, from *pos(i)nō (lit.: ‘I lay aside’), from pref. po- and sinō (= I set down, leave). See ‘position’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִימְפּוֹטֶנְטִי adj. FW impotent. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. impotēns (= powerless, impotent), from in- (= not) and potens (= powerful, mighty, potential), pres. part. of posse, for potis esse (= to be able).]

 

אִימְפּוּלְס m.n. FW impulse. [L. impulsus (= pressure, stock; incitement, instigation), from impulsus, p. part. of impellere (= to push, strike against; to drive forward, urge on; to incite, instigate), from in- (= in) and pellere (= to drive), which prob. derives from IE base *pel- (= to shake, swing), whence also Gk. tallein (= to wield, brandish, swing; to quiver), pelemizein (= to shake, cause to tremble), polemos (= war). cp. ‘pulse’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִימְפּוּלְסִיבִי.

 

אִימְפּוּלְסִיבִי adj. FW impulsive. [Formed from אִימְפּוּלְס with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִימְפּוּלֽסִיבִיּוּת.

 

אִימְפּוּלְסִיבִיּוּת f.n. FW impulsiveness. [Formed from אִימְפּוּלִסִיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִימְפּוֹנְדֶּרַבִּילִי adj. imponderable. [Formed from L. in- (= not) and Late L. ponderābilis (= that can be weighed), from ponderāre (= to weigh), from pondus (= weight).]

 

אִימְפּוֹנְדֶּרַבִּילִיּוּת f.n. FW imponderability. [Formed from אִימְפּוֹנֽדֶּרַבִּילִי with suff. ◌וּת which stands in gradational relationship to pendēre (= to hang, hang down). See ‘pound’ (unit of weight) in my CEDEL.]

 

אִימְפּוֹרְט m.n. FW import. [From L. importāre (= to bring into; to bring about, cause), from in- (= in), and portāre (= to carry). Related to porta (= gate, door), portus (= harbor; orig. entrance, passage), and cogn. with Old I. píparti (= brings over), pāráyati (= carries over), Gk. peirein (= to penetrate), from IE base *per- (= to lead across, drive across, traverse, pierce). See ‘fare’ (v.) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘port’ (to carry) ibid. cp. also אֶקְסְפּוֹרְט.]

 

אִימְפְּרוֹבִיזַצְיָה f.n. FW improvisation. [From Fren. improviser, from It. improvvisare, from improvviso (= unforeseen), from L. imprōvīsus (= unforeseen, unexpected), from in- (= not) and prōvidēre (= to see beforehand), which is formed from prō- (= before, fore-) and vidēre (= to see).] See pref. פּֽרוֹ◌ ᴵ, וִיזָה and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִימְפֶּרָטוֹר m.n. FW imperator. [L. imperātor (= commander-in-chief, general, commander; emperor), from imperātus, p. part. of imperāre (= to command), from in- (= in), and parāre (= to prepare), from IE base *per- (= to bring forward, bring forth). cp. ‘pare’ and ‘emperor’ in my CEDEL. cp. also אִימְפֶּרְיָה.]

 

אִימְפֶּרְיָאלִיזְם m.n. FW imperialism. [From L. imperium. See אִימְפֶּרָטוֹר and suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִימְפֶּרְיָאלִיסְט m.n. FW imperialist. [See אִימְפֶּרֽיָאלִיזֽם and suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אִימְפֶּרְיָאלִיסְטִי adj. FW imperialistic. [Formed from אִימֽפֶּרְיָאלִיסְט with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִימְפֶּרְיָה f.n. FW imperium. [L. imperium (= command, order; dominion, empire), from the stem of imperāre (= to command). See אִימֽפֶּרָטוֹר.]

 

אִימְפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיזְם m.n. FW impressionism. [Fren. impressionisme, formed from impression and suff. - isme (see ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִימְפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיסְט m.n. FW impressionist. [Fren. impressioniste, from the phrase école impressioniste, coined by the French critic Louis Leroy in 1874 to ridicule a painting by Claude Monet, called Impression — Sunrise.] [Fren. impression (= impression), derived from L. impressīo (= impression; lit.: ‘a pressing into’), from impressus, p. part. of imprimere (= to press into, impress), from in- (= in, into) and premere (= to press). For the ending see suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אִימְפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיסְטִי adj. FW impressionistic. [Formed from אִימֽפְּרֶסֽיוֹנִיסְט with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִימְפְּרֶסַרְיוֹ m.n. FW impresario. [It. impresario, from impresa (= undertaking, device), properly f. p. part. of imprendere, from VL imprendere (= to undertake), from L. in (= in) and prehendere, prendere (= to take), which is formed from pre- (for prae, before), and hendere, from IE base *ghe(n)d- (= to clasp, seize, reach, attain, hold). Cp. ‘get’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.]

 

אֵימַת, אֵימָתַי adv. PBH when? [Compounded of אֵי (= where), and מָתַי (= when).]

 

אֵימָֽתָה f.n. fear, terror, panic (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ex. 15:16, and identical in meaning with אֵימָה. [Formed from אֵימָה with suff. ◌ָתָה. This suff., which was used only in poetry, and only with f. nouns ending in ◌ָה, was orig. the accusative suff. denoting direction or intention. cp. the endings of יֽשׁוּעָֽתָה, עֶזְרָֽתָה, עַוְלָֽתָה, עֵיפָֽתָה, צָרָֽתָה.]

 

אֵימָתַי see אֵימַת.

 

אֵימְתָן m.n. PBH 1 a fear-inspiring person. NH 2 terrorist. [From Aram. (cp. BAram. אֵימְתָנִי), a derivative of אֵימְתָא (= Heb. אֵימָה, ‘fright terror’).] Derivatives: אֵימְתָנוּת, אֵימְתָנִי.

 

אֵימְתָנוּת f.n. NH terrorism. [Formed from אֵימְתָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֵימְתָנִי adj. NH terroristic. [Formed from אֵימְתָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַֽיִן ᴵ 1 nothing, naught, non-existence. 2 expressing negation (as specified in the following examples). — אֵין preceding a gen. means ‘without’ or ‘less’, as in אֵין אוֹנִים (= powerless, helpless), אֵין קֵץ (= endless). — אֵין with prepositions: בְּאֵין (= in lack of, without), לְאֵין (= so that not, without), מֵאֵין (= from lack of, for want of). — אַיִן and אֵין◌ in most cases negate the whole sentence and are to be translated ‘there is not’, ‘there are not’, ‘there were not’, etc. — אֵין לִי, אֵין לְךּ, etc. mean ‘I have not’, ‘thou hast not’. —אֵין לְ◌ with following inf. usually means ‘it is not possible to’, or ‘it is not allowed to’. [Related to Moabite אן, Akka. iānu (= is not, is not existing), īnu (= nothing), Ethiop. en, and according to Gesenius to Arab. ayn (= weariness).] Derivatives: אין, אֵינוּת. cp. מֵאֵין and the first element in אֵינְסוֹף.

 

אַֽיִן ᴵᴵ adv. where? whence? [Formed from אֵי (= where). cp. Akka. aina, ainu (= where?), Arab. áyna (= where). cp. also the second element in מִנַּיִן (= from where? whence?).]

 

אין to negate, deny, nullify.

    — Pi. - אִיֵּן he negated, denied.

    — Pu. - אֻיַּן was negated, was denied.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַיֵּן was annihilated. [Denominated from אַיִן ᴵ.] Derivatives: אִיּוּן, מְאֻיָּן, הִתְאַיְּנוּת.

 

אִינְגֵּ׳ינֶר m.n. FW engineer. [Eng. engineer, formed with suff. - eer from engine, from Old Fren. engin (= skill; invention; machine, engine), from L. ingenium (= nature, natural disposition, talent, ability), from in- (= in) and the stem of gignere (= to beget), which derives from IE base *ĝen-, ĝenē-, ĝenō-, ĝn- (= to beget, bear, bring forth, produce), whence also L. genus (= birth, descent, origin, race, sort, kind, class; sex, gender). See ‘genus’ in my CEDEL and cp. אִינְטֶרֽנַצְיוֹנָלִי.]

 

אִינְדּוּלְגֶּנְצְיָה f.n. FW indulgence. [L. indulgentia (= indulgence, gentleness, complaisance), from indulgēus, pres. part. of indulgēre (= to be kind, yield, indulge in), orig. ‘to be long-suffering, be bearing, be patient’, which is cogn. with Old I. dīrgháh, Gk. dolichos (= long). See ‘dolicho-’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְדּוּקְטוֹר m.n. FW inductor. [L. inductor (= one who stirs up or rouses), from inductus, p. part. of indūcere (= to lead in, bring in; to introduce; to persuade), from in- (= in), and dūcere (= to lead, conduct, guide, draw), from Old L. doucere, from IE base *douk-, deuk- (= to pull, draw). cp. ‘duke’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to. cp. also אִינְדּוּקֽצֽיָה.]

 

אִינְדוּקְצְיָה f.n. FW induction. [L. inductiō (= a leading in, introduction), from inductus, p. part. of indūcere. See אִינְדּוּקְטוֹר and suff. ◌ִיָה.]

 

אִינְדִּיבִידוּאוּם m.n. FW individuum. [From L. indīviduus (= undivided, indivisible), from in- (= not), and dīviduus (= divisible), from dīvidere (= to force apart, separate, divide), which is formed from di- (= apart, asunder), and IE base *widh- (= to separate). See ‘window’ in my CEDEL and cp. words there referred to. cp. אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִי.]

 

אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִי adj. FW individual. [Med. L. indīviduālis, from L. indīviduus. See אִינֽדִּיבִידוּאוּם and suff. ◌ִי.] Derivatives: אִינֽדִיבִידוּאָלִיּוּת, אִינְדִּיבִידוּאַלִיזְם.

 

אִינְדִיבִידוּאָלִיּוּת f.n. FW individuality. [Formed from אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִיזְם m.n. FW individualism. [Formed from אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִי with suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִיסְט m.n. FW individualist. [Formed from אִינְדִּיבִידוּאָלִי with suff. ◌ִיסֽט.]

 

אִינְדִּיגוֹ m.n. FW indigo. [Fren. indigo, from Dutch indigo, from Sp. indico, indigo, from L. indicum (= indigo), from Gk. indikon (= indigo), short for indikon pharmakon (= lit.: ‘Indian dye’), neuter of indikos (= Indian). See הֹדּוּ.]

 

אִינְדֶּקְס m.n. FW index. [L. index (= a pointer, indicator; the forefinger; sign, mark, indication; guide, witness, informer). Related to indicāre (= to point out, show), from in (= in) and dicāre (= to proclaim, dedicate, consecrate), which is related to dīcere (= to say, tell) and derives from IE base *deik̑-, dik̑- (= to show, point out). Whence also L. digitus (= finger; lit.: ‘pointer’), the second element in L. jū-dex (= judge; lit.: ‘he who shows or teaches justice’), index (= forefinger, index; lit.: ‘pointer’). cp. ‘diction’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to. cp. also דִּיקְטָטוֹר and the second element in פּוֹלִיסָה.]

 

אִינְוָלִיד m.n. FW invalid. [Fren. invalide, from L. invalidus (= not strong, infirm, weak, feeble), from in- (= not) and validus (= strong), from valēre (= to be strong, be well), which derives from IE base *wal- (= to be strong). cp. ‘valiant’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.]

 

אִינְוֶנְטָר m.n. FW inventory. [L. inventārium (= list, inventory), from inventus, p. part. of inveniō, invenīre (= to find), properly (= to come upon), from in- (= in) and veniō, venīre (= to come). cp. אִינְטֶרְוֶנְצְיָה.]

 

אֵינוּת f.n. NH non-existence. [Coined from אַיִן ᴵ and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְטֶגְרָלִי adj. FW integral. [Late L. integrālis, from L. integer (= undiminished, unhurt, unimpaired, whole, complete; lit.: ‘untouched’), from *éntag-ros, from in- (= not), and *tag-, the stem of tangere (= to touch). cp. ‘tangent’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to. For the ending of אִינְטֶגְרָלִי see suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִינֽטֶגֽרָלִיּוּת.

 

אִינְטֶגְרָלִיּוּת f.n. FW integrality. [Formed from אִינְטֶגְרָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְטֶגְרַצְיָה f.n. FW integration. [L. integrātiō (= a renewing), from integrātus, p. part. of integrāre (= to make whole, renew). See אִינְטֶגְרָלִי and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְטוּאִיטִיבִי adj. FW intuitive. [Med. L. intuitīvus, from L. intuitus, p. part. of intuērī. See אִינֽטוּאִיצְיָה and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִינְטוּאִיצְיָה f.n. FW intuition. [Med. L. intuitiō, from L. intuitus, p. part. of intuērī (= to look at, regard, consider), from in- (= in), and tuērī (= to look at, regard, consider; to look after, preserve, defend), which is of uncertain origin. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה. cp. אִינְטוּאִיטִיבִי.]

 

אִינְטִימִי adj. FW intimate. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. intimus, earlier intumus (= inmost), prop. superlative of L. in (= in). See ‘in-’ (prep. and adv.) in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִינְטִימִיּוּת.

 

אִינְטִימִיּוּת f.n. FW intimacy. [Formed from אִינֽטִימִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְטֶלִּיגֶנְטִי adj. FW intelligent. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. intelligēns, pres. part. of intellegere, intelligere (= to understand, comprehend), which is formed from inter- (= between, among), and legere (= to gather, collect; to pick out, choose; to read). See לִגְיוֹן and cp. אִינְטֶלִיגֶנֽצֽיָה and אִינְטֶלֶּקְט.]

 

אִינְטֶלִּיגֶנְצְיָה f.n. FW intelligence. [L. intellegentia, intelligentia, from intellegēns, intelligens. See אִינֽטֶלִיגֶנְטִי and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְטֶלֶּקְט m.n. FW intellect. [L. intellēctus (= perception, discernment, understanding), from intellēctus, p. part. of intellegere, intelligere (= to understand, comprehend). See אִינְטֶלִּיגֶנְטִי and cp. אִינְטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִי.]

 

אִינְטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִי adj. FW intellectual. [L. intellēctualis (= relating to the understanding), from intellēctus, p. part. of intellegere, intelligere. See אִינֽטֶלֶּקְט and suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִינְטֶלֶּקֽטוּאָלִיּוּת.

 

אִינְטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִיּוּת f.n. FW intellectuality. [Formed from אִינֽטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִיזְם m.n. FW intellectualism. [Ger. Intellektualismus, coined by the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling in 1803 from Late L. intellēctuālis (see אִינֽטֶלֶּקְטוּאָלִי) and suff. - ismus (see ◌ִיזֽם).]

 

אִינְטֶנְסִיבִי adj. FW intensive. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from Med. L. intēnsīvus, from L. intēnsus, a collateral form of intentus, p. part. of intendere (= to stretch out, extend; to direct, turn, bend, aim; to direct one’s attention, to apply oneself to, endeavor, intend), from in- (= in), and tendere (= to stretch out), which derives from IE *tend-, enlargement of base *ten- (= to stretch, extend). See ‘tend’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִינֽטֶנֽסִיבִיּוּת.

 

אִינְטֶנְסִיבִיּוּת f.n. FW intensiveness. [Formed from אִינְטֶנְסִיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְטֶרְוְיוּ m.n. FW interview. [Eng. interview, from Fren. entrevue, from entrevoir (= to see imperfectly, catch a glimpse of), s’entrevoir (= to visit each other, have a short interview), from entre (= between) and voir (= to see). See ‘inter’ (prep.) in my CEDEL and cp. וִיזָה.]

 

אִינְטֶרְוָל m.n. FW interval. [L. intervallum (= the open space between two palisades; space between, interval), from inter (= between) and vallum (= a palisaded wall or rampart), which stands for *wal-nom, and is related to vallus (= stake), and to vallēs (= valley). These words prob. derive from IE base *wal-, wel- (= to turn, bend, twist, roll). See ‘volute’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘vallum’ and ‘vale (valley)’ ibid.]

 

אִינְטֶרְוֶנְצְיָה f.n. FW intervention. [L. interventiō (= an interposition), from L. intervent-(um), p. part. stem of intervenīre (= to come between), from inter (= between), and venīre (= to come). See אִינְוֶנְטָר.]

 

אִינְטְרִיגָה f.n. FW intrigue. [Fren. intrigue, from It. intrigo, from intrigare (= to intrigue), from L. intrīcāre (= to entangle, perplex, embarrass), from in (= in) and trīcae (= trifles, perplexities, tricks), which is of uncertain origin. See ‘extricate’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְטֶרְמֶצּוֹ m.n. FW intermezzo. [It. intermezzo, from L. intermedius (= that which is between, intermediate), from inter (= between) and medius (= middle).]

 

אִינְטֶרְנַצְיוֹנָל m.n. FW international; internationale. [Eng. International, short for International Working Men’s Association, which was founded in London on September 28, 1864. See אִינְטֶרְנַצְיוֹנָלִי.]

 

אִינְטֶרְנַצְיוֹנָלִי adj. FW international. [Eng. international, coined by Jeremy Bentham in 1780 from L. inter (= between, among), and nātiō (= nation), which derives from nātus, p. part. of nascī (= to be born), which stands for *gnāscī, from IE base *ĝn-, zero degree of base *ĝen-, ĝenē- (= to beget, bear, bring forth). See אִינְגֵּ׳ינֶר and נַצְיוֹנָלִי.]

 

אִינְטֶרֶס m.n. FW interest. [Med. L. interesse (= interest), properly subst. use of L. interesse (= to be between, lie between; to take part in; to import, be of interest), from inter (= between), and esse (= to be), which derives from IE base *es- (= to be).]

 

אִינְטשׁ see אִינְץ׳.

 

אִינִיצְיָאטוֹר m.n. FW initiator. [Late L. intiātor (= an originator), from initiātus, p. part. of initiāre (= to begin, originate), from initium (= beginning, origin), from init(um), p. part. stem of inīre (= to go into, enter), from in- (= in) and īre (= to go), which is related to iter (= a journey), from IE base *ei- (= to go). See ‘itinerate’ in my CEDEL and cp. אַמְבִּיצְיָה, אַנֽדַּנְטֶה. cp. also אִינִיצְיָאטִיבָה.

 

אִינִיצְיָאטִיבָה f.n. FW initiative. [From L. initiātus, p. part. of initiāre. See אִינִיצְיָאטוֹר. For the ending see suff. ‘-ive’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְסוּלִין m.n. FW insulin. [Eng. insulin, formed from L. īnsula (= island); introduced by Banting, Best and Macleod in 1921. The name was suggested by the English physiologist Sir Edward Albert William Sharpey (1850–1935). See אִיזוֹלַצֽיָה.]

 

אֵינְסוֹף m.n. MH 1 the infinite. 2 God. [Compounded of אֵין (= without, -less), c. st. of אַיִן ᴵ, and סוֹף (= end).] Derivative: אֵינֽסוֹפִי.

 

אֵינְסוֹפִי adj. NH infinite, endless. [Formed from אֵינֽסוֹף with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אֵינֽסוֹפִיּוּת.

 

אֵינְסוֹפִיּוּת, אֵין־סוֹפִיּוּת f.n. NH endless, infinity. [Formed from אֵינֽסוֹפִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְסְטִינְקְט m.n. FW instinct. [L. īnstinctus (= instigation, impulse), from īnstinctus, p. part. of īnstinguere (= to incite, impel), which is related to īnstīgāre (= to urge, stimulate, incite, goad, instigate), from in- (= in) and IE base *steig- (= to prick, stick, pierce). See ‘stick’ (v.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְסְטִינְקְטִיבִי adj. FW instinctive. [See אִינְסְטִינֽקֽט and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִינְסְפִּירַצְיָה f.n. FW inspiration. [Late L. īnspīrātiō, from L. īnspīrātus, p. part. of īnspīrāre (= to breathe into, blow upon; to inflame, inspire), from in- (= in) and spīrāre (= to breathe). See סְפִּירִיטוּאָלִיזְם and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְפוֹרְמָטִיבִי adj. FW informative. [From L. īnformātus, p. part. of īnformāre. See אִינְפוֹרְמַצֽיָה and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִינְפוֹרְמַצְיָה f.n. FW information. [Fren. information, from L. īnformātiō (= representation, outline, sketch; idea, conception), from īnformātus, p. part. of īnformāre (= to give form to, shape), from in- (= in), and formāre (= to form, shape), from forma (= form, shape), which is prob. borrowed from Gk. morphe (= form, shape). The intermediate form was prob. morṃa. See ‘form’ (n.) in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְפְלַצְיָה f.n. FW inflation. [L. īnflātiō (= a blowing or puffing up, inflation), from īnflātus, p. part. of īnflāre (= to blow into, inflate; to pull up), from in- (= in) and flāre (= to blow). For the ending see suff. ◌ַצְיָה. cp. אִינְפְלַצְיוֹנִי.]

 

אִינְפְלַצְיוֹנִי adj. FW inflationary. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. īnflātiō (= inflation). See אִינְפְלַצְיָה.]

 

אִינְפַנְטִילִי adj. FW infantile. [L. īnfantīlis (= pertaining to an infant), from īnfans (= a young child, a babe; lit. ‘that cannot speak, not yet able to speak’), from in- (= in) and fāns, pres. part. of fārī (= to speak), which derives from IE base *bhā- (= to speak, tell, say). cp. ‘fame’ in my CEDEL and the words there referred to. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִינְפַנְטִילִיּוּת f.n. FW infantilism. [Formed from אִינְפַנְטִילִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִינְפֶקְצְיָה f.n. FW infection. [Late L. īnfectiō, from L. īnfectus, p. part. of īnficere (= to put into, dip into; to stain, taint; to infect), from in- (= in) and facere (= to make, do), which derives from IE base *dhō-, dhē-, dh (= to put, place; to do, make, construct). See ‘do’ (v.) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘fact’ ibid. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְפְרָה◌ FW combining form infra-. [L. īnfrā-, from īnfrā (= below, under), from IE *ndher-. See ‘under’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘inferior’, ‘infernal’, ‘inferno’ ibid.]

 

אִינְץ׳ m.n. FW inch. [Eng. inch, from Old Eng. ynce, from L. uncia (= the twelfth part of anything; the twelfth part of a foot). See אוּנְקְיָא.]

 

אִינְצִידֶנְט m.n. FW incident. [Fren. incident, from L. incidēns, pres. part. of incidere (= to fall upon; to happen, occur), from in- (= in) and cadere (= to fall). See ‘cadence’ and ‘-ent’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְקוּבָּטוֹר m.n. FW incubator. [L. incubātor (= one who or that which incubates), from incubātus, p. part. of incubāre (= to lie in or upon), from in- (= in) and cubāre (= to lie down), which derives from IE base *qeu-b (= to bend, curve, arch), whence also L. cubitum (= elbow), Gk. kubos (= hollow above the hip of cattle). See ‘hip’ and suff. ‘-tor’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְקוֹגְנִיטוֹ adv. FW incognito. [It. incognito (= unknown), from L. incognitus, from in- (= not) and cognitus (= known), p. part. of cognōscere (= to become acquainted with, perceive, understand, know), from co-, short form of com- (= with, together) and Old L. gnōscere, L. nōscere (= to know), which derives from IE base *ĝenē-, ĝenō- (= to be able mentally, to know). cp. ‘can’ (auxil. v.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינְקְוִיזִיטוֹר m.n. FW inquisitor. [L. inquīsītor (= searcher, examiner), from inquīsītus, p. part. of inquīrere (= to seek after, search for, inquire into), from in- (= in) and quarere (= to search into). cp. אִינְקְוִיזִיצְיָה.]

 

אִינְקְוִיזִיצְיָה f.n. FW inquisition. [L. inquīsītiō (= a searching for, an inquiring into), from inquīsītus, p. part. of inquīrere. See אִינְקְוִיזִיטוֹר and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִינְקוּנַבּוּל m.n. FW incunabulum. [L. incūnābula (pl.) (= swaddling clothes; cradle; childhood; origin, beginning), formed from in- (= in) and cūnae (= cradle), which stands for koinā (= a place to lie down in, bed) from Gk. koiman (= to lull to sleep), from IE base *k̂ei- (= to lie, settle down), whence also L. cīvis (= member of a community, citizen). See ‘civil’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִינֶרְטִי adj. FW inert. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from L. iners (= unskilled; inactive, idle), from in- (= in) and ars (= skill; art), which derives from IE base *art, enlargement of base *ar- (= to join), whence L. armus (= shoulder), arma (= weapons).]

 

אִינֶרְצְיָה f.n. FW inertia. [L. inertia (= unskillfulness; inactivity, idleness), from iners. See אִינֶרְטִי and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִיסִי m.n. MH (pl. אִסִּיִּים) an Essene (one of a sect of ascetics first appearing in the second century B.C.). [L. Essēnī (= the Essenes), from Gk. Essenoi. Most scholars derive this word from Heb. צְנוּעִים (= the modest ones) or from חֲשָׁאִים (= the silent ones). It is more probable, however, that Gk. Essenoi derives from Syr. חֲסֵאן, pl. absolute st. of חֲסֵא (= pious). cp. the pl. emphatic st. חֲסַיָּא, whence the parallel Greek form Essaion. This etymology gains in probability by the fact that Philo identifies the Essenes with the ‘Pious’.]

 

אֵיפָה f.n. ‘ephah’ — a Heb. grain measure. [Prob. from Egypt. ’pt. For other Egyptian loan words in Hebrew see אָחוּ.]

 

אֵיפֹה adv. where. [Compounded of אֵי (= where) and פֹּה (= here). cp. אֵפוֹא.]

 

אֵיפוֹא see אֵפוֹא.

 

אֵיפוֹרְיָה f.n. FW euphoria. [Medical L., from Gk. euphoria (= well-being; lit.: ‘a bearing well’), from euphoros (= easy to bear, easily born), from eu (combining form meaning ‘good, well’), and the stem of pherein (= to bear, to carry).]

 

אִיפְּכָא m.n. PBH the reverse, contrary. [Aram., from אֲפַךְ, a collateral form of הֲפַךְ (= he turned). See הפך.]

 

אִיפַּרְכְיָה see אִפַּרְכְיָה.

 

אִיצָה f.n. NH haste, speed. [Verbal n. of אוּץ (= to make haste). See אוץ and first suff. ◌ִה.]

 

אִיצְטְלָה see אִצֽטְלָה.

 

אִיקוֹנִין m.n. PBH (pl. אִיקוֹנִיּוֹת) likeness, image, picture, portrait. [Borrowed from Gk. eikoncon (dimin. of likeness, image), which is related to eikos (= similar, like, is like, is fit). See ‘icon’ in my CEDEL. cp. דְיוֹקָן.]

 

אֵיקָלִיפְּטוּס m.n. FW eucalyptus (name of a tree). [Modern L. eucalyptus, coined by the French botanist L’Héritier de Brutelle in 1788 from Gk. eu (= well) and kaliptos (= covered), verbal adj. of kalyptein (= to cover). So called in allusion to the cap covering the bud. Gk. eu is properly neuter of eus (= good). Gk. kalyptein is related to kalybe (= hut, cabin), kalia (= hut, nest) and cogn. with L. cella (= storeroom, granary). See ‘cell’ in my CEDEL and cp. the second element in אַפּוֹקָלִיפְּסָה.]

 

אִיקְס, אִיכְּס FW 1 X — name of a letter in the Latin alphabet, whence it was taken over into most other languages. 2 unknown quantity (algebra). 3 certain name or place.

 

איר to illustrate.

    — Pi. - אִיֵּר he illustrated.

    — Pu. - אֻיֵּר was illustrated. [Coined from אור (= to give light), on the analogy of אִילוּסְטְרַצֽיָה (= illustration), from L. illūstrāre (= to make light).] Derivatives: אִיּוּר, אַיָּר, מְאַיֵּר.

 

אַיָּר m.n. NH illustrator. [Nomen opificis coined from איר.]

 

אִיָּר m.n. PBH ‘Iyar’, name of the second month of the Jewish year. [A loan word from Akka. aaru.]

 

אִירֶדֶנְטָה f.n. FW irredenta. [It. irredenta (= unredeemed), from in- (= not) and redenta (= redeemed), from L. redempta, f. of redemptus, p. part. of redimere (= to redeem), from re(d)- (= back), and emere (= to take, buy), which derives from IE base *em- (= to take, buy). cp. ‘exempt’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.]

 

אֵירוֹבָּטִיקָה f.n. FW aerobatics. [Eng. aerobatics, coined on the analogy of aerobatics from Gk. aer (= air), and the stem of bainein (= to go). See אֲוִיר and אַקְרוֹבָּט.]

 

אִירוֹנִי adj. FW ironical. [Back formation from אִירוֹנְיָה.]

 

אִירוֹנְיָה f.n. FW irony. [L. īrōnīa, from Gk. eironeia (= irony), from eiron (= dissembler), from eiro (= I say, speak), which is related to rhetor (= public speaker, orator; rhetor), and cogn. with L. verbum (= word). See ‘word’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘rhetor’ and ‘verb’ ibid.]

 

אִירוֹס ᴵ m.n. PBH iris (name of a plant).

    of . - אִירִידְיוּם .] [Gk. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow in Greek mythology, properly personification

 

אִירוֹס ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH name of a musical instrument; perhaps a kind of drum. [Of uncertain origin. According to Dalman it derives from Gk. aulos (= flute).]

 

אֵירוֹפָּה f.n. FW Europe. [Gk. Europe (whence L. Eurōpa which is prob. of Sem. origin). cp. Akka. ’erēbu (= to enter, go in; to go down, set — said of the sun), ’erēb shamshi (= sunset), from the Sem. stem ערב (= to set — said of the sun). Accordingly Europe orig. meant ‘the Region of the Setting Sun’. cp. Hesychius who renders Europe with the words chora tes duseos (= the Land of the Setting Sun). cp. also Erbos (= place of nether darkness), which derives from Heb. עֶרֶב. The form Europe (as if the name meant ‘broad face’), is due to the natural tendency of the Greeks to grecize words foreign to their language. For the sense development of Gk. Europe from a Sem. word meaning ‘sunset, evening’, cp. אַסֽיָה.] Derivative: אֵירוֹפִּי. cp. the first element in אֵירַסְיָה.

 

אֵירוֹפִּי adj. FW European. [Back formation from אֵירוֹפָּה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אֵירוֹפִּיּוּת.

 

אֵירוֹפִּיּוּת f.n. FW Europeanism. [Formed from אֵירוֹפִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִירִידְיוּם m.n. FW iridium (chemistry). [Modern L. iridium, coined by its discoverer, the English chemist Smithson Tennant (1761–1815), from Gk. iris (= rainbow; see אִירוֹס ᴵ), and L. suff. - ium; so called by him in allusion to the varying color of its compounds.]

 

אֵירַסְיָה f.n. FW Eurasia (i.e. Europe and Asia taken together). [Coined from the abbreviation of אֵירוֹפָּה and אַסְיָה.]

 

אִירַצְיוֹנָלִי adj. FW irrational. [L. iratiōnālis (= without reason, irrational), from in- (= not) and ratiōnālis (= reasonable, rational). See רַצְיוֹנָלִי.] Derivative: אִירַצֽיוֹנָלִיּוּת.

 

אִירַצְיוֹנָלִיּוּת f.n. FW irrationality. [Formed from אִירַצְיוֹנָלִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִישׁ m.n. (pl. אֲנָשִׁים, also אִישִׁים) , 1 man. 2 husband. 3 masculine. 4 hero. 5 everyone, each one, anyone, anybody. [Moabite, Phoen. אש. Of uncertain etymology.] Derivatives: אישׁ, אִישׁוֹן ᴵ, אִישׁוֹן ᴵᴵ, אִישׁוּת, אִישִׁי.

 

אישׁ to man.

    — Pi. - אִיֵשׁ he manned.

    — Pu. - אֻיַּשׁ was manned. [Denominated from אישׁ.] Derivatives: אִיּוּשׁ, מֽאֻיָּשׁ.

 

אֵישֶׁהוּ adv. NH somewhere. [Coined by Yizhak Avineri from אֵי◌ (= some), שֶׁ◌ (= that, which), and הוּא (= he, it).]

 

אִישׁוֹן ᴵ m.n. 1 pupil of the eye, eyeball. 2 middle. [Prob. dimin. of אִישׁ (= man), hence אִישׁוֹן עַיִן, lit. means ‘little man in the eye’, and derivatively identical with אִישׁוֹן ᴵᴵ. cp. Arab. insān-al-ayn (= pupil of the eye; lit.: ‘man of the eye’). For the meaning of ‘middle’ cp. Arab. bū’bū (= pupil of the eye, middle, kernel).]

 

אִישׁוֹן ᴵᴵ m.n. a small man. [Formed from אִישׁ with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן. cp. אִישׁוֹן ᴵ.]

 

אִישׁוּת f.n. PBH matrimony, marital status. [Formed from אִישׁ with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִישִׁי adj. MH personal, private. [Formed from אִישׁ with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִישִׁיּוּת.

 

אִישִׁיּוּת f.n. (pl. אִישֻׁיּוֹת, also אִישִׁים) MH 1 individuality. NH 2 personality. [Formed from אִישִׁי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִישִׁית adv. NH personally. [Formed from אִישׁ with adv. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֵישָׁם, אֵי־שָׁם adv. NH somewhere. [Coined from אֵי◌ (= some) and שָׁם (= there).]

 

אַיְשַׁר interj. well done! [Aram., from אשׁר (= to be strong).]

 

אית to spell a word.

    — Pi. - אִיֵּת he spelled (a word).

    — Pu. - אֻיַּת was spelled. [Denominated from אוֹת (= letter).] Derivative: אִיּוּת.

 

אִיתוֹן m.n. entrance (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 40:15). [Formed from אתה (= to come), with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֵיתָן adj. 1 strong, firm, steadfast, stable. NH 2 an ever-flowing (wady). [According to Barth derives from יתן.] Derivatives: אֵיתָנוּת, אֵיתָנִי, אתן, אַתָּן.

 

אֵיתָ״ן MH the letters ן, ת, י, א, which serve as preformatives of the Heb. verb in the imperfect.

 

אֵיתָנוּת f.n. NH strength, firmness, stability. [Formed from אֵיתָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֵיתָנִי adj. NH strong, firm, stable. [Formed from אֵיתָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַךְ adv. 1 surely, truly. 2 but, only, however. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps derived from the same demonstrative base which appears also in the words כֹּי, כִּי and כֵּן.]

 

אֵכָּא see אִיכָּא.

 

אַכַּד f.n. Accad. [Babylonian-Assyrian Akkad (= 1 name of a city in Northern Babylonia; 2 name of a district in, or the land of, Babylonia). The Septuagint renders אַכַּד by ‘Archad’; cp. דַּרֽמֶשֶׂק, a secondary form of דַּמֶּשֶׂק.] Derivative: אַכַּדִּי.

 

אַכַּדִּי adj. NH Accadian. [Formed from אַכַּד with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַכַּדִּית f.n. NH the Accadian language. [Subst. use of the f. of אַכַּדִּי.]

 

אִכּוּל m.n. PBH digestion, consumption, corrosion. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּל, Pi. of אכל.]

 

אִכּוּן m.n. NH locating, location. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּן, Pi. of אכן.]

 

אַכְוָן m.n. NH marshaler (military). [Coined from כִּוֵּן (= he aimed, directed), Pi. of כון ᴵ.]

 

אִכּוּף m.n. MH saddling. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּף, Pi. of אכף ᴵ.]

 

אַכְזָב adj. NH deceptive, disappointing, failing (said of a stream that dries up in summer). [Elative formed from כזב. cp. אֵיתָן, which is also an elative (formed from יתן). cp. אַכְזָבָה.]

 

אכזב to disappoint.

    — Pi. - אִכְזֵב he disappointed, frustrated.

    — Pu. - אֻכֽזַב was disappointed, was frustrated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַכְזֵב (of s.m.). [Back formation from אכזבה.] Derivatives: אִכְזוּב, הִתְאַכְזְבוּת, מְאֻכְזָב.

 

אַכְזָבָה f.n. MH disappointment, disillusionment. [A secondary form of הַכְזָבָה. For the force of nouns of the form אַפְעָלָה in NH see אַבְחָנָה and cp. words there referred to.] Derivative: אכזב.

 

אִכְזוּב m.n. NH disappointing, causing disappointment. [Verbal n. of אִכְזֵב. See אכזב.]

 

אַכְזָר adj. cruel, merciless, fierce, terrible. [Elative formed from כזר.] Derivatives: אכזר, אַכְזָרוּת, אַכֽזָרִי.

 

אכזר to make cruel, brutalize.

    — Pi. - אִכְזֵר he made cruel, brutalized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַכֽזֵר he behaved cruelly, was cruel).] [Denominated from אַכֽזָר.] Derivative: הִתֽאַכְזֽרוּת.

 

אַכְזָרוּת f.n. NH cruelty, heartlessness. [Formed from אַכְזָר with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אַכֽזְרִיּוּת.]

 

אַכְזָרִי adj. cruel, heartless, fierce, terrible. [Formed from אַכֽזָר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַכְזְרִיּוּת f.n. cruelty, heartlessness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 27:4). [Formed from אַכְזָרִי with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אַכְזָרוּת.]

 

אָכָטִיס, אָכָט m.n. FW agate. [From Gk. achates, which is of uncertain origin. The name of the river Achates is in Sicily, as well as the name of the faithful friend of Aeneas, prob. derived from Gk. achates.]

 

אָכִיל adj. NH edible, eatable. [Coined from אכל (= to eat), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: אֲכִילוּת.

 

אֲכִילָה f.n. eating. [Verbal n. of אָכַל. See אכל and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲכִילוּת f.n. NH edibility, eatability.

 

אָכִיף adj. NH enforceable. [Coined from אכף (= to force, enforce), according to the pattern פָּעִיל which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: אֲכִיפוּת.

 

אֲכִיפָה f.n. NH enforcement. [Verbal n. of אָכַף. See אכף ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲכִיפוּת f.n. NH enforceability. [Formed from אָכִיף with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אכל to eat.

    — Qal - אָכַל he ate, devoured, consumed, destroyed.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱכַל was eaten, was devoured, was consumed.

    — Pi. - אִכֵּל he digested, consumed, burned.

    — Pu. - אֻכַּל was digested, was consumed, was burnt.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַכֵּל was digested, was consumed.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱכִיל he caused to eat, gave to eat, fed, nourished; he caused to devour.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳכַל was fed, was nourished. [Aram.-Syr. אֲכַל, Arab. ’ákala (= he ate), Ugar. ’kl, Akka. akālu (= to eat).] Derivatives: אוֹכִיל, אֹכֶל, אָכְלָה, אַכְלָן, אַכֶּלֶת, אָכוּל, אִכּוּל, אָכִיל, אֲכִילָה, הַאֲכָלָה, הִתֽאַכְּלוּת, מַאֲכָל, מְאֻכָּל, מַאֲכֶלֶת, מַאֲכֹלֶת, מַכֹּלֶת.

 

אֹֽכֶל m.n. food, meal. [From אכל. cp. Aram.-Syr. אוּכֽלָא, Ugar. ’kl, Arab. ’akl, Ethiop. ’ekl, Akka. akalu (= food).]

 

אָכְלָה f.n. eating, food. [Properly inf. of אָכַל (= he ate); see אבל. cp. אַהֲבָה and words there referred to.]

 

אִכְלוּס m.n. NH populating. [Verbal n. of אִכֽלֵס. See אכלס.]

 

אֻכְלוּסִיָּה f.n. NH population. [Formed from אֻכֽלוּסִים with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אֻכְלוּסִים m.n. pl. 1 crowd. 2 population. [Formed from Gk. ochlos (= crowd, mob, multitude, populace), which is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps related to ochein (= to carry), and cogn. with L. vehere (= to carry, convey). See ‘vehicle’ and ‘weigh’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘ochlocracy’ ibid.] Derivatives: אכלס, אֻכְלוּסִיָּה.

 

אַכְלָן m.n. MH eater, glutton. [Formed from אכל with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אַכְלָנוּת.

 

אַכְלָנוּת f.n. NH gluttony. [Formed from אַכֽלָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אכלס to populate.

    — Pi. - אִכְלֵס he populated.

    — Pu. - אֻכְלַס was populated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַכְלֵס was populated. [Denominated from אֻכְלוּסִים.] Derivatives: אִכְלוּס, הִתְאַכְלְסוּת, מְאֻכְלָס.

 

אַכֶּֽלֶת f.n. NH consumption, tuberculosis (disease). [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אֲכַל (= ate, consumed), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases. See אַדֶּמֶת and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אכם to become black.

    — Nith. - נִתְאַכֵּם he became black or brown. [Borrowed from Aram. אוּכָּמָה (= black), which is of unknown origin.] Derivatives: אָכֹם, אֻכְמָנִית.

 

אָכֹם adj. NH black, brown. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) through back formation from נִתְאַכֵּם (= he became black). See אֻכְמָנִית.]

 

אֻכְמָנִית f.n. NH blackberry. [Coined from Aram. אוּכָּמָא (= black) and suff. ◌ָנִית.]

 

אָכֵן adv. 1 surely, truly, indeed. 2 but. [Prob. formed from demonstrative pref. אָ◌ and כֵּן ᴵᴵ (= so).]

 

אכן to locate.

    — Pi. - אִכֵּן he located.

    — Pu. - אֻכַּן was located. [Formed from אֵיכָן (= where).] Derivatives: אִכּוּן, מְאֻכָּן.

 

אֶכְּסְ◌ see אֶקֽסֽ◌.

 

אַכְסַדְרָה f.n. (pl. אַכֽסַדְרָאוֹת) corridor, porch. [Gk. exedra (= a covered walk before the house, furnished with seats; seat, bench), from ex (= out of), and edra (= seat), which derives from IE base *sed- (= to sit). cp. the second element in סַנְהֶדְרִין.]

 

אִכְסוּן m.n. NH entertainment of a guest (in one’s house), hospitality. [Verbal n. of אִכְסֵן. See אכסן.]

 

אכסן to receive a guest, hospitalize.

    — Pi. - אִכְסֵן he received a guest.

    — Nith. - נִתֽאַכֽסֵן he was received (as a guest). [Back formation from אַכְסְנַאי.] Derivative: אִכְסוּן.

 

אַכְסְנַאי m.n. PBH 1 guest. 2 host. [Formed from Gk. xenos (= stranger, guest) with prosthetic א◌ and suff. ◌ִי. Gk. xenos is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps cogn. with L. hostis (= stranger, enemy); see ‘host’ and ‘landlord’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַכְסַנְיָא, אַכְסַנְיָה f.n. 1 hospitality. 2 lodging. 3 a gathering of scholars. [Gk. xenia (= hospitality), from xenos. See אַכְסְנַאי and cp. ‘xenia’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אכסר to measure approximately.

    — Pi. - אִכֽסֵר he measured approximately. [Back formation from אַכְסֽרָה.]

 

אַכְסְרָה adv. PBH in the lump, as a whole, approximately. [A loan word from Gk. enschero (= in a row), which is formed from en (= in) and scheros (= row, line), from schein (= to have, hold, possess). See סְכֵימָה.] Derivative: אכסר.

 

אכף ᴵ to press force.

    — Qal - אָכַף he pressed, urged (in the Bible, a hapax legomenon occurring Pr. 16:26). [JAram. אֲכַף, Syr. אֱכַף (= he pressed, pressed hard, urged), Akka. ukkupu (= to urge).] Derivatives: אֶכֶף, אָכִיף, אֲכִיפָה. cp. אִכְפַּת. cp. also אֻכָּף.

 

אכף ᴵᴵ to saddle.

    — Pi. - אִכֵּף he saddled.

    — Pu. - אֻכַּף was saddled. [Denominated from אֻכָּף (= saddle).] Derivatives: אִכּוּף, מְאֻכָּף.

 

אֶֽכֶף m.n. pressure, burden (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 33:7 in the form אַכְפִּי, ‘my pressure’). [From אכף ᴵ.]

 

אֻכָּף m.n. PBH (pl. אֻכָּפִים, also אֻכָּפוֹת) saddle. [Together with Aram. and Syr. אוּכָּפָא, of uncertain origin. Possibly a derivative of base אכף ᴵ. Arab. ’ikā́f, ’ukāf (= saddle) is an Aram. loan word. Derivatives: אכף ᴵᴵ, אַכָּף, אֻכָּפוֹן, אֻכָּפָנוּת.

 

אֻכָּפוֹן m.n. NH a small saddle. [Formed from אֻכָּף with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֻכָּפָן m.n. NH saddler. [Formed from אֻכָּף with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אֻכָּפָנוּת.

 

אֻכָּפָנוּת f.n. NH saddlery. [Formed from אֻכָּפָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִכְפַּת intr. v. PBH to pressure, to care, concern. [Of uncertain etymology. Perles connects it with Syr. אֱכַף (= he had regard to, was solicitous, took care of). See אכף ᴵ.] Derivative: אִכְפַּתִּי.

 

אִכְפַּתִּי adj. NH concerned (usually used with the negative pref. לֹא־אִכְפַּתִּי, ‘unconcerned, indifferent’). [Formed from אִכְפַּת with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אִכְפַּתִּיּוּת.

 

אִכְפַּתִּיּוּת f.n. NH concern. [Formed from אִכְפַּתִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִכָּר m.n. husbandman, peasant, farmer. [A loan word from Akka. ikkaru, whence also Aram. אִכָּרָא, Syr. אַכָּרָא (of s.m.). Arab. ’akkār (of s.m.) is prob. an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: אכר, אִכָּרוֹן, אִכָּרוּת, אִכָּרִי.

 

אכר to become a farmer, to make a farmer of.

    — Pi. - אִכֵּר he settled somebody on the land, made a farmer of.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַכֵּר he became a farmer.] [Denominated from אִכָּר. Derivative: הִתֽאַכְּרוּת.

 

אַכְרוֹמָטִי adj. FW achromatic. [Gk. achromatos (= colorless), from privative pref. a- and chroma (= surface of the body, skin, color of the skin, color), which is related to chroia (of s.m.), chrozein (= to touch the surface of a body, to tinge, to color), from IE base *ghrōu-, *ghrō- (= to rub, smear, tinge), which is related to base *gher- (= to rub). See ‘chrism’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִכָּרוֹן m.n. NH a small farmer. [Formed from אִכָּר with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֶכְרֽוֹעַ m.n. PBH name of a plant, possibly meaning ‘ricinus’. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אִכָּרוּת f.n. NH husbandry, peasantry, farming. [Formed from אִכָּר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַכְרָזָה f.n. PBH proclamation, declaration. [A secondary form of הַכְרָזָה.]

 

אִכָּרִי adj. NH of, or pertaining to, a husbandman, peasant or farmer; farmerlike. [Formed from אִכָּר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִכְשַׁר see אִיכְשַׁר.

 

אַכְשָׁרָה f.n. NH [A collateral form of הַכְשָׁרָה (q.v.).]

 

אַל 1 orig. a noun meaning ‘nothing’ (cp. Job 24:25 וְיָשֵׂם לְאַל מִלָּתִי, ‘and will make my speech nothing worth’). 2 expressing prohibition, a negative wish or request, and meaning ‘not’, ‘nay’. [Related to BAram. אַל, Ugar. ’l, Akka. ’ul (= not), Ethiop. albō (= is not), and ’akkō, assimilated from ’alkō (= not). These words possibly derive from base אלל ᴵ (= to be weak). cp. the first element in אַלְקוּם (= no rising up), אַל־גַּעַת (= don’t touch), אַל־תִּגַּע־בִּי (= touch-me-not), אַל־תֶּשִׁי, אַל־תִּשְׁכָּחֵנִי (= forget-me-not).]

 

אַל◌ pref. meaning ‘not’, ‘non-’, ‘un-’ (as in אַלְמַתֶּכֶת, non-metal). [From negative particle אַל.]

 

אֵל ᴵ m.n. 1 god. 2 God. [Of uncertain etymology. Formerly most scholars derived the word from the base אול (= to be strong). Nöldeke connected it with base אול (= to be in front), which is probably identical orig. with אול (= to be strong); see אול ᴵ. According to Lagarde it is a derivative of אלה (= to strive or reach after a person), hence lit. means ‘He whom everyone strives to reach’. Ewald and König derive it from base אלה (= to be strong). None of these etymologies, nor any others suggested, is convincing. Related to Phoen. אל, אלן, Samaritan אל, Ugar. ’l (= the mightest god. ‘El’), ’lt (= name of the wife of ‘El’), Akka. ilu (= god). Arab. al-ilāt (= goddess). cp. אֵל ᴵᴵ, אֵלָה ᴵᴵ. cp. also the second element in יִשְׂרָאֵל.]

 

אֵל ᴵᴵ m.n. power. [Prob. derived from אול (= to be strong), and possibly to אֵל ᴵ.]

 

אֵל ᴵᴵᴵ pron., m. & f. these (occurring eight times in Pentateuch, always with the article, i.e. in the form הָאֵל, and once, Chron. II 20:8. without the article). [According to Kuenen and Driver אֵל would merely represent an archaic spelling of אֵלֶּה, a spelling analogous to Phoen. אל. However, this would not account for the fact that this ‘defective’ spelling occurs in the Pentateuch only when the pron. has the article, whereas it is well understood that in such a case הָאֵלֶּה was sometimes shortened into הָאֵל.]

 

אֶל prep. denoting motion toward or to, or direction toward, and meaning ‘to, unto, toward, into, at, by’. [Shortened from אֱלֵי (which is preserved in poetry). cp. עֲלֵי, poetical form of עַל (= on), and עֲדֵי, poetical form of עַד (= as far as, until). Related to Arab. ’ilā (= to, toward, up to).]

 

אֶל◌ the first element in many theophorous names (as in אֶלְעָזָר, אֶלְקָנָה.)

 

אֶלָּא adv. PBH but, only, except. [Contraction of אִם לֹא (lit.: ‘if not, unless’). cp. Aram. אֶלָּא, Syr. אֶלָּא (contraction of אֶן לָא), Arab. ’illā, contraction of ’inlā (= unless, if not, except, only, but). See אִם and לֹא.]

 

אַלִּבָּא דְ◌ prep. PBH according to, in the opinion of. [Aram., formed from pref. אַ◌ (= עַל, on, upon), and emphatic st. of לֵב (= heart), which is related to Heb. לֵב. For the second pref. see דְּ◌.]

 

אַלְפּוֹם m.n. FW album. [L. album (= a white tablet on which various kinds of notices were inscribed); properly neuter of albus (= white), used as a noun. Derivative: אַלְבּוֹמִי. cp. אַלְבּוּמִין.

 

אַלְבּוֹמִי adj. FW albumlike. [Formed from אַלְבּוֹם with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלְפּוּמִין m.n. FW albumin. [Ultimately from L. albumēn (= white of an egg), from albus (see אַלְבּוֹם).]

 

אַלְבַּטְרוֹס m.n. FW albatross (name of a sea bird). [Fren., from Portuguese alcatraz (= cormorant, pelican), a var. of alcatruz (= the bucket of a water wheel), from Arab. al-qādūs (= machine for drawing water; jar), from al- (= the), and Gk. kados (= jar), which is a loan word from Heb. כַּד (of s.m.). The name was orig. applied to the pelican as ‘the water carrier’, i.e. the bird that carries water in its pouch. For sense development cp. Arab. saqqā(y) (= pelican; lit.: ‘water carrier’). The alternation of Portuguese alcatraz to Fren. albatros, etc. (after L. albus, ‘white’), was prob. suggested by the white color of the albatross. Modern Portuguese albatroz has been reborrowed from Fren. albatros.]

 

אֶלְגָּבִישׁ, אֶל־גָּבִישׁ m.n. 1 hailstone. 2 crystal. 3 meteorite. [Of uncertain origin. Possibly derives from Egypt. ’raḳabisa, shortened forms kabisa, bisa (= rock, crystal). Some scholars connect אֶלְגָּבִישׁ with Akka. algamīshu, name of a kind of stone. Others think that the first syllable of אֶלְגָּבִישׁ is identical with the Arab. art. al and that the root of גָבִישׁ is גבשׁ, which is related to Arab. jábasa (= congealed, shrank).]

 

אַלְגֶּבְּרָה f.n. FW algebra. [From Arab. aljabar, ‘reunion (of broken parts in equations)’, short for al-jabr wa’lmuqā́bala (= reunion and comparison), title of a work written by Mohammed ibn Mūsa al-Khowārizmī, great mathematician of the ninth century. The title refers to, and deals with, the solution of equations, which was the original scope of algebra. Al-jabr is formed from al- (= the) and jabr (= reunion), which is related to the verb jábara (= he bound together, united). cp. ‘algorism’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אַלְגֶּבְּרִי.

 

אַלְגֶּבְּרִי adj. algebraic. [From אַלְגֶּבְּרָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלְגּוֹל m.n. FW Algol (name of a star). [Lit.: ‘the Demon Star’, from Arab. alghūl (= the demon), from al- (= the), and ghūl (= demon), which derives from ghāla (= he took suddenly).]

 

אַלֶּגוֹרִי adj. FW allegorical. [Back formation from אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה f.n. FW allegory. [Gk. allegoria (= figurative language), lit.: ‘a speaking about (seemingly) something else’. Compounded of allos (= other) and agoreyein (= to speak in the assembly), from agora (= assembly).]

 

אֶלֶגִי adj. FW elegiac. [Back formation from אֶלֶגְיָה. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶלֶגְיָה f.n. FW elegy. [Gk. elegeia, short for elegeia ode (= an elegiac song). cp. ‘elegy’ and ‘elogium’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַלְגֹּם see אַלְמֹג.

 

אֶלֶגַנְטִי adj. FW elegant. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Fren. élégant, from L. ēlegāns (= choice, tasteful, elegant), a collateral form of ēligēns, pres. part. of ēligere (= to choose, pick out), from ē (= out of), and legere (= to gather, collect, pick out, choose, read). See לִגֽיוֹן.] Derivative: אֶלֶגַנֽטִיּוּת.

 

אֶלֶגַנְטִיּוּת f.n. FW elegance. [Formed from אֶלֶגַנְטִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַלֶּגְרוֹ adv. FW allegro (music). [It. allegro (= cheerful, gay), from L. alacer (= lively, cheerful, brisk). cp. אַלֶּגְרֶטּוֹ.]

 

אַלֶּגְרֶטּוֹ adv. FW allegretto (music). [It. allegretto, dimin. of allegro. See אַלֶּגְרוֹ.]

 

אַלְדֶּבָּרָן m.n. FW Aldebaran (astronomy). [Arab. al-Dabarān, lit.: ‘the following (star)’, from dábara (= he followed); see דבר ᴵᴵ. So called in reference to its position with regard to Pleiades.]

 

אלהּ to worship as a deity, deify.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱלִיהַּ he adored or worshipped as a deity, deified. [Denominated from אֱלוֹהַּ. cp. Arab. ’allaha (= he deified), which is denominated from ’ilāh (= god).] Derivative: הַאֲלָהָה.

 

אֱלֹהַּ see אֱלוֹהַּ.

 

אלה ᴵ to curse, swear.

    — Qal - אָלָה 1 he cursed; 2 he swore, took on oath.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱלָה he caused to swear. [Related to Arab. ’ālā (= he swore). Of uncertain origin.] Derivatives: אָלָה (n.), הוֹאָלָה ᴵᴵ, תַּאֲלָה.

 

אלה ᴵᴵ to wail, lament.

    — Qal - אָלָה he wailed, lamented (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Joel 1:8).] [Related to Aram. אֲלָא, Syr. אֱלָא (= he wailed). cp. Arab. ’álla (= he sighed). Possibly of imitative origin. Derivatives: אִלֽיָה, אַלֽיָת. cp. ילל, אַלְלַי.

 

אָלָה f.n. 1 curse; cursing. 2 oath, obligation by oath. [From אלה ᴵ. cp. Arab. ’alúwwa, ’iluwwa h (= oath).]

 

אַלָּה ᴵ f.n. terebinth, oak. [A var. of אֵלָה ᴵ.]

 

אַלָּה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH club, bat, cudgel. [Related to Aram. אַלּוֹתָא, Arab. ’alla (= spear).]

 

אֵלָה ᴵ f.n. (pl. אֵלִים, also אֵלו̇ת) terebinth, oak. [Prob. standing for אֵילָה and properly denoting a large, strong tree, from אול (= to be strong). cp. אֵלוֹן, אַלָּה ᴵ. For sense development cp. the related BAram., Aram. and MH אִילָן, which simply means ‘tree’.]

 

אֵלָה ᴵᴵ f.n. MH goddess. [f. formed from אֵל ᴵ (= god). cp. Akka. iltu (= goddess).]

 

אֵלֶּה pron. m. & f. pl. these. [Related to MH אֵלּוּ, Phoen. אל, האל, Punic ily, BAram. אֵלֶּה, also אֵל, אִלֵּין, Aram. אִלֵּין, Arab. ’ulā, Ethiop. ’elū, SArab. אלו, אלי, אלן, אלת. cp. אֵל ᴵᴵᴵ, אֵלּוּ.]

 

אֱלֹהוּת, אֱלָהוּת f.n. divinity. [Formed from אֱלֹהַּ with suff. ◌וּת. cp. Aram. אֱלָהוּתָא, Syr. אֲלָהוּתָא, Arab. ’ilā́ha, ’ulūha, ’ulūhiyya (= divinity).]

 

אֱלֹהִי, אֱלוֹהִי adj. MH Godlike, divine. [Formed from אֱלֹהַּ with suff. ◌י.] cp. Syr. אֲלָהָיָא, Arab. ’ilāhiyy (= divine).]

 

אֱלֹהִים, אֱלוֹהִים m.n. pl. 1 gods. 2 God (pl. of majesty). 3 supernatural beings. 4 judges. [According to some scholars אֱלֹהִים is the pl. of אֱלוֹהַ, according to others it is the pl. of אֵל ᴵ.]

 

אִלּוּ conj. if. [Contraction of אִם and לוּ. According to Kautzsch, an Aramaism. cp. Aram. אִלּוּ. Syr. אֶלּוּ (= if), Arab. ’in lau. cp. also the first element in אִלּוּלֵי and the second element in אֲפִלּוּ and in הוֹאִיל.]

 

אֵלּוּ pron. m. & f. PBH these. [See אֵלֶּה.]

 

אַלּוּבְיוּם m.n. FW alluvium. [L. alluviō (= an overflow, inundation, alluvial land; lit.: ‘a washing upon’), from alluere (= to wash up or against), from al (= to, toward) and luere (= to wash), which is related to lavāre (= to wash).]

 

אֶלֽוֹהַּ, אֱלֹֽהַּ m.n. 1 god. 2 God. [According to some scholars אֶלוֹהַּ is a back formation from the pl. אֱלוֹהִים, this latter being the plural of אֵל ᴵ with the infix ה, which has an analogy in Heb. אִמָּהוֹת, pl. of אֵם (= mother), in Aram. אבהת, pl. of אַב (= father), שְׁמָהַת, pl. of שֽׁמָא (= name), to which may be added Ugar. ’mht, pl. of ’mt (= Heb. אָמָה, ‘bondwoman’), bhtm, pl. of bt (= Heb. בַּית, ‘house’), and ’lht, pl. of ’lt (= goddess), f. of ’l (= Heb. אֵל ᴵ, ‘god’). Others see in אֱלוֹהַּ the orig. form from which the pl. אֱלוֹהִים was formed. The consideration of the fact that אֵל has the pl. אֵלִים, shows that the second view is surely preferable to the first. Fleischer sees in אֱלוֹהַּ the derivative of base אלהּ, which he connects with Arab. aliha (= he sought refuge in anxiety), whence אֱלוֹהַּ would have meant orig. ‘fear’, hence ‘object of fear or reverence’, ‘the revered one’. However, Nöldeke and others are prob. right when they maintain that the verb aliha in the above sense is prob. denominated from ’ilāh (= god).]

 

אָלֽוּחַ adj. MH infected, contaminated. [Pass. part. of אָלַח. See אלח.]

 

אִלּוּחַ m.n. NH infection, contamination. [Verbal n. of (the otherwise not used) אִלַּח, Pi. of אלח. See אלח.]

 

אַלְוַי m.n. PBH aloe (plant). [L. aloē, from Gk. aloe, prob. borrowed from Heb. אַֽהָלִים, אֲהָלוֹת, which are perhaps borrowed from Old I. agaruḥ, aguruḥ (= aloewood).]

 

אֱלוּל m.n. PBH ‘Elul’, the sixth month of the Jewish year. [Akka. ulūlu, elūlu (= harvest, harvest time; lit.: ‘the time when the produce of the land is brought in’). Related to Aram. עֲלַל (= he brought in), Aram.-Syr. אֲלַלְתָּא (= that which is brought in, produce, harvest), Heb. עֹל (= yoke), Akka. allu, ullu (= yoke, chain), Arab. ahalla (= he put in, thrust in), ghall (= iron ring round a prisoner’s neck at which his hands are tied). cp. עלל ᴵᴵ.] Derivative: אֱלוּלִי.

 

אִלּוּלֵא, אִלּוּלֵי conj. PBH if not, but for, were it not for. [Compounded of אִלּוּ לֹא (= if not). For the dissimilation of לֹא to לֵא in אִלּוּלֵא see לוּלֵא.]

 

אֱלוּלִי adj. PBH of, or pertaining to, Elul. [Formed from אֱלוּל with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָלוּם m.n. FW alum. [Ultimately from L. alūmen (= alum; lit.: ‘bitter salt’). See ‘ale’ in my CEDEL. cp. אֲלוּמִינֽיוּם.]

 

אִלּוּם m.n. NH sheaving, stacking. [Verbal n. of אִלֵּם (= he sheaved). See אלם ᴵ.]

 

אֲלוּמָה see אֲלֻמָּה.

 

אֲלוּמִינְיוּם m.n. FW aluminum, aluminium. [Modern L. alūminium, coined by the English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy (1778–1829) from L. alūm (= alum). He gave the new element the name aluminum, but changed it later to aluminium. See אָלוּם.]

 

אֵלוֹן m.n. oak. [Properly ‘a large strong tree’, and like אֵלָה (= terebinth; oak) derived from אול ᴵ (= to be strong). cp. אִילָן.]

 

אַלּוֹן m.n. oak. [Related to Akka. allānu; related also to אֵלוֹן, to which it stands as אַלָּה ᴵ stands to אֵלָה ᴵ.]

 

אֲלוּנְטִית f.n. PBH bathing sheet; towel. [A collateral form of לוּנְטִית. For the pref. of אֲלוּנְטִית see prosthetic א◌.]

 

אֲלוּנְקַאי, אֲלֻנְקַאי m.n. NH stretcher-bearer. [Formed from אֲלוּנְקָא with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אֲלוּנְקָה, אֲלֻנְקָה f.n. PBH stretcher. [Of uncertain origin; possibly borrowed from Pers. balank (= bed, litter), a word going back ultimately to Old I. palyankaḥ, paryankaḥ, which prob. means lit. ‘that which bends around the body’, and is compounded of pau (= around), and áñcati (= bends, curves). See ‘peri-’ and ‘angle’ (= corner) in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אֲלוּנְקַאי.

 

אַלּוּף ᴵ m.n. chief of a tribe. [From אֶלֶף (= part of a tribe). cp. Ugar. ’lp (of s.m.). cp. אַלּוּף ᴵᴵᴵ, אַלּוּף ᴵⱽ and אַלּוּף ⱽ.]

 

אַלּוּף ᴵᴵ m.n. an intimate friend. [From אלף ᴵ.]

 

אַלּוּף ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. MH master (in אַלּוּפֵי הַתּוֹרָה, ‘Master of the Torah’), a title of honor for the great scholars of the gaonic period. [From אַלּוּף ᴵ.]

 

אַלּוּף ᴵⱽ m.n. NH ‘aluph’ — a rank in the Israel Army corresponding to that of a major general. [From אַלּוּף ᴵ.]

 

אַלּוּף ⱽ m.n. NH champion in a sport or in a game. [From אַלּוּף ᴵ.] Derivative: אַלִּיפוּת.

 

אַלּוּף ⱽᴵ m.n. bullock, cow. [Derived from אלף ᴵ and orig. meaning ‘a tamed animal’. cp. אֶלֶף ᴵᴵ.]

 

אִלּוּף m.n. MH taming, domesticating. [Verbal n. of אִלֵּף. See אלף ᴵ.]

 

אָלוּץ adj. MH forced, compelled, coerced. [Properly part. of the (otherwise not used) Qal of אלץ (q.v.).]

 

אִלּוּץ m.n. MH forcing, compulsion, coercion. [Verbal n. of אִלֵּץ, Pi. of אלץ.]

 

אַלְזָן m.n. NH atrophy. [Formed from אַל◌ (= not), and זָן (= nourishing), part. of זון (= to nourish).]

 

אלח to be infected.

    — Qal - אָלַח infected, contaminated.

    — Pi. - אִלַּח he infected, contaminated.

    — Pu. - אֻלַּח was infected, was contaminated.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱלַח was polluted, was infected, was contaminated. [Possibly related to Arab. ītálaha il-labnu (= the milk turned sour), walīha (= thick milk).] Derivatives: אֶלַח, אָלוּחַ, אִלּוּחַ, אֲלִיחָה, הַאֲלָחָה, הֵאָלֽחוּת, נֶאֱלָח.

 

אֶֽלַח m.n. MH infection, contamination, pollution. [Denominated from אלח.] Derivative: אִלְחִי.

 

אַלְחוּט m.n. NH wireless. [Coined by Ithamar Ben-Avi (1882–1943) from the pref. אַל◌ (= not), and חוּט (= thread, line).] Derivatives: אַלְחוּטַאי, אַלְחוּטִי, אַלֽחוּטָן, אלחט.

 

אִלְחוּט m.n. NH broadcasting. [Verbal n. of אִלְחֵט. See אלחט.]

 

אַלְחוּטָאוּת f.n. NH wireless operation. [Formed from אַלֽחוּטַאי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַלְחוּטַאי m.n. NH telegraphist; radio technician. [Formed from אַלֽחוּט with suff. ◌ַאי.] Derivative: אַלְחוּטָאוּת.

 

אַלְחוּטִי adj. NH wireless. [Formed from אַלְחוּט with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלְחוּטָן m.n. NH wireless operator, radio technician. [Formed from אַלֽחוּט with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַלְחוּשׁ m.n. NH anesthesia. [Coined from the pref. אַל◌ (= not), and חוּשׁ (= sense).] Derivative: אלחשׁ.

 

אִלְחוּשׁ m.n. NH anesthesizing. [Verbal n. of אִלְחֵשׁ. See אלחשׁ.]

 

אלחט to transmit by wireless, radio.

    — Pi. - אִלֽחֵט he transmitted by wireless, radioed.

    — Pu. - אֻלְחַט was transmitted by wireless, was radioed. [Denominated from אַלֽחוּט.] Derivative: אִלְחוּט.

 

אַלְחֶלֶד m.n. NH stainless. [Compounded of the pref. אַל◌ (= not) and חֶלֶד (= rust).]

 

אלחשׁ to anesthetize.

    — Pi. - אִלְחֵשׁ he anesthetized.

    — Pu. - אֻלְחַשׁ was anesthetized. [Denominated from אַלְחוּשׁ.] Derivatives: אִלְחוּשׁ, מְאַלְחֵשׁ, מְאֻלְחָשׁ.

 

אַלְטָאִיר m.n. FW Altari, name of a first magnitude star. [Arab. al-tāir, shortened from al-nasr al-ṭāir (= the flying eagle), from al (= the), and ṭāir, part. of ṭāra (= it flew).]

 

אַלְטוֹ, אַלְט m.n. FW alto (music). [It. alto, from L. altus (= high, lofty, tall; high, shrill of voice). Altus is the p. part. of alere (= to nourish), and lit. means ‘nourished, grown up’. Alere derives from IE base *al- (= to grow). cp. the first element in אַלְטִימֶטֶר.]

 

אַלְטִימֶטֶר m.n. FW altimeter. [A hybrid coined from L. altus (= high) and Gk. metron (= measure). See אַלְט and מֶטֶר.]

 

אַלְטְרוּאִיזְם m.n. FW altruism. [Fren. altruisme, coined by Auguste Comte in 1830 from L. alter (= another), on analogy of Fren. autrui (= another), whose ending is due to the influence of lui (= he). See אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה and suff. ◌ִיזְם, and cp. אַלְטְרוּאִיסְט.]

 

אַלְטְרוּאִיסְט m.n. FW altruist. [See אַלֽטְרוּאִיזְם and suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אַלְטֶרְנָטִיבָה f.n. FW alternative. [Ultimately from the Med. L. adj. alternātīvus (= alternative), from L. alternātus, p. part. of alternāre (= to do first one thing, then another, to alternate), from alternus (= one after the other), from alter (= the other of two), which stands for aliteros, alitros, altros, and is formed with the comparative suff. - ter from base *ali, whence also alius (= another). See אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה.]

 

אֱלֵי prep. to, toward. [Poetic form of אֶל.]

 

אַלִּיבָּא דְ◌ see אַלִּבָּאדְ◌.

 

אַלִּיבִּי m.n. FW alibi. [L. alibī (= elsewhere), compounded of alius (= other) and ibi (= there). For the first element see אַלֶגוֹרֽיָה. The second element derives from IE *i-dha, *i-dhe, from the pronominal base *i-; see ‘idem’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַלִּיגָטוֹר m.n. FW alligator. [Corruption of Sp. el lagarto, which is shortened from el lagarto de Indias, name of the cayman, lit.: ‘the lizard of the (West) Indies’. Sp. el (= the), derives from L. ille (= that one), lagarto comes from L. lacertus (= lizard). See ‘ille’ and ‘lizard’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַלְיֶֽדַע m.n. NH the unconscious. [Formed from pref. אַל◌ (= not), and יֶדַע (= knowledge).]

 

אַלְיָה m.n. 1 fat tail (of sheep). 2 lobe (of the ear). [Related to Aram. אַלְיְתָא, Syr. אֶלִּיתָא (= fat tail of sheep), Arab. a’lya (of s.m.). cp. אַלֽיוֹן, אֲלִּיתָא.]

 

אִלְיָה f.n. PBH lamentation. [Formed from אלה ᴵᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַלְיוֹן m.n. PBH thumb; big toe [cp. Aram. אַלְיוֹנָא (of s.m.) (lit.: ‘something strong or fat’), and related to אַלֽיָה (q.v.). cp. Arab. ’alyān (= having a fat tail).]

 

אֲלִיחָה f.n. MH infection, contamination. [Verbal n. of אָלַח. See אלח and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶלִיטָה f.n. NH élite. [Fren., from Old Fren. eslite, f. of eslit, p. part. esline (= to choose), from L. ēlēctus, p. part. of ēligere (= to pick out, choose).]

 

אַלִּיטֶרַצְיָה f.n. FW alliteration. [Modern L. alliterātiō, from alliterātus, p. part. of alliterāre (= to begin with the same letter), from ad (= to) and littera (= letter). For the ending see suff. ◌ַצֽיָה.]

 

אֱלִיל m.n. 1 idol, false god. 2 no value, worthlessness. [Prob. related to Syr. ’allil (= weak, feeble, low), Akka. ulālu (= weak). See אלל ᴵ.] Derivatives: אֱלִילָה, אֱלִילוּת, אֱלִילִי.

 

אֱלִילָה f.n. MH female idol, goddess. [Formed from אֱלִיל with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֱלִילוּת f.n. NH paganism. [Formed from אֱלִיל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֱלִילִי adj. NH idolatrous, pagan, heathenish. [Formed from אֱלִיל with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלִּים adj. PBH strong, violent. [From אלם ᴵᴵᴵ. cp. אַלָּם.] Derivative: אַלִּימוּת.

 

אַלִּימוּת f.n. NH violence, terror. [Formed from אַלִּים with suff. ◌וּת.] Derivative: אַלִּימוּתִי.

 

אַלִּימוּתִי adj. NH terroristic. [Formed from אַלִּים with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָלִיף adj. NH tameable. [Formed from אלף (= to tame) according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.]

 

אַלִּיפוּת f.n. NH championship. [Formed from אַלּוּף ⱽ (= champion), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶלִּיפְּסָה, אֶלִּפְּסָה f.n. NH ellipse. [L. ellipsis (= want, defect, omission, ellipse), from Gk. elleipsis (= a falling short, defect), from elleipein (= to fall short of, fail, omit), from en (= in) and leipein (= to leave, forsake, be behind), which is cogn. with L. linquere (= to leave). See ‘ellipse’ in my CEDEL.] Derivatives: אֶלִּיפְּסִי, אֶלִפְּסִי.

 

אֶלִּיפְּסוֹאִיד, אֶלִּפְּסוֹאִיד m.n. NH ellipsoid. [Formed from L. ellipsis (see אֶלִּיפּֽסָה) and Gk. oeides (= like), from eidos (= form, shape). See אִידֵיאָה.]

 

אֶלִּיפְּסִי, אֶלִּפְּסִי adj. NH elliptic, elliptical. [Formed from אֶלִּיפְּסָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶלִיקְסִיר m.n. FW elixir. [Med. L. from Arab. al-iksír, which is formed from Arab. al- (= the) and Gk. xerion (= dry medicinal substance, cataplasm), from xeros (= dry).]

 

אַלְיָת f.n. PBH wailing woman. [From Aram. אַלֽיֽתָא, from אֲלָא (= he wailed). See אלה ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲלִיתָה f.n. PBH faggot. [Of uncertain origin. Levy, Kohut and Jastrow connect it with Heb. אַלְיָה (= fat tail).]

 

אַלְכּוֹהוֹל m.n. FW alcohol. [Arab. alkoḥl, vulgar pronunciation of alkuḥl, from al (= the), and koḥl, resp. kuḥl (= antimony used for painting the eyelids), which is related to Heb. כָּחַל (= he painted the eyelids with antimony). Its modern sense (‘highly rectified spirits’) is due to the analogy of the fitness of this powder. cp. כֹּהֶל.]

 

אַלְכִּימַאי m.n. FW alchemist. [Formed from אַלֽכִּימְיָה with suff. ◌ִאי. cp. כִּימַאי.]

 

אַלְכִּימְיָה f.n. FW alchemy. [Ultimately from Arab. al-kīmiyā́, from al (= the) and Gk. chemeia, properly ‘the art of the Blackland (Egypt)’, from Gk. chemia (= Blackland, Egypt), from Egypt. khem, khame (= black). The derivation from Gk. chymeia (= pouring), from the stem of cheein (= to pour) is folk etymology. cp. כִּימְיָה.]

 

אֲלַכְסוֹן m.n. PBH diagonal (line). [Borrowed from Gk. Lixon, neuter loxos (= standing crosswise, oblique). See ‘loxo’ in my CEDEL.] Derivatives: אֲלַכְסוֹנִי, אֲלַכֽסוֹנִית.

 

אֲלַכְסוֹנִי adj. NH diagonal, oblique. [Formed from אֲלַכְסוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אֲלַכֽסוֹנִיּוּת.

 

אֲלַכְסוֹנִיּוּת f.n. NH diagonality, obliqueness. [Formed from אֲלַכְסוֹנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲלַכְסוֹנִית adv. NH diagonally, obliquely. [Formed from אֲלַכְסוֹן with adv. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אלל ᴵ to be weak. [Assumed base of אַל (= not) and אֱלִיל (= idol). For sense development cp. Akka. ul (= not), ullu (= nothing, nothingness), ulālu (= weak), Syr. אַלִּיל (= weak, feeble, low).]

 

אלל ᴵᴵ to spy out.

    — Pi. - אִלֵּל he spied out, searched into.

    — Pu. - אֻלַּל was spied out, was searched into. [From Aram. אַלֵּל (= he spied out), which is prob. a secondary form of עֲלַל (= he entered, went to and fro), for whose etymology see עֹל. For the change of ע to א cp. אלם ᴵᴵᴵ. For sense development cp. Heb. רִגֵּל (= he spied), which is denominated from רֶגֶל (= foot).]

 

אָלָל m.n. PBH flayed-off flesh(?). [A word of uncertain origin and meaning.]

 

אַלְלַי interj. woe! alas! [Prob. of imitative origin. cp. Akka. allū (= woe). cp. also ילל.]

 

אלם ᴵ to bind.

    — Pi. - אִלֵּם he bound (into sheaves).

    — Pu. - אֻלַּם was bound (into sheaves). [cp. Arab. walam (= saddle strap), and lamma (= he gathered, collected). cp. also אלם ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אִלּוּם, אֲלֻמָּה, מֽאַלֶּמֶת.

 

אלם ᴵᴵ to be dumb, to be silent.

    — Niph. - נֶאְלַם he became dumb, became silent.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַלֵּם

    — Nith. - נִתֽאַלֵּם he became dumb.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱלִים he made dumb. [Base of אִלֵּם (adj.), אֵלֶם, אַלְמֹנִי. Usually derived from אלם ᴵ and explained as lit. meaning ‘to be bound in one’s speech’. There is hardly any relation between אלם ᴵᴵ, Arab. ’alima (= he felt pain), Syr. אֱלַם (= he kept anger).] Derivatives: אֵלֶם, אִלֵּם, אַלְמוֹנִי, הֵאָלְמוּת, הִתְאַלֽמוּת, נֶאֱלָם.

 

אלם ᴵᴵᴵ to be strong.

    — Pi. - אִלֵּם he strengthened, fortified.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱלִים (of s.m.). [Base of אַלִּים (= strong, violent), אַלַּם (= violent person, terrorist). According to my opinion this base is a later var. of base עלם ᴵᴵ (= to be mature; whence עֶלֶם, ‘young man’, עַלְמָה, ‘young woman’, etc.), orig. ‘to be strong’, as seen in Aram. עֲלֵם (= was strong), Arab. ghalima (= was strong; was marriageable). For the interchangeability of ע and א see the introductory article to letter א. This change is more general in Aram. cp. Aram. עַפְצָא and אַפְצָא (= gallnut); Heb. עֲרָבָה and Aram. אוּרְבָּנָא (= willow); Heb. צֶאֱלִים (= Lizyphus Lotus) and Arab. dāl (of s.m.) and Syr. עָאלָא (= briars).]

 

אִלֵּם adj. dumb, mute. [From אלם ᴵᴵ.] Derivative: אִלְּמוּת.

 

אֵֽלֶם m.n. dumbness, muteness, silence (occurring in the Bible only Ps. 56:1 and 58:2). [Derived from אלם ᴵᴵ.]

 

אַלָּם m.n. PBH violent person, terrorist. [From Aram. אַלִּים (= strong, violent). See אלם ᴵᴵᴵ.]

 

אַלְמֹג, אַלְמוֹג m.n. (pl. אַלֽמֻגִּים, resp. אַלְמוּגִים, also אַלְגֻמִּים) (also אַלֽגֹּם) 1 a tree mentioned in the Bible, prob. the sandalwood. NH 2 coral. [Of uncertain origin. cp. Ugar. ’lmg (= name of a kind of tree).]

 

אֲלֻמָּה f.n. (pl. אֲלֻמִּים, also אֲלֻמּוֹת) sheaf, bundle. [Formed from אלם ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַלְמוֹן, אַלְמֹן m.n. widowhood (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 47:9). [Back formation from אֵלְמָנָה. cp. Ugar. ’lmn.]

 

אִלְמוּן m.n. NH widowing. [Verbal n. of אִלְמֵן. See אלמן

 

אִלָּמוֹן m.n. NH dumbness, muteness. [Formed from אִלֵּם (= dumb) with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַלְמוֹנִי adj. someone, uncertain, anonymous, unnamed (in the Bible always used in the phrase פְּלוֹנִי אַלֽמוֹנִי, ‘an unknown man’, ‘a certain man’). [Prob. derived from אלם ᴵᴵ and properly meaning ‘one whose name is unknown’.] Derivative: אַלְמוֹנִיּוּת.

 

אַלְמוֹנִיּוּת f.n. NH namelessness, anonymity. [Formed from אַלְמוֹנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִלְּמוּת f.n. MH dumbness, muteness. [Formed from אִלֵּם (= dumb), Pi. of אלם, with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַלְמָֽוֶת m.n. 1 deathlessness, immortality. NH 2 paronychia (plant). 3 immortal. [Orig. spelled אַל־מָוֶת (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 12:28). Formed from pref. אַל◌ (= not) and מָוֶת (= death).] Derivative: אַלְמוֹתִי.

 

אַלְמוֹתִי adj. NH deathless, immortal. [Formed from אַלֽמָוֶת with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלְמֵימָה f.n. NH anhydride. [Coined from אַל◌ (= not) and מֵימָה (= hydrate).]

 

אַלְמֵימָר m.n. MH almemar. [Arab. alminbar (= the pulpit), from al- (= the), and minbar, which orig. denoted ‘an (elevated) seat’, and is a loan word from Ethiop. minbar (= seat). This latter derives from Ethiop. nabára (= he was sitting), which is related to Arab. nábara (= he raised, elevated). For sense development cp. Arab. jalasa (= he sat down, was sitting), julūs (= sitting, sitting down, accession to the throne).]

 

אִלְמָלֵי, אִלְמָלֵא adv. PBH 1 if (mostly before a verb). 2 if not, were it not for (mostly before a noun). [According to Barth, compounded of אִלְמָ־לֵי, which corresponds exactly to Arab. ’immālā (= would that), having been formed from immā-lē, in whose first element the first m was assimilated to the l of the second element - lē; this latter element itself prob. related to the first element in Arab. lay-ta (= would that).]

 

אַלְמָן m.n. widower (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Jer. 51:5). [Back formation from אַלֽמָנָה. cp. Aram. אַרֽמְלָא, Syr. אַרֽמָלָא, Arab. armal (= widower).] Derivative: אלמן.

 

אַלְמֹן see אַלֽמוֹן.

 

אלמן to reduce to widowhood.

    — Pi. - אִלְמֵן he reduced to widowhood; widowed.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַלְמֵן .

    — Nith. - נִתֽאַלֽמֵן he became a widower. [Denominated from אַלְמָנָה, resp. אַלֽמָן.] Derivatives: אִלְמוּן, הִתֽאַלְמְנוּת.

 

אַלְמָנָה m.n. widow. [Related to Phoen. אלמת, Ugar. ’lmnt, Akka. almattu, Aram.-Syr. אַרֽמַלֽתָּא, Arab. ’armala (= widow). Of uncertain etymology. Barth derives these words from base רמל, whence also Arab. murmil, armal (= needy, helpless). Nöldeke and Ružička connect them with Arab. ’alima (= he felt pain).] Derivatives: אַלְמָן, אַלְמוֹן, אלמן, אַלֽמָנוּת.

 

אַלְמָנוּת f.n. widowhood. [Formed from אַלְמָנָה with suff. ◌וּת. Since the word derives from אַלְמָנָה, the correct form is אַלְמָנוּת and not אַלֽמְנוּת, as Even Shoshan and most other lexicographers would have it. See אַלֽמֽלוּת. For the form cp. פַּלָּצוּת. cp. also מַלְאָכוּת, מַמֽלָכוּת.]

 

אֶלֶמֶנְט m.n. NH element. [Ultimately from L. elementum. Of the many etymologies suggested, the most probable is that which derives the word elementum from elpantum (= ivory letter), an ancient Latin loan word from Gk. Elephanta, accusative elephas (= elephant; ivory). The change of elepantum to elementum is prob. due to Etruscan influence. See ‘elephant’ in my CEDEL and cp. פִּיל.] Derivative: אֶלֶמֶנְטָרִי.

 

אֶלֶמֶנְטָרִי adj. FW elementary. [From אֶלֶמֶנְט. For the ending see adj. suff. ‘-ary’ in my CEDEL.) Derivative: אֶלֶמֶנְטָרִיּוּת.

 

אֶלֶמֶנְטָרִיּוּת f.n. elementariness. [Formed from אֶלֶמֶנְטָרִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַלְמָנָךְ m.n. MH almanac. [Med. L. almanachus, from Gk. almenichiaka (= calendars), which is prob. of Coptic origin; prob. influenced in form by a confusion with Arab. al-manāḥ (= the gift). Sp.-Arab. al-manāḥ (= the almanac) is itself a loan word from Med. L. almanachus.]

 

אַלְמַתֶּכֶת f.n. NH non-metal. [Coined from אַל◌ (= not), and מַתֶּכֶת (= metal).] Derivative: אַלֽמַתַּכְתִּי.

 

אַלְמַתַּכְתִּי adj. NH non-metallic. [Formed from אַלְמַתֶּכֶת with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲלֻנְטִית see אֲלוּנֽטִית.

 

אֲלֻנְקַאי see אֲלוּנֽקַאי.

 

אֲלֻנְקָה see אֲלוּנֽקָה.

 

אַלְסוֹף m.n. NH endlessness; the infinite. [Formed from אַל◌ (= not), and סוֹף (= end). Derivative: אַלְסוֹפִי.

 

אַלְסוֹפִי adj. NH endless, infinite. [Formed from אַלֽסוֹף with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶלַסְטִי adj. NH elastic. [Modern L. elasticus, from Gk. elastikos, from elan (= to drive, strike). cp. ‘elasmo-’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.] Derivative: אֶלַסְטִיּוּת.

 

אֶלַסְטִיּוּת f.n. NH elasticity. [Formed from אֶלַסְטִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִלְסָר m.n. PBH hazelnut. [From Aram.-Syr. אִלְסָרָא, which is of unknown origin.]

 

אלף ᴵ a base prob. meaning orig. ‘to be linked together, be connected’.

    — Qal - אָלַף he learned (in the Bible occurring only on the imp. תֶּאְלַף).

    — Pi. - אִלֵּף 1 he trained, taught; NH 2 he tamed, domesticated.

    — Pu. - אֻלַּף 1 was trained, was taught; 2 was tamed, was domesticated. [cp. Akka. ulāpu (= band), elippu (= ship), whence arose the meanings ‘to join, be familiar with’. Related to Arab. alifa, wālafa (= was acquainted with, was familiar with, was accustomed to, learned), Aram. אֲלַף, יְלֵף, Syr. יֽלֵף (= he learned), Ugar. ’lp (= confederates).] Derivatives: אַלּוּף ᴵᴵᴵ, אִלּוּף, אֻלְפָּן, מְאַלֵּף, מֽאֻלָּף, prob. also אֶלֶף ᴵ and אֶלֶף ᴵᴵ.

 

אלף ᴵᴵ to bring forth thousands.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱלִיף brought forth thousands (in the Bible a hapax legomenon occurring Ps. 144:18). [Denominated from אֶלֶף ᴵ (= thousand).]

 

אֶֽלֶף ᴵ m.n. thousand. [Related to Moabite אלף, BAram. אֲלַף, אַלְפָּא, Aram. אַלַף, אַלְפָּא, Ugar. ’lp, Arab. alf (= one thousand), Ethiop. Tigre, Amharic ’elf (= ten thousand). All these words prob. derive from אלף and orig. denoted ‘group, crowd’. cp. אלף ᴵᴵ, אֶלֶף ᴵᴵ, אֶלֶף ᴵᴵᴵ, אַלֽפִּית.]

 

אֶֽלֶף ᴵᴵ m.n. (used only in the pl.) oxen, bullocks, cows, cattle. [cp. Phoen. אלף, Ugar. ’ lp, Akka. alpu (= cattle). These words are perhaps derivatives of אלף ᴵ and orig. meant ‘tamed animals’. cp. אַלּוּף ⱽᴵ. cp. also אָלֶף.]

 

אֶֽלֶף ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. part of a tribe. [Prob. a derivative of אֶלֶף (= a thousand), and orig. meaning ‘part of a tribe consisting of a thousand people’. For sense development cp. Akka. li’mu (= a thousand), which is prob. related to Heb. לְאֹם (= people).]

 

אָֽלֶף f.n. PBH (pl. אַלְפִין) ‘aleph’ — name of the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. [Pausal form of אֶלֶף (= ox; see אֶלֶף ᴵᴵ); so called in allusion to the ancient Hebrew form of this letter, representing the head of an ox. cp. אַלְפָא ᴵ, אַלְפָא ᴵᴵ. cp. also the first element in אָלֶף־בֵּית.] Derivative: אַלְפוֹן.

 

אַלְפָא ᴵ f.n. PBH name of the letter אָלֶף in Aram. [See אָלֶף.]

 

אַלְפָא ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH (pl. אַלֽפִין) alpha. [Aram., from Gk. alpha, from Heb. אָלֶף (cp. Syr. אַלֽפָא). The final a was added because a Greek word cannot end with a ph. cp. ‘alpha’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָלֶף־בֵּית, אָלֶפְבֵּית m.n. PBH, resp. NH alphabet. [Compounded of אָלֶף and בֵּיּת.] Derivative: אָלֶפְבֵּיתִי.

 

אָלֶפְבֵּיתִי adj. NH alphabetic, alphabetical. [Formed from אָלֶפֽבֵּית with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִלְפָּה f.n. PBH 1 boat. NH 2 launch. [From Aram. אִילְפָא.]

 

אַלְפוֹן m.n. NH a child’s primer, an ABC book. [Formed from אָלֶף with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַלְפַּֽים m.n. two thousand. [Dual of אֶלֶף (= a thousand).]

 

אַלְפִּינִי adj. FW Alpine. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. Alpīnus, from Alpēs (= the Alps); lit.: ‘the High Mountains’), from non-Aryan base *alb- (= high; mountain), whence also Gaelic alp, Welsh ailp (= a high mountain).] Derivative: אַלֽפִּינִיסֽט.

 

אַלְפִּינִיסְט m.n. FW Alpinist. [Formed from אַלְפִּינִי and ◌ִיסֽט.]

 

אַלְפִּית f.n. NH one thousandth, a thousandth part. [Formed from אֶלֶף ᴵ (= a thousand) with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֻלְפָּן m.n. PBH 1 teaching, instruction. NH 2 ‘ulpan’ — a school for the intensive study of Hebrew. [Aram. אֻלֽפָּן, אֻלֽפָּנָא (= teaching, instruction), from אֲלַף (= he learned), אַלֵּף (= he trained, taught, instructed). See אלף ᴵ.] Derivative: אֻלֽפָּנִית.

 

אֻלְפָּנִית f.n. NH a small ‘ulpan’ (see אֻלְפָּן), i.e. a school using shorter courses for learning Hebrew. [Formed from אֻלֽפָּן with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אִלְפָּס m.n. PBH pan. [Formed with prosthetic אִ◌ from Gk. lopas (= a flat dish, plate), which is related to lopos (= shell, husk, bark, peel), lepis (= scale, husk, shell), lepain (= to strip off the rind or husks; peel, bark), from IE base *lep- (= to peel, scale). For further derivatives of this base see ‘leper’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶלִּפְּסָה see אֶלִּיפְּסָה.

 

אֶלִּפְּסוֹאִיד see אֶלִּיפְּסוֹאִיד.

 

אֶלִּפְּסִי see אֶלִּיפְּסִי.

 

אלץ to be narrow, to urge.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱלַץ was compelled, was forced.

    — Pi. - אִלֵּץ he urged, compelled, forced.

    — Pu. - אֻלַּץ was compelled, was forced. [Syr. אֱלַץ (= he pressed), JAram. אוּלֽצָנָא (= trouble, distress), Mand. אליצא (= narrow), הלאצא (= torment, torture). cp. Akka. shūluṣu (= to close).] Derivatives: אָלוּץ, אִלּוּץ, הֵאָלְצוּת, מְאֻלָּץ, נֶאֱלָץ.

 

אַלְקוּם m.n. no rising up (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 30:31 in the phrase וּמֶלֶךְ אַלֽקוּם עִמּוֹ, which is usually rendered by ‘and the king against whom there is no rising up’). [Of uncertain origin; possibly a compound of אַל◌ (= not), and קוּם (= to rise; rising).]

 

אַלְקוּרָאן see אַלְקֻרָאן.

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹד m.n. FW electrode (physics). [Eng. electrode, coined by the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) from Gk. elektron (see אֶלֶקֽטֽרוֹן), and odos (= way), for whose etymology see מֶתּוֹדָה.]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹדִינָמִיקָה f.n. FW electrodynamics. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקֽטֽרִי) and dynamis (= might; see דִינָמִיקָה).]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹמַגְנֶט m.n. FW electromagnet. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקְטְרִי), and Magnetis lithos (= stone from magnesia; see מַגְנֶט.]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹמֶטֶר m.n. FW electrometer. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקֽטְרִי), and metron (= measure; see מֶטֶר).]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹן m.n. FW electron. [Modern L. ēlectron, from Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקְטֽרִי).] Derivative: אֶלֶקְטֽרוֹנִי.

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹנִי adj. FW electronic. [Formed from אֶלֶקֽטְרוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹנִיקָה f.n. FW electronics. [From אֶלֶקְטְרוֹן.]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹסְטָטִיקָה f.n. FW electrostatics. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקְטְרִי), and statike techne (= the art of weighing; see סְטָטִיקָה).]

 

אֶלֶקְטֽרוֹסְקוֹפּ m.n. FW electroscope. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקֽטֽרִי) and - skopion, from skopein (= to look at, examine; see ◌סֽקוֹפּ).]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹקַרְדְּיוֹגְרַמָּה f.n. FW electrocardiogram. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקְטְרִי), and קַרְדֽיוֹגֽרַמָּה (= cardiogram), (q.v.).]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹקַרְדְּיוֹגְרָף m.n. FW electrocardiograph. [See אֶלֶקְטֽרוֹקַרְדְּיוֹגְרַמָּה and קַרֽדְּיוֹגֽרָף.]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרוֹתֶּרַפְּיָה f.n. FW electrotherapy. [Compounded of Gk. elektron (= amber; see אֶלֶקֽטְרִי), and תֶּרַפְּיָה (= therapy).]

 

אֶלֶקְטְרִי adj. FW electric. [Back formation from Modern L. ēlectricus, which was coined by the English physicist William Gilbert in 1600 to denote substances which share the quality of amber (inasmuch as they attract other substances when rubbed), from L. ēlectrum (= amber), from Gk. elektron (of s.m.), which is related to elektor (= the beaming sun), and possibly cogn. with Old I. ulka (= fireband, meteor). For the ending of אֶלֶקֽטְרִי see suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אֶלֶקְטְרִיּוּת.

 

אֶלֶקְטְרִיּוּת f.n. FW electricity. [Formed from אֶלֶקֽטְרִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַלְקָלִי m.n. FW alkali. [Fren. alcalli (now spelled alcali), from Arab. alqilyy, from al- (= the), and qiliyy (= charred ashes of the saltwort), from qalā(y) (= fired, roasted), which is related to Heb. קָלָה ᴵ (= he roasted, parched).]

 

אַלְקֻרְאָן m.n. FW the Koran. [Arab. alqur’ān, from al (= the) and qur’ān (see קֻרְאָן).]

 

אַלֶּרְגִּי adj. FW allergic. [Back formation from אַלֶּרֽגְּיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַלֶּרְגְּיָה f.n. FW allergy. [Modern L. allergia, coined about 1905 by Clemens von Pirquet, an Austrian pediatrist, from Gk. allos (= another), and ergon (= work). See אַלֶּגוֹרֽיָה and אֶרְג and cp. אֶנֶרְגְּיָה.]

 

אַלְשֵׁנִי adj. FW second to none. [Coined from אַל◌ (= not), and שֵׁנִי (= second).]

 

אִלְתּוּר m.n. NH improvisation, extemporization. [Verbal n. of אִלֽתֵּר. See אלתר.]

 

אִלְתִּית f.n. PBH a fish mentioned in the Mishnah, usually identified with the salmon. [Of unknown origin.]

 

(לְ)אַלְתַּר adv. PBH on the spot, at once. [Aram., contraction of אַל־אֲתַר (= אֲתַר עַל), lit.: ‘on the place’ (see עַל and אֲתַר). For sense development cp. Eng. on the spot, Fren. sur-le-champ, Ger. auf der Stelle.] Derivative: אלתר.

 

אלתר to improvise, extemporize.

    — Pi. - אִלֽתֵּר he improvised, extemporized.

    — Pu. - אֻלֽתַּר was improvised, was extemporized. [Formed from אַלֽתַּר.] Derivatives: אִלְתּוּר, אַלֽתּֽרָן, מֽאֻלְתָּר.

 

אַלְתְּרָן m.n. NH improvisor, improvisator. [Formed from אִלֽתֵּר (see אלתר) with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֵם f.n. (pl. אִמּוֹת, in PBH אִמָּהוֹת 1 mother. 2 matriarch. 3 metropolis, large city. PBH 4 womb. [Related to Aram. אֵם, אִמָּא, Syr. אֵם, אֶמָּא, Arab. imm, umm, Ugar. ’u̧m, Ethiop. ’em, Akka. ummu (= mother). These words prob. go back to emm(a), umm(a), a child’s word for ‘mother’. cp. אִמָּא, אִמָּה, אִמָּהוּת, אִמָּהִי and first element in אַמְנוּן. cp. also אם ᴵᴵ. Like אָב (= father) אֵם also prob. derives from child’s word.]

 

אִם conj. if, whether, when, on condition. [Related to Aram. אִין, Syr. ’en, BAram. ’im, Arab. ’in, SArab. הם, and prob. to Ethiop. ’emma (= if). cp. הֵן ᴵᴵᴵ. cp. also אִי ⱽ and אֶלָּא.]

 

אֹם ᴵ m.n. (pl. אֻמִּים) nation, people. [A collateral form of אֻמָּה. cp. the second element in בּנאם and in חַגְאֹם.]

 

אֹם ᴵᴵ m.n. NH (pl. אֻמִּים) screw nut, nut. [The same as אֵם (= mother). cp. Eng. ‘female screw-nut’.]

 

אִמָּא f.n. PBH mother, mama, mummy. [Aram. ‘the mother, my mother’, emphatic state of אֵם (= mother). See אֵם.]

 

אַמַּאי adv. PBH why. [Aram., formed from אַ◌ (= עַל, on, upon), and מַאי (= what). See עַל and מַאי.]

 

אֲמֶבָּה f.n. FW amoeba. [Gk. amoibe (= change), related to ameibein (= to change), from copulative, pref. a- and IE base *meig-, *mig- (= to change), whenœ also L. migrāre (= to wander). Copulative pref. a- stands for IE *sm-, a weak gradational form of IE base *sem- (= one, together). See ‘same’ and ‘migrate’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אִמְבּוּט m.n. NH giving (somebody) a bath. [Verbal n. of אִמְבֵּט. See אמבט.]

 

אַמְבּוּלַנְס m.n. FW ambulance. [Fren. from earlier hôpital ambulant (lit.: ‘a walking hospital’), from L. ambulāns, pres. part. of ambulāre (= to go about, walk), which prob. stands for *amb-alāre, from amb- (= both), and *al- (= to go), whence also Gk. ale (= ceaseless roaming), alasthai, alainein (= to wander about), L. alūcinārī (= to wander in mind). See ‘hallucinate’ in my CEDEL.)

 

אַמְבָּט, אַמְבָּטִי m.n. PBH bath, bathtub. [Borrowed from Gk. embate (of s.m.), from embatein (= to go into), from en (= in) and bainein (= to go).] Derivatives: אמבט, אַמְבַּטֽיָה.

 

אמבט to bathe.

    — Pi. - אִמְבֵּט he bathed, gave (somebody) a bath.

    — Pu. - אֻמְבַּט was bathed, was given a bath.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמְבֵּט he took a bath. [Denominated from אַמְבָּט.] Derivative: אִמְבּוּט.

 

אַמְבַּטְיָה f.n. NH bathroom. [Formed from אַמְבָּט with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַמְבִּיצְיָה f.n. FW ambition. [Fren. ambition, from L. ambitiō (= a going round, esp. ‘a going round of candidates canvassing for office’), whence ‘a desire for honor’, from ambītus, p. part. of ambīre (= to go round), which is compounded of ambi (= about, around), and īre (= to go). See אִינִיצְיָאטוֹר and cp. אַנֽדַּנְטֶה.]

 

אַמְבַּסָּדוֹר m.n. FW ambassador. [Fren. ambassadeur, from It. ambasciatore, from ambasciata (= embase[[illegible]]), from Old Provençal ambaissada,[[illegible]] (whence also Sp. embajada), from ambaisa (= service), which is a Teutonic loan word. See ‘embassy’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַמְבָּר m.n. PBH granary, storehouse. [Aram. אַמֽבְּרָא, Syr. אַמֽבּֽרָא, from Pers. anbār, Arab. anbā́r is also Pers. loan word.]

 

אֶמְבֵּרְגּוֹ m.n. FW embargo. [Sp. embargo (= seizure, embargo), from embargar (= to restrain, seize, embargo), from Vulgar L. imbarricāre (= to impede), formed from im- (= in; see first ‘im-’ in my CEDEL), and VL barra (= bar, barrier), a word of Gaulish origin. cp. ‘bar’ (= rod of metal) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘embarrass’ ibid.]

 

אַמְגּוּשׁ m.n. PBH 1 Magus (Persian priest). 2 magician. [Aram. אַמְגּוּשָׁא, from Old Pers. Magush, whence also Arab. majū́s, Gk. magos (= Magus, Magian, magician). The אַ in אַמְגּוּשָׁא is prosthetic. cp. מָגוֹשׁ.]

 

אמד ᴵ to estimate, calculate, reckon.

    — Qal - אָמַד he estimated, made a rough estimate, assessed, appraised, valued, reckoned, conjectured, guessed.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱמַד was estimated, was assessed, was appraised, was valued.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִיד he estimated, conjectured, guessed.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳמַד was estimated. [Aram. אֲמַד (= he estimated, appraised, assessed). According to E.Y. Kutscher, אָמַד is a loan word borrowed during the Babylonian captivity from Akka. emēdu (= to stand, lean against; to place, lean something upon or against something, load, impose taxes or fines) (for the etymology of this word see עמד ᴵᴵ); whence the noun emettu (= tax, fines). Other scholars connect Heb. אָמַד with Arab. ’amata (= he surmised, conjectured, guessed). cp. אָמוֹדַאי. cp. also עמד ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אֹמֶד, אֻמֽדָן, אָמוּד, אָמִיד, אֲמִידָה, הַאֲמָדָה.

 

אמד ᴵᴵ to make well-to-do.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמֵּד he became well-to-do. [Denominated from אָמִיד.]

 

אְֹמֶד, אֽוֹמֶד m.n. PBH estimation, estimate, assessment, appraisal, valuation, reckoning. [From אמד. Cp. אֻמְדָּן. Cp. also עֹמֶד ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֻמְדָּן, אוּמְדָן m.n. PBH (pl. אֻמְדָּנִים, also אֻמְדָּנוֹת) estimation, estimate, assessment. [Formed from אמד with suff. ◌ָן. cp. Aram. אוּמְדָּנָא.]

 

אֻמְדָּנָה, אוּמְדָנָה f.n. PBH estimation, estimate, assessment. [Aram. אוּמְדָּנָא. See אֻמְדָּן.]

 

אָמָה f.n. (pl. אֲמָהוֹת) maidservant, handmaid, female slave. [Related to Phoen. אמת. Aram.-Syr. אַמְתָא. Ugar. a̧mt, Arab. ’amah, Ethiop. ’amat, Akka. amtu (= handmaid, female slave).]

 

אַמָּה ᴵ f.n. (dual אַמָּתַיִם, pl. אַמּוֹת) ell, cubit. [Related to Aram. אַמָּא, אַמְּתָא, Syr. אַמּֽתָא, Ugar. a̧mt, Ethiop. ’emmat, Akka. ammatu (= ell, cubit).] Derivatives: אַמָּה ᴵᴵ, אַמָּה ᴵᴵᴵ, אַמָּת. cp. אַמָּה ᴵⱽ.

 

אַמָּה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH 1 middle finger. 2 penis. [From אַמָּה ᴵ.]

 

אַמָּה ᴵᴵᴵ f.n. PBH canal, sewer. [From אַמָּה ᴵ.]

 

אַמָּה ᴵⱽ f.n. (in אַמּוֹת הַסִּפִּים (= a hapax legomenon, occurring Is. 6:4 and prob. meaning ‘doorposts’). [Prob. related to Akka. ammatull (= foundation, doorpost), and orig. identical with Akka. ammatul (= אַמָּה. ell, cubit). For sense development cp. Arab. ’iḍāda (= doorpost), which is related to ’iḍdad (= upper arm).]

 

אִמָּה f.n. NH matrix (printing). [Formed from אֵם (= mother), with first suff. ◌ָה; properly loan translation of L. matrix (= womb, matrix, source, origin), which derives from mater (= mother).]

 

אֻמָּה f.n. clan, tribe, nation, people. [Related to BAram. אֻמָּה, Syr. ’umpā́, Ugar. u̧mt, Arab. ’ummá, Akka. ummātu. These words are usually derived from אמם, a base of uncertain origin.]

 

אַמְהוּת f.n. PBH condition of a maid-servant or handmaid. [Formed from אָמָה with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲמָהוֹת f.n. pl. handmaids, slaves. [Pl. of אָמָה.]

 

אִמָּהוֹת f.n. pl. 1 matriarchs. 2 matrices (printing). [Pl. of אֵם, resp. אִמָּה.]

 

אִמָּהוּת f.n. NH motherhood, maternity. [Formed from אֵם (= mother; pl. אִמָּהוֹת), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִמָּהִי adj. NH motherly, maternal. [Formed from אֵם (= mother; pl. אִמָּהוֹת), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶמוּ m.n. FW emu. [From Moluccan eme, through the medium of Portuguese ema, shortened from ema di gei (= crane of the ground); so called because the emu cannot fly.]

 

אָמוּד adj. MH estimated. [Pass. part. of אָמַד. See אמד ᴵ.]

 

אִמּוּד m.n. NH estimation, estimate. [Verbal n. of אִמֵּד, Pi. of אמד ᴵ.]

 

אָמוֹדָאוּת f.n. NH diving. [Formed from אָמוֹדַאי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָמוֹדַאי m.n. NH diver. [Aram., prob. meaning lit. ‘one who estimates or appraises the depths’, and deriving from אֲמַד (= he estimated, appraised, assessed). See אמד ᴵ and suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אָמוּל adj. weak, unhappy, wretched (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 16:30 in the f. form אֲמֻלָּה). [Pass. part. Qal of אמל ᴵ.]

 

אִמּוּל m.n. FW enamelling. [Verbal n. of אִמֵּל, Pi. of אמל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶמוּלְסְיָה f.n. FW emulsion. [Modern L. ēmulsiō, from L. ēmulsus, p. part. ēmulgēre (= to milk out, drain out), from ē (= out of), and mulgēre (= to milk; which derives from IE base *melĝ- (= to press out, wipe of milk), whence also Gk. amelgein (= to milk), etc. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אִמּוּם m.n. PBH 1 model. 2 last (of a shoe). [Together with Syr. אַמּוּמָא prob. borrowed from Arab. ’imām (= leader, leader in prayer; model), which derives from ’amma (= he was in front, led the way, preceded). cp. אִימָם.]

 

אָמוֹן ᴵ m.n. craftsman, artisan. [Prob. borrowed from Akka. ummānu, (of s.m.) (whence also Heb. אָמָּן), which itself is a Sumerian loan word.]

 

אָמוֹן ᴵᴵ m.n. ‘Amon’ — name of the ancient Egyptian sun god, orig. the local god of Thebes. [Egypt. Amūn, whence also Akka. Amūnu, Gk. Ammon (identified by the Greeks with Zeus). cp. אַמּוֹנִיט.]

 

אָמוּן adj. 1 faithful. 2 trained, educated. [Pass. part. of אָמַן. See אמן.]

 

אִמּוּן m.n. MH training. [Verbal n. of אִמֵּן, Pi. of אמן.] Derivative: אִמּוּנִית.

 

אֵמּוּן m.n. (pl. אֱמוּנִים) confidence, faithfulness, fidelity, trust. [From אמן. For the form cp. אֵבוּס.]

 

אֱמוּנָה f.n. 1 firmness, steadfastness. PBH 2 faithfulness, faith, fidelity. PBH 3 belief, creed, religion. [Formed from אמן with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. Arab. ’amāna (= faithfulness, fidelity), ’imān (= faith, belief), OSArab. אמנת (= firmness, steadiness).]

 

אַמּוֹנִיט m.n. FW ammonite. [Formed from L. cornū Ammon̄is (= the horn of Ammon; so called from its shape, which resembles a ram’s horn) (Ammon was represented with ram’s horns); see אָמוֹן ᴵᴵ. For the ending see subst. suff. ‘-ite’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַמּוֹנְיָק m.n. FW ammoniac. [L. ammōniacum, from Gk. ammoniakon (= a resinous gum), prob. from orig. Armeniakon (= Armenian), through the intermediate form armoniakon, occurring in the works of ancient authors beside ammoniakon; so called because first found in Armenia.]

 

אִמּוּנִית f.n. NH track suit. [Formed from אִמּוּן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אִמּוּץ m.n. MH 1 strengthening, encouragement. NH 2 adoption (of a child). [Verbal n. of אִמֵּץ. Pi. of אמץ ᴵ.]

 

אֶמוֹצְיָה f.n. FW emotion. [Fren. émotion, formed from émouvoir (= to move, stir up a passion, to affect, touch; orig.: ‘to set in motion’), after the relation of Fren. mouvoir (= to move). Fren. émouvoir derives from esmovoir, from VL *exmovēre, which corresponds to L. ēmovēre (= to move out, move away; to stir up, agitate), from ē, resp. ex (= out of; see אֶקֽס◌), and movēre (= to move), which is prob. cogn. with Old I. mī́vati (= pushes, moves), kāmamūtaḥ (= moved by love), etc. For the ending of אֶמוֹצְיָה see suff. ◌יָה. cp. אֶמוֹצְיוֹנָלִי.]

 

אֶמוֹצְיוֹנָלִי adj. emotional. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Eng. emotional, from emotion, from Fren. émotion. See אֶמוֹצֽיָה.]

 

אָמוֹק adj. FW amok, amuck. [Malay amoq (= in a frenzy).]

 

אָמוּר adj. PBH said. [Pass. part. of אָמַר. See אמר ᴵ.]

 

אָמוֹרָא m.n. PBH ‘amora’ — Talmudic interpreter of the Mishnah. [Aram., lit.: ‘speaker’, from אֲמַר (= he spoke). See אמר ᴵ.]

 

אֲמוֹרְטִיזַצְיָה f.n. amortization. [Eng. amortization, from amortize, from Fren. amortiss-, pres. part. stem of amortir, from VL admortīre (= to deaden, extinguish), from ad (= to, toward), and mortus, L. mortuus (= dead), from L. mors, gen. mortis (= death), which is cogn. with Old I. mrtiḥ (= death), etc. All these words derive from IE base *mer- (= to die), which is orig. identical with base *mer- (= to consume, be consumed). See ‘morbid’, ‘mordant’ in my CEDEL. For the ending of אֲמוֹרְטִיזַצְיָה see suff. ◌ַצֽיָה.]

 

אֱמוֹרִי, אֱמֹרִי m.n. Amorite (singular used collectively) — one of the names of the ancient inhabitants of the Land of Canaan. [Borrowed from Akka. Amurrū, gentilic name from Amurru (= West, Land of the West), a loan word from Sumerian Mar-tū. For the sense development of אֱמֹרִי it should be borne in mind that the Amorites lived to the west of Assyria and Babylonia.]

 

אֵמוּרִים m.n. PBH portions of sacrifices (offered on the altar). [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אֲמוֹרְפִי adj. FW amorphous. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from Gk. amorphos (= without form, shapeless, deformed) from privative pref. a- and morphe (= form, shape), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אִמּוּת m.n. MH verification, authentication. [Verbal n. of אִמֵּת, Pi. of אמת.]

 

אֶמִיגְרַצְיָה f.n. FW emigration. [Late L. ēmigrātiō, from L. ēmigrātus, p. part. of ēmigrāre (= to move away, remove, emigrate), from ē (= out of) and migrāre (= to move from one place to another, to wander). See אִימִיגְרַצֽיָה.]

 

אָמִיד adj. NH well-to-do, well-off, wealthy, affluent. [From Aram. אֲמִיד, which derives from אֲמַד (= he estimated, appraised), whence properly means ‘a person appraised and believed to be wealthy’. See אמד ᴵ and cp. אָמוּד.] Derivative: אֲמִידוּת.

 

אֲמִידָה f.n. MH estimation, assessment, appraisal. [Verbal n. of אָמַד. See אמד ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲמִידוּת f.n. NH the state or condition of being well-to-do. [Formed from אָמִיד with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶמַיְל, אֵימָל m.n. FW enamel. [From Fren. émail, which is a Teutonic loan word. cp. Old Ger. smelzen, Old Eng. meltan (= to melt), and see ‘melt’ and ‘smelt’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אמל ᴵᴵ.

 

אָמִין adj. NH 1 authentic. 2 dependable, reliable. [Lit.: ‘believable’. Coined from אמן according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in NH to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: אֲמִינוּת.

 

אֲמִינוּת f.n. NH 1 authenticity. 2 reliability. [Formed from אָמִין with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַמְיַנְטוֹן m.n. PBH name of a kind of asbestos. [Gk. amiantos (lithos), lit.: ‘undefiled (stone)’, from privative pref. a- and miatos (= stained, defiled), verbal adj. of mianein (= to stain, defile), which derives from IE base *mei-, *mai- (= to stain, defile). See ‘miasma’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַמִּיץ adj. strong, bold, courageous. [From אמץ ᴵ.] Derivative: אַמִּיצוּת.

 

אַמִּיצוּת f.n. MH strength, courage, boldness. [Formed from אַמִּיץ with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָמִיר m.n. top (of a tree), summit (in the Bible this word occurs only Is. 17:6 and 9). [Prob. from אמר ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶמִיר m.n. NH emir. [Arab. ’amir, in vulgar pronunciation ’emī́r (= commander), from ’amara (= he commanded). See אמר ᴵ and cp. words there referred to.] Derivative: אֶמִירוּת.

 

אֲמִירָה f.n. PBH saying, talk. [Verbal n. of אָמַר (= he said). See אמר ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶמִירוּת f.n. NH emirate. [Formed from אֶמִיר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַמִּיתָה f.n. PBH Ammi (botany). [Aram. אַמִּיתָא — whence Gk. ammi, whence L. ammi — a secondary form of חַמִּיתָא.]

 

אמל ᴵ to be weak, be miserable.

    — Qal - אָמַל he was miserable.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱמַל he became miserable.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִיל he made miserable.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳמַל he became weak, tired. [Base of אָמוּל, אָמֵל, אֻמְלָל, אֲמֵלָל. Related to מלל ᴵᴵᴵ. Schwally connects it with Arab. malla (= was or became weary or tired). Jensen compares it with Akka. ummulu (= to be grieved).]

 

אמל ᴵᴵ to enamel.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּל enamel(l)ed.

    — Pu. - אֻמַּל enamel(l)ed.] [Denominated from אֶמַיְל.] Derivatives: אִמּוּל, מְאֻמָּל.

 

אָמֵל adj. MH unhappy. [From אמל ᴵ.]

 

אֲמַלְגַּמָּה f.n. FW amalgam. [Fren. amalgame, from Med. L. amalgama, dissimilated from Arab. al-malgham, which is formed from Arab. al- (= the), and Syr. מָלָגְמָא, from Gk. malagma (= a soft mass), from malassein (= to soften), from malakos (= soft), from IE base *melāq- (= to soften), which is enlarged from base *(s)mel- (= to rub, grind), whence Gk. myle, later mylos (= mill), L. molere (= to grind), molīna (= mill). See ‘meal’ (edible grain) in my CEDEL.]

 

אמלל to make miserable, unfortunate, unhappy.

    — Pi. - אִמֽלֵל he made miserable, wretched, unfortunate or unhappy.

    — Pu. - אֻמְלֵל became weak, miserable, wretched or unhappy.

    — Nith. - נִתֽאַמְלֵל (of s.m.) [Pil. of אמל ᴵ. cp. the Pil. verbs עברר, עקצץ, ערבב, שׂרטט.] Derivative: הִתֽאַמְלֽלוּת.

 

אֻמְלָל adj. weak, miserable, wretched, unfortunate, unhappy (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 6:3). Derivative: אֻמֽלָלוּת.

 

אֲמֵלָל adj. of the same origin and meaning of אֻמֽלָל (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Neh. 3:34).

 

אֻמְלָלוּת f.n. NH misery, wretchedness, unhappiness. [Formed from אֻמְלָל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲמַלְתְּרָה f.n. PBH rafter, crossbeam. [From Gk. melathron, which is of uncertain origin. For the pref. see prosthetic א◌.]

 

אמן to be firm, be trustworthy.

    — Qal - אָמַן he nursed, fostered, brought up.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱמַן 1 was found firm; 2 was found trustworthy, was found true.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּן he trained, educated.

    — Pu. - אֻמַּן was trained, was educated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמֵּן he trained himself.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִין he believed, trusted.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳמַן MH 1 was believed. NH 2 was confirmed, was accredited. [Arab. ’amina (= was safe), ’āmana (= he believed), ’amuna (= was faithful, was reliable, was trustworthy), Ethiop. ’amana (= was firm), OSArab. אמנ(ת) (= firmness, steadiness), Syr. אַמִּין (= strong, enduring; true, lasting, eternal), הַיְמָנוּתָא (= trust, trustworthiness, confidence, faith). cp. Egypt. mn (= to be fixed on a place).] Derivatives: אָמֵן, אֹמֵן, אֹמְנָה, אָמְנָה (n.), אָמְנָה (adv.), אֲמָנָה, אָמְנָם, אֻמְנָם, אָמוּן, אֵמוּן, אִמּוּן, אֱמוּנָה, אָמִין, אוֹמֵן, אֶמֶת, הַאֲמָנָה, הֵאָמְנוּת, הִתְאַמְּנוּת, מַאֲמִין, מְאַמֵּן, מִתְאַמֵּן, נֶאֱמָן. cp. מְהֵימָן.

 

אָמֵן 1 faithfulness, truth. 2 Amen, so be it, truly, certainly. [From אמן. cp. Syr. אַמִּין (= strong, enduring; true, lasting, eternal).]

 

אֹֽמֶן m.n. faith, confidence, trust, fidelity (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 25:1). [From אמן.]

 

אָמָּן, אֳמָן m.n. artist, master, workman (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Cant. 7:2). [Together with Aram. אֻמָּן, אֻמָּנָא, Syr. אוּמָנָא (= workman, craftsman, artificer), borrowed from Akka. ummānu, earlier ummiānu, which itself is of Sumerian origin. cp. אָמוֹן ᴵ. cp. also אֻמָּן.] Derivatives: אָמָּנוּת.

 

אֻמָּן, אוּמָּן m.n. PBH 1 craftsman, artisan. 2 specialist. [Together with אָמָּן borrowed from Akka. ummānu. cp. אָמוֹן ᴵ.] Derivatives: אֻמָּנוּת.

 

אַמַ״ן abbr. NH Intelligence Branch (Israeli army). [Formed from the initials of the words אֲגַף מוֹדִיעִין (= intelligence branch).]

 

אֹמְנָה f.n. pilaster, column, post (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. II 18:16). [Prob. formed from אמן with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָמְנָה ᴵ f.n. education (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Est. 2:20). [Formed from אמן with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָמְנָה ᴵᴵ adv. in truth, truly. [From אמן.]

 

אֲמָנָה f.n. 1 covenant, pact. MH 2 trust, credit. [Formed from אמן with suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַמְנוּן m.n. NH tilapia (name of a fish). [Coined by H.N. Bialik (1873–1934) from אֵם (= mother), and נוּן (= fish); so called by him because the mother hatches the spawn in her mouth.]

 

אַמְנוֹן וְתָמָר viola tricolor (flower). [Coined on the analogy of the Russian name ‘Ivan-da-Maria’.]

 

אָמָּנוּת, אֳמָנוּת f.n. NH art, skill. [Formed from אָמָּן, resp. אֳמָן, with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אֻמָּנוּת.] Derivative: אָמָּנוּתִי.

 

אֻמָּנוּת, אוּמָנוּת f.n. PBH craft, craftsmanship. [Formed from אֻמָּן, resp. אוּמָן, with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אָמָּנוּת.]

 

אָמָּנוּתִי, אֳמָנוּתִי adj. NH artful, artistic. [Formed from אָמָּנוּת, resp. אֳמָנוּת, with suff. ◌ִי. Cp. the first element in אֲמַרְגָּן.] Derivative: אָמָּנוּתִיּוּת.

 

אָמָּנוּתִיּוּת, אֳמָנוּתִיּוּת f.n. NH artistry, artfulness. [Formed from אָמָּנוּתִי, resp. אֳמָנוּתִי, with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָמְנָם adv. verily, truly, indeed. [Formed from אמן with adv. suff. ◌ָם. cp. Arab. innamā (= only), which according to Barth developed through dissimilation of the first m from ’imnamā (= in truth), hence corresponds to אָמֽנָם.]

 

אֻמְנָם adv. verily? truly? indeed? [Of the same origin and meaning as אָמְנָם; used only in interrogation, as Gen. 18:13 הַאַף אֻמֽנָם; elsewhere always with the interrogative הַ◌.]

 

אַמְנֶסְטְיָה f.n. FW amnesty. [L. amnēstia, Gk. amnestia (= forgetfulness), from privative pref. a- and mnestis (= remembrance), which is related to mnaomai (= I remember), from IE base *men- (= to think, remember). See privative pref. ‘a-’ and ‘mind’ in my CEDEL, and cp. אַמְנֶסֽיָה.]

 

אַמְנֶסְיָה f.n. FW amnesia (psychiatry). [Medical L. amnēsia, from Gk. amnesia (= forgetfulness), from privative pref. a- and mnesios (= pertaining to memory), which is related to mnaomai (= I remember). See אַמְנֶסֽטְיָה.]

 

אַמְנָעָה f.n. NH interdiction, prevention. [Formed from מנע with prosthetic א◌ and suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶמַנְצִיפַּצְיָה f.n. FW emancipation. [L. ēmancipatiō (= the releasing of a son from paternal authority), from ēmancipātus, p. part. of ēmancipāre (= to declare a person free and independent, to give from one’s own authority into that of another), from ē (= out of) and mancipāre (= to make over as property, to transfer property), from manceps (= purchaser, contractor, owner), which stands for man-cap-s (lit.: ‘one who takes by hand’), from manus (= hand) and capere (= to catch, seize, take, hold). For the ending of אֶמַנְצִיפַּצֽיָה see ◌ַצֽיָה.]

 

אַמְפּוּטַצְיָה f.n. FW amputation. [L. amputātiō, from amputātus, p. part. of amputāre (= to cut off, prune), which is compounded of ambi- (= around), and putāre (= to trim, prune, lop, clean). See קוֹנְטוֹ and cp. רֶפּוּטַצֽיָה. For the ending of אַמְפּוּטַצֽיָה see suff. ◌ַצֽיָה.]

 

אַמְפּוּלָה f.n. FW ampulla. [L. ampulla, from ampor-la (= a globular vessel for holding liquids), dimin. of amphora, ampora. See אַמֽפוֹרָה.]

 

אַמְפוֹרָה f.n. FW amphora. [L. amphora (= a vessel with two handles or ears, a pitcher), from Gk. amphoreus (of s.m.), which is contracted from amphiphoreus (lit.: ‘two-handled’), from amphi (see אַמְפִיבִּי) and phoreus (= bearer, carrier), from pherein (= to bear). See אֲנָפוֹרָה.]

 

אַמְפִיבִּי adj. FW amphibian, amphibious. [Back formation from Gk. amphibios (= living a double life; i.e. ‘on land and in water’), from amphi (= around, round, about), and bios (= life).]

 

אַמְפִיבְּרָכוּס m.n. FW amphibrach (prosody). [Gk. amphibrachus (= short at both ends), from amphi (see אַמֽפִיבִּי) and brachus (= short).]

 

אֶמְפִּירִי adj. FW empirical. [Back formation from L. empēricus, from Gk. empeirikos (= experienced), from empeiros (= experienced), from en (= in) and peira (= trial, experiment). See ‘peril’ in my CEDEL and cp. פִּירָט. For the ending of אֶמְפִּירִי see suff. ◌ִי. cp. אֶקְסֽפֶּרֽט, אֶקְסְפֶּרִימֶנְט.]

 

אַמְפִיתֵיאַטְרוֹן m.n. FW (pl. אַמְפִיתֵיאַטְרָאוֹת) , amphitheater. [L. amphitheātrum, from Gk. amphitheatron (lit. meaning ‘having seats for spectators all round’, from amphi (see אַמְפִיבִּי) and theatron (= theater). See תֵּיאַטֽרוֹן.]

 

אַמְפְּלִיטוּדָה f.n. FW amplitude (physics). [L. amplitūdō (= wide extent, width), from amplus (= great, large, wide), which stands for amlos and lit. means ‘comprehensive’, from IE base *am- (= to seize, hold), whence also L. ampla, ānsa (= handle).]

 

אַמְפֶּר m.n. FW ampère. [Fren. ampère, named after the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).]

 

אמץ ᴵ to be strong.

    — Qal - אָמַץ was strong, was bold.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּץ he strengthened, encouraged.

    — Pu. - אֻמַּץ 1 was performed with difficulty. 2 was adopted (said of a child).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמֵּץ he strengthened himself; he made an effort, endeavored, determined.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִיץ was strong, became strong. [Ugar. a̧mṣ (= strong).] Derivatives: אֹמֶץ, אַמֽצָה, אִמּוּץ, אַמִּיץ, הַאֲמָצָה, הִתְאַמּֽצוּת, מַאֲמָץ, מְאֻמָּץ. cp. אָמֹץ.

 

אמץ ᴵᴵ to close the eyes.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּץ he closed the eyes (esp. of a dead person).

    — Nith. - נִתֽאַמֵּץ was closed — said of the eyes (esp. of a dead person).] [A collateral form of עמץ.]

 

אָמֹץ adj. reddish(?), grey(?), strong(?) (a word occurring twice in the Bible, Zech. 6:3 and 6:7). [Of uncertain meaning; usually translated by ‘reddish, bay (horses)’. After the version of Aquilas, some scholars see in it a derivative of אמץ ᴵ and accordingly render it by ‘strong’. Lagarde connects it with Arab. ma’ṣ (= white camel).]

 

אֹֽמֶץ m.n. strength, might, courage, boldness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 17:9). [From אמץ ᴵ.]

 

אַמְצָאָה f.n. NH invention. [A secondary form of הַמְצָאָה. For the difference in meaning between these two words see אַבֽחָנָה.]

 

אַמְצָה f.n. courage (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Zech. 12:5). [Formed from אמץ ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֻמְצָה, אוּמְצָה f.n. PBH 1 raw piece of meat. NH 2 beefsteak. [From Aram. אוּמְצָא, Syr. אָמֽצָא, which, together with Arab. ’āmiṣ, ’amiṣ, is borrowed from Persian.]

 

אֶמְצַֽע m.n. PBH middle, mean. [Formed from מצע (= to be in the middle), with prosthetic א◌.] Derivatives: אֶמֽצָעוּת, אֶמֽצָעִי.

 

אֶמְצָעוּת f.n. PBH means, middle, agency, [Formed from אֶמְצַע with suff. ◌וּת. cp. אֶמְצָעִיּוּת. cp. also מְצִיעַוּת.]

 

אֶמְצָעִי ᴵ adj. PBH middle, mean, median. [Formed from אֶמֽצַע (= middle) with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivatives: אֶמְצָעִי (n.), אֶמְצָעִיּוּת, אֶמְצָעִית.

 

אֶמְצָעִי ᴵᴵ m.n. MH 1 middle man. NH 2 means, medium. [From אֶמְצָעִי (adj.).]

 

אֶמְצָעִיּוּת f.n. MH 1 mediation. NH 2 mediocrity. [Formed from אֶמְצָעִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶמְצָעִים m.n. pl. NH 1 means, measures. 2 aids. [Pl. of אֶמְצָעִי ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶמְצָעִית f.n. PBH middle. [Subst. use of the f. of the adj. אֶמֽצָעִי.]

 

אמר ᴵ to say.

    — Qal - אָמַר 1 he said, told, uttered; 2 he commanded, ordered; 3 he said in his heart, thought.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱמַר it was said.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִיר he caused to say, induced to say; he avouched. [Moabite and Phoen. אמר, Aram. אֲמַר, Syr. אֱמַר (= he said, spoke), Arab. ’amara (= he commanded).] Derivatives: אָמוֹרָא, אֲמִירָה, אֹמֶר, אִמְרָה, הַאֲמָרָה, כְּלוֹמַר, לֵאמֹר, מֵימְרָה. cp. ימר and אֶמִיר.

 

אמר ᴵᴵ to be high.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמֵּר he boasted. See ימר.] [Prob. base of אָמִיר, אֵמֶר, possibly also of תֹּמֶר ᴵᴵ. cp. Arab. ’amira (= was numerous). Derivative: הִתְאַמְּרוּת.

 

אֹֽמֶר m.n. word, speech, saying, utterance. [From אמר ᴵ. See אֵמֶר.]

 

אֵֽמֶר m.n. word (occurring in the phrase אִמֽרֵי שָׁפֶר, Gen. 49:21, which is usually rendered by ‘fine words’). Prob. a secondary form of אֹמֶר and derives from אמר ᴵ, but prob. derives from אמר ᴵᴵ and the phrase אִמְרֵי שָׁפֶר which means ‘branched antlers’.]

 

אַמְרָאָה ᴵ f.n. NH take-off, flight. [A secondary form of הַמְרָאָה ᴵ.]

 

אַמְרָאָה ᴵᴵ f.n. NH revolt. [A secondary form of הַמְרָאָה ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲמַרְגָּן m.n. NH impresario. [A blend of אָמָּגוּת (= art) and מְאַרְגֵּן (= organizer).]

 

אִמְרָה ᴵ f.n. word, speech, saying, utterance. [Formed from אמר ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. אֲמָרָה.]

 

אִמְרָה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH (pl. אִמְרוֹת and אִמְרָיוֹת) hem, fringe, selvage. [Together with Aram. אִימְרָא (of s.m.) of uncertain origin.]

 

אֲמָרָה f.n. NH statement. [Coined from אמר ᴵ. cp. אִמְרָה ᴵ.]

 

אִמְרוּק m.n. NH americanization. [Verbal n. of אמרק (q.v.).]

 

אֲמֶרִיקָאִי adj. NH American. [See אֲמֶרִיקָנִי.]

 

אֲמֶרִיקָנִי adj. & n. NH (also, less exactly, אֲמֶרִיקָאִי) American. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from אֲמֶרִיקָה (= America). The נ in אֲמֵרִיקָנִי is euphonic. cp. שֵׁלנִי (Num. 26:20), patronymic formed from שֵׁלָה. cp. also אָפֽיָנִי. The form אֲמֵרִיקָאִי, as un-Hebraic, should be avoided.]

 

אֲמַרְכָּל m.n. PBH 1 officer of the Temple. NH 2 administrator, treasurer. [Prob. a Pers. loan word. The word אֲמַרְכָּל was folk-etymologically explained as אָמַר־כֹּל (= he who commands everything).] Derivative: אֲמַרֽכָּלוּת. cp. מַרְכּוֹל.

 

אֲמַרְכָּלוּת f.n. NH administration; treasurer’s office. [Formed from אֲמַרֽכָּל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אמרק to americanize.

    — Pi. - אִסֽרֵק he americanized.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַמְרֵק was americanized. [Denominated from אֲמֶרִיקָה (= America).]

 

אֶֽמֶשׁ adv. last night. [Related to Arab. amsi (= last night), Akka. ina amshat (= in the evening of yesterday), amshala (= yesterday), mushu or mushītu (= night), mushamma (= in the night of yesterday), and to Ethiop. mesēt (= evening, twilight). According to most scholars, these words derive from a base משׁה, whence Arab. masā (= evening).] Derivatives: אמשׁ, אָמֵשׁ.

 

אמשׁ to become dark, darken.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּשׁ it became dark, darkened.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִישׁ (of s.m.). [Derived from אֶמֶשׁ.]

 

אָמֵשׁ adj. NH dark. [From אֶמֶשׁ.]

 

אֱמֶת f.n. 1 stability, sureness. 2 faithfulness. 3 certainty. 4 truth. [Prob. from אמנת, from אמן.] Derivatives: אמת, אֲמִתָּה, אֲמִתּוּת, אֲמִתִּי.

 

אמת to verify.

    — Pi. - אִמֵּת he verified, confirmed, authenticated.

    — Pu. - אֻמַּת was verified, was confirmed, was authenticated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַמֵּת was verified, was confirmed, came true, was proved true.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱמִית he verified, proved, authenticated. [Denominated from אֱמֶת.] Derivatives: אִמּוּת, הַאֲמָתָה, הִתְאַמּֽתוּת, מְאֻמָּת.

 

אַמָּת m.n. NH verifier of weights. [Coined from אַמָּה ᴵ (= cubit), after the pattern פַּעָל, which serves to form nomina opificum.]

 

אֲמִתָּה f.n. MH 1 truth, truthfulness. NH 2 axiom. [Formed from אֱמֶת with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲמִתּוּת f.n. MH truthfulness, veracity. [Formed from אֱמֶת with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַמְתַּֽחַת f.n. bag, sack. [Formed from מתח (= to spread out), with prosthetic א◌ and suff. ◌ַת.]

 

אֲמִתִּי adj. MH 1 true, real, genuine, authentic. 2 sincere. [Formed from אֱמֶת with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אֲמִתִּיּוּת.

 

אֲמִתִּיּוּת f.n. MH truthfulness, genuineness. [Formed from אֲמִתִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲמַתְלָה f.n. PBH plausible reason, excuse, pretext. [Aram. אֲמַתֽלָא, a secondary form of מְתַל, the equivalent of Heb. מָשָׁל (= parable). The א◌ in אֲמַתְלָה is prosthetic.] Derivative: אֲמַתְלָן.

 

אֲמַתְלָן m.n. NH pretext finder. [Formed from אֲמַתְלָה with suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אָן, אָֽנָה pron. where? whither? [Prob. not related to אַיִן (= where), as generally assumed, but standing for אָ־ן, resp. אָ־נָה, i.e. formed from interrogative pref. ’a and pron. base - n, -an. Accordingly Heb. אָנָה and Arab. annay (= where? where… from? why?) correspond to each other derivatively.]

 

אָנָ◌ pref. FW (before a vowel אָנ◌) ana-, resp. an-. [Gk. ana-, resp. an- (= up to, upward, up, toward; exceedingly; back, backward; against), from ana (= up, on, upon; throughout; again), which is related to ano (= above), from IE base *anō- (= on, upon, above). cp. ‘on’, an ‘a’ (on) in my CEDEL.]

 

אָנָּא, אָֽנָּה interj. ah! now! I (or we) beseech, I (or we) pray. [Compound of the interjections אַהָהּ and נָא (q.v.).]

 

אֲנָא pron. PBH I (occurring in phrases quoted from Talmud or Midrash). [Related to Heb. אֲנִי (= I).]

 

אַנְאוֹרְגָּנִי adj. FW inorganic. [Formed from privative pref. an- and Gk. organon (= instrument). cp. Gk. anorganos (= without instruments) and see אוֹרֽגָנִי.]

 

אַנְאַלְפָבֵּית adj. FW analphabetic. [Formed from privative pref. an- and alphabet, from L. alphabētum, compounded of Gk. alpha and beta (names of the first two letters of the Gk. alphabet).] Derivative: אַנְאַלֽפָבֵּיתִיּוּת.

 

אַנְאַלְפָבֵּיתִיּוּת f.n. NH illiteracy. [Formed from אַנְאַלְפָבֵּית with suff. ◌ִי and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִנְבָּה f.n. PBH egg of a louse, nit. [Aram. אִנֽבָּא, of uncertain origin.]

 

אִנְגּוּל m.n. NH anglicization. [Verbal n. of אנגל.]

 

אַנְגִּינָה f.n. angina (disease). [L. angina (= quinsy), prob. a loan word from Gk. agchone (= a throttling, strangling, hanging), which derives from agchein (= to squeeze, esp. the throat, strangle, throttle, hang), a derivative of IE base *anĝh (= to narrow, compress). The form angina (instead of ancina) is due to the influence of the related angere (= press together, throttle). See ‘anger’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אנגל to anglicize.

    — Pi. - אִנְגֵּל he anglicized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַנְגֵּל was anglicized. [Denominated from אַנֽגְּלִי.]

 

אַנְגְּלִי adj. NH English. [Back formation from אַנֽגְּלִיָּה (= England). For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אנגל.

 

אַנְגְּלִיָּה ᴵ f.n. NH England. [Med. L. Anglia, from L. Anglī (= the Angles, in Late L. ‘the English’), which is of Teutonic origin, properly ‘the people coming from Angul’, a hook shaped district in Schleswig, from angul (= fishhook, angle), which is related to anga (= hook). See ‘angle’ (fishhook), and ‘angle’ (corner) in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְגְּלִיָּה ᴵᴵ f.n. NH English-woman. [Properly f. of אַנְגּֽלִי, used as a noun.]

 

אַנְגְּלִית f.n. NH English (language). [Properly f. of אַנְגְּלִי, used as a noun.]

 

אַנְגַּרְיָה f.n. PBH forced labor; seizure for public works. [L. angaria (= service to a lord), from Gk. aggareia (= impressment for the public service), from aggaros (= mounted, courier, messenger), which is ultimately of Sem. origin. cp. Akka. agarru (= hireling, hired laborer), from agāru (= to hire), which is related to Aram. אֲגַּר, אֶגַּר (= he hired), whence Arab. ‘’ajara’ (of s.m.).]

 

אֲנַגְרָמָּה m.n. FW anagram. [Modern L. anagramma, from Gk. anagrammatismos (= a transposition of letters), from anagrammatizein (= to transpose the letters of a word), which is formed from ana (= back), and gramma (= written character, letter). See גּֽרַם.]

 

אֶנְדוֹסְפֶּרְם m.n. FW endosperm. [Eng. endosperm, compounded of endo- (= within), and sperm. The first element derives from Gk. endo-, from endon (= within; lit.: ‘in the house’) from en (= in) and the base of domos (= house); see ‘dome’ (a building) in my CEDEL. The second element derives from Gk. sperma (= seed, germ, sperm); see ‘sperm’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶנְדֶּמִי adj. FW endemic. [From Gk. endemios, endemos (= dwelling in a place, native), from en (= in) and demos (= district, country, land, people), which stands for *dāmos (lit.: ‘a division of the people’), from IE base *dā-, *dāi- (= to cut off, separate, divide), whence also Gk. daimon (= god, goddess; lit.: ‘divider, distributor (of men’s destinies)’. See ‘demon’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘demos’ ibid. cp. אֶפִּידֶמִי.]

 

אַנְדַּנְטֶה adj. & adv. FW andante (music). [It. andante, pres. part. of andare (= to go), which is related to Sp. and Portuguese andar (= to go), from VL ambītāre (= to go round), from L. ambītus, p. part. of ambīre (= to go round), which is compounded of ambi- (= about, around) and īre (= to go). See אִינִיצְיָאטוֹר and cp. אַמְבִּיצְיָה.]

 

אַנְדַּנְטִינוֹ adj. & adv. and antino (music). [It. andantino, dimin. of andante.]

 

אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס m.n. NH hermaphrodite. [Gk. androgynos (= man-woman, hermaphrodite), from anes, gen. andros (= man), and gyne (= woman). See ‘androgynous’ and ‘gynandrous’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְדְּרוֹלוֹמוּסְיָא, אַנְדְּרוֹלוֹמוּסְיָה f.n. PBH 1 pestilence. NH 2 confusion, chaos. [Gk. androlempsia, for androlepsia (= seizure of men in reprisal of the murder of a citizen abroad), compounded of aner, gen. andros (= man), and the stem of lambanein (= to take). See ‘andro’ and ‘lemma’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֵנְדְּרוֹמֶדָה f.n. FW Andromeda (astronomy). [From Gk. Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia in Greek mythology, who was placed as a constellation in heaven. Lit. meaning ‘mindful of her husband’; compounded of aner, gen. andros (= man), and medesthai (= to be mindful of, give heed to, think of), which is related to medon, medeon (= guardian, ruler), properly pres. part. of the ancient verb medein (= to protect, rule over). See ‘meditate’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְדַּרְטָא, אַנְדַּרְטָה PBH, resp. NH f.n. statue, image, bust. [Gk. andrias, gen. andriatos (= the image of a man, statue), from aner, gen. andros (= man), which is cogn. with Old I. náram (= man), na’ryaḥ (= virile). cp. דֶּנֽדִּי and the first element in אַנְדּֽרוֹלוֹמוּסְיָא, אַנְדּֽרוֹמֶדָה and in אַנְתּֽרוֹפּוֹלוֹגֽיָה.]

 

אנה ᴵ to lament, mourn, groan.

    — Qal - אָנָה he lamented, mourned (in the Bible it occurs only in the perf. form וְאָנוּ, Is. 3:26 and 19:8). [Related to the bases אנן, אנח, אנק.] Derivatives: אֹנִי, אֲנִיָּה, תַּאֲנִיָּה. cp. יוֹנָה.

 

אנה ᴵᴵ prob. base of אֳנִי, אֳנִיָּה (= ship). [cp. Ugar. a̧ny (= fleet), a̧nyt (= ship), Arab. inā, Akka. unūtu (= furniture), Aram. מָאנָא, מָנָא, Syr. מָאנָא (= vessel, utensil, instrument, garment). The first meaning of אֳנִי, etc. was ‘vessel, utensil, receptacle’, whence developed the meaning ‘ship’. cp. Old Fren. vaisse (= vessel), whence Fren. vaisseau (= vessel, vase, ship), from Late L. vāscellum, dimin. of vāsculum, itself dimin. of vās (= vessel, dish), and its derivative Eng. vessel, which show the same sense development. The first ships were simple ‘vessels’ and ‘receptacles’.]

 

אנה ᴵᴵᴵ to bring about, cause.

    — Pi. - אִנָּה he brought about, caused (in the Bible occurring only Ex. 21:13).

    — Pu. - אֻנָּה was brought about, befell, happened (in the Bible occurring only Ps. 91:10 and Pr. 12:21).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַנָּה he found a pretext for a quarrel, sought a quarrel with (in the Bible occurring only Kin. II 5:7). [Related to Arab. ’ana (= the right time), ’ina (= has come).] Derivatives: הִתֽאַנּוּת, תְּאֻנָּה, תּוֹאֲנָה, prob. also תַּאֲנָה. cp. אֵת ᴵᴵ.

 

אנה ᴵⱽ to deceive, overreach.

    — Qal - אָנָה he deceived, overreached.

    — Pi. - אִנָּה (of s.m.).

    — Nith. - נִתְאַנָּה was deceived, was overreached. [Back formation of אוֹנָאָה.]

 

אָֽנָה (pron.) see אָן.

 

אָֽנָּה (interj.) see אָנָּה.

 

אֻנָּה see אוּנָה.

 

אָֽנוּ pers. pron. we (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Jer. 42:6 as the Kethib, with the corresponding Qere אֲנַחְנוּ). [A secondary form of אֲנַחְנוּ. In the Mishnah, אָנוּ is the usual form. According to Nöldeke, Brockelmann and several other scholars, אנו was formed on the analogy of אֲנִי (= I). On the basis of this analogy אנו should be punctuated אֲנוּ in the context and אָנוּ in the pause, in correspondence to אֲנִי (in the context), אָנִי (in pause). For an analogous formation cp. Talmudic Aram. אֲנַן (= we). See אֲנַחֽנוּ.]

 

אָנוֹד m.n. FW anode (electricity). [Eng. anode, from Gk. anodos = way up), from ana (= up to) and odos (= way), for whose etymology see מֶתּוֹדָה. The term anode was introduced into electricity by the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791–1867). cp. קָתוֹד, אֵלֶקְטְרוֹד, סִינוֹד.]

 

אִנּוּךְ m.n. NH soldering. [Verbal n. of אִנֵּךְ. See אנך.]

 

אֲנוֹמָלִי adj. anomalous. [Formed with adj. suff. ◌ִי from Gk. anomalos (= unequal), which is formed from privative pref. an and omalos (= even), from omos (= one and the same), which derives from IE base *sem- (= one, together). See ‘same’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘anomalous’ ibid. cp. אֲנוֹרְמָלִי.]

 

אֲנוֹמַלְיָה f.n. FW anomaly. [L. anōmalia, from Gk. anomalia (= inequality), from anomalos (= unequal). See אֲנוֹמָלִי and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אָנוּן adj. MH mournful, sad, gloomy. [Pass. part. of אָנַן. See אנן.]

 

אַנּוֹנָה f.n. PBH PBH 1 annual produce; annual tax. PBH 2 provision, ration. NH 3 annuity. [L. annōna, from annus (= year), which stands for atnos and is cogn. with Old I. átati (= goes, moves on, wanders).]

 

אֲנוֹנָה f.n. FW Anona (botany). [Sp. anona (= custard apple), anón (= custard-apple tree), of Caribbean origin.]

 

אֲנוֹנִימִי adj. FW anonymous. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. anōnymus, from Gk. anonymos (= without a name), from privative pref. an and onyma, dialectal form of onoma (= name). See נוֹמִינָלִי.] Derivative: אֲנוֹנִימִיּוּת.

 

אֲנוֹנִימִיּוּת f.n. FW anonymity. [Formed from אֲנוֹנִימִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָנוּס adj. PBH 1 forced, compelled. MH 2 Marrano. [Pass. part. of אָנַס, Pi. of אנס.]

 

אִנּוּס m.n. NH 1 compulsion. 2 violation, rape. [Verbal n. of אִנֵּס, Pi. of אנס.]

 

אֲנוּסָה f.n. PBH a raped woman. [f. of אָנוּס (q.v.).]

 

אֲנוֹפֶלֶס m.n. FW Anopheles (a genus of mosquitoes). [Modern L., from Gk. anopheles (= useless, hurtful, harmful), from privative pref. an and ophelos (= use, help, advantage), whence opsellein (= to increase, enlarge), ophelma (= advantage), which derives from IE base *phel- (= to swell).]

 

אֲנוֹרְמָלִי adj. FW abnormal. [Med. L. anōrmālis (= irregular, anomalous), a blend of L. anōmalus and nōrmālis (= normal). For the etymology of L. anōmalus see אֲנוֹמַלְיָה, for that of L. nōrmālis see נוֹרְמָלִי.]

 

אָנוּשׁ adj. severe, incurable, mortal. [From אנשׁ; formally, pass. part. of the (otherwise non-existing) Qal of אנשׁ.]

 

אֱנוֹשׁ m.n. (coll.) people, mankind. [Related to Aram. אֱנָשׁ, Syr. אֲנָשָׁא, Ugar. a̧nsh (= to be manly), Arab. ’ins (= mankind), ’unas, nas (= men), Akka. nishu (= people, nation), nishē (= people), tēnishēti, pl. (= human race, mankind). The above words are prob. related to אנשׁ ᴵ (= to be weak).] Derivatives: אנשׁ ᴵᴵ, אֱנוֹשׁוּת, אֱנוֹשִׁי. cp. אֲנָשִׁים, אֱנָשֵׁי, נָשִׁים.

 

אִנּוּשׁ m.n. NH 1 personification. 2 anthropomorphism. [Verbal n. of אִנֵּשׁ. Pi. of אנשׁ ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֱנוֹשׁוּת f.n. MH humanity, mankind. [Formed from אֱנוֹשׁ with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֱנוֹשִׁי adj. human; humane. [Formed from אֱנוֹשׁ with suff. ◌ִי. cp. Arab. ’insāniyy (= human) from ’insan (= man).] Derivative: אֱנוֹשִׁיּוּת.

 

אֱנוֹשִׁיּוּת f.n. MH humanity; humaneness. [Formed from אֱנוֹשִׁי with suff. ◌וּת. cp. Arab. ’insāniyya (= humanity), from ’insāniyy (= human).]

 

אֶנְזִים m.n. FW enzyme (biochemistry). [Ger. Enzym, coined by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1878 from Med. Gk. enzymos (= leavened), from Gk. en (= in), and zyme (= leaven, ferment), which stands for IE *yūsmā and is related to Gk. zomos (= broth), from IE base *yūs (= broth). See ‘juice’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אנח to sigh, moan.

    — Qal - אָנַח he sighed, moaned, groaned.

    — Niph. - נֶאֲנַח (of s.m.).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַנַּח, ,

    — Nith. - נִתְאַנַּח he sighed. [Aram. אֲנַח, Syr. אֲנַח, אֶתַּנַּח (= he groaned, sighed, lamented), Ugar. ’nh (= groan), Arab. ’anaḥa (= he groaned, sighed), Akka. anāhu (= to gasp, sigh). Related to bases אנה ᴵ, אנן, אנק.] Derivatives: אֲנָחָה, הֵאָנְחוּת, הִתֽאַנְּחוּת.

 

אֲנָחָה f.n. sighing, sigh. [Formed from אנח with first suff. ◌ָה. cp. Aram. אֲנַחְתָּא, Ugar. a̧nh (= sighing, sigh).]

 

אֲנַחְנוּ pers. pron. we. [Collateral forms: נַחְנוּ and אָנוּ. Related to Phoen. אנחן, Aram. אֲנַחְנָא, נַחֽנָא, Syr. חֲנָן, Arab. naḥna, Akka. nīnu, anīnu, nīni, anīni (= we). The primitive form prob. was *niḥnū. cp. Aram. אֲנַךְ, sometimes shortened to נַךְ (= we), which developed from אֲנָא (= I), with change of the sing. suff. ◌א to the pl. suff. ◌ן.]

 

אַנְטְאַרְקְטִי adj. FW antarctic. [Properly ‘opposite to the north’, from Gk. anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and arktos (= bear; the constellation of the Great Bear). See אַרֽקֽטִי.]

 

אַנְטָגוֹנִיזְם m.n. FW antagonism. [Gk. antagonisma, from antagonizesthai (= to struggle against), from anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and agonizesthai (= to struggle), from agon (= assembly; contest in the games), from agein (= to lead, guide), which is cogn. with L. agere (= to set in motion, drive, lead). See ‘agent’ (adj.) in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌ִיזֽם.]

 

אֶנְטוֹמוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW entomology. [Compounded of Gk. entoma (= insects), and - logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה). Gk. entoma lit. means ‘(animals) cut in’ (so called by Aristotle, because their body is divided into segments), neuter pl. of entomos (= cut in), from entemnein (= to cut in).]

 

אֲנָטוֹמִי adj. FW anatomical. [Back formation from אֲנָטוֹמֽיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲנָטוֹמְיָה f.n. anatomy. [Ultimately from Gk. anatomia, anatome (= dissection), which is related to anatemein (= to cut up), from ana (= up, on, upon), and temein (= to cut). See אָטוֹם and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַנְטוֹנִים m.n. FW antonym. [Formed from Gk. antonymia (= a word used for another, a pronoun), from anti (= instead of; see אַנְטִי◌), and onyma, dialectal form of onoma (= noun). See נוֹמִינָלִי.]

 

אַנְטִי◌ FW (before a vowel אַנְט◌) anti-, resp. ant-, pref. meaning ‘opposite, against, instead’. [Gk. anti-, ant- (= over against, opposite, before, instead of) which is related to anta, anten (= opposite). cp. ‘ante-’ and ‘anti-’ in my CEDEL. cp. also אַנְטִיקְוַארְיוֹן.]

 

אַנְטִיבִּיּוֹטִי adj. FW antibiotic. [Back formation from Eng. antibiotics, from Medical L. antibiolicus, which was coined from anti- (see אַנְטִי◌), Gk. bios (= life), and suff. - icus. See בִּיּוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending of אַנְטִיבִּיּוֹטִי see suff. ◌ִי.] The word antibiotic was first used by the physician Selman Abraham Waksman, the discoverer of streptomycin, in 1941.]

 

אַנְטִיטוֹקְסִין m.n. FW antitoxin. [Ger. Antitoxin, coined by the German bacteriologist Emil von Behring in 1890 from anti- (see אַנְטִי◌) and Toxin (see טוֹקְסִין).]

 

אַנְטִיכִי m.n. PBH a kind of cooking instrument mentioned in the Mishnah. [A Gk. loan word of uncertain origin; perhaps lit. meaning ‘Antiochian (vessel)’.]

 

אַנְטִילוֹגָרִיתְם m.n. FW antilogarithm. [Formed from אַנְטִי◌ and לוֹגָרִיתְם.]

 

אַנְטִילוֹפָּה f.n. FW antelope. [Eng. antelope, from Med. Gk. antholops, name of a fabulous animal, which prob. means ‘flower eye’, from Gk. anthos (= flower), and ops (= eye). For the etymology of Gk. ops see אוֹפְּטִי. cp. the first element in אַנְתּוֹלוֹגְיָה and the second in קַנְקַנְתּוּם.]

 

אַנְטִילְיָה f.n. PBH a water-scooping machine. [Borrowed from Gk. antia (= hold of a ship; reservoir), which together with antlion (of s.m.) derives from antlos (= hold of a ship; bucket). See אַנֽטָל.]

 

אַנְטִינוֹמְיָה f.n. FW antinomy. [L. antinomia, from Gk. antinomia (= ambiguity in the law), from anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and nomos (= law). See נוֹמָד and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַנְטִיסֶפְּטִי adj. FW antiseptic. [Formed from אַנְטִי◌ and סֶפְּטִי.]

 

אַנְטִיסֶרוּם m.n. FW antiserum. [A hybrid coined from Gk. anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and L. serum (= whey). See סֶרוּם.]

 

אַנְטִיפּוֹד m.n. FW antipode. [L. antipodēs (pl.), from Gk. antipodes, pl. of antipous (= having the feet opposite), from anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and pous, gen. podos (= foot; see פֵּדָר).]

 

אַנְטִיפָּתִי adj. FW antipathetic. [Back formation from אַנֽטִיפַּתְיָה. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַנְטִיפַּתְיָה f.n. FW antipathy. [L. antipathīa, from Gk. antipatheia, from antipathes (= having opposite feelings), from anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and pathos (= feeling, suffering, passion). See פָּתוֹס and cp. אַפַּתֽיָה.]

 

אַנְטִיקְוַארְיוֹן m.n. FW antiquity store, secondhand bookstore. [From L. antīquārius (= pertaining to antiquity), from antīquus (= old), from ante (= before), which is related to Gk. anti (= over against, opposite, before, instead of). See אַנְטִי◌.]

 

אַנְטִישֵׁמִי adj. & m.n. NH anti-Semite, anti-Semitic. [Formed on the analogy of Ger. Antisemit, from אַנְטִי◌ and שֵׁמִי. cp. אַנְטִישֵׁמִיּוּת.]

 

אַנְטִישֵׁמִיּוּת f.n. NH anti-Semitism. [Formed on the analogy of Ger. Antisemitismus, from אַנְטִישֵׁמִי and suff. ◌וּת. The word Antisemitismus was first used by Wilhelm Marr in 1880.]

 

אַנְטִיתֶזָה f.n. FW antithesis. [L. antithesis, from Gk. antithesis (= opposition; lit. ‘a placing against’), from antitithenai (= to set one thing against another, oppose), from anti (see אַנְטִי◌) and tithenai (= to place). See תִּיק and cp. פְּרוֹתֶזָה.]

 

אַנְטָל m.n. PBH vessel. [Gk. antlos (= hold of a ship; bucket), prob. standing for antlos, from am-thlos-s, and related to ame (= bucket). See ‘amnion’ in my CEDEL and cp. אַנְטִילְיָה.]

 

אַנְטֶנָּה f.n. FW antenna. [Modern L. antenna (= feeler or horn of an insect), from L. antemna, antenna (= sail yard), which is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps a contraction of an(a)tempnā (= that which is stretched or extended), from IE base *temp- (= to stretch, extend). See ‘temple’ (place of worship) in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְטָרֶס m.n. FW Antares (astronomy). [Gk. Antares, lit.: ‘opposite (the planet) Mars’, from anti (= opposite); (see אַנְטִי◌), and Ares (= Mars), which derives from are (= bane, ruin). This word is related to arein (= a cursing, menacing).]

 

אַנְטְרָצִיט m.n. FW anthracite, a kind of hard coal. [L. anthracītēs (= a kind of bloodstone), from Gk. anthrakites (= a gem), properly subst. use of an adj. meaning ‘resembling coal’, from anthrax, gen. anthrakos (= coal), which is of uncertain origin. For the ending see subst. suff. ‘-ite’ in my CEDEL. Coal is first mentioned about 370 B.C.E. by Theophrastus in his treatise ‘On Stones’, under the name lithos anthrakos (= coal stone). cp. ‘anthra’ and ‘anthracite’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְטַרְקְטִי adj. FW Antarctic, pertaining to the South Pole or regions near the South Pole. [Properly ‘opposite to the north’, from Gk. anti (= opposite), and arktos (= bear; the constellation of the Great Bear). See אַנְטִי◌ and אַרְקְטִי.]

 

אֲנִי pers. pron. I. [Related to BAram. אֲנָה, Aram., Mand. אֲנָא, Syr. אֱנָא, Ugar. a̧n, Arab. ’anā, SArab. אן, Ethiop. ’ana. The Aram. forms, Arab. ’anā and Ethiop. ’ana derive from the primitive form ana, which is prob. compounded of deictic ’an and ’a (= I). cp. ’a-, first person pref. of the Sem. imperfect, and the Akka. suff. - a,-am (= to me). Heb. אֲנִי was prob. formed from the primitive form ’anā through assimilation of the suff. ◌נִי and ◌ִי. cp. אָנֹכִי, אֲנָא and first element in אַתָּה and in words there referred to.] Derivative: אֲנִיּוּת.

 

אְֹנִי m.n. MH mourning. [Coined by Rashi (1040–1105) from אנה ᴵ; see his commentary to Is. 19:8.]

 

אֳנִי m. & f.n. (coll.) ships, fleet. [From אנה ᴵᴵ. cp. TA a-na-yi, as a Canaanite gloss to ellipu (= ship), and Ugar. a̧ny (= fleet).] Derivative: אֳנִיָּה.

 

אֳנִיָּה f.n. ship, boat, vessel. [Nomen unitatis formed from אֳנִי (=ships, fleet). For the ending see second suff. ◌ָה. cp. Ugar. a̧nyt (= ship).]

 

אֲנִיָּה f.n. moaning, wailing, lamentation, mourning (occurring in the Bible twice, Is. 29:2, Lam. 2:5, both times in the phrase תַּאֲנִיָּה וַאֲנִיָּה, ‘mourning and moaning’). See אנה ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה and cp. תַּאֲנִיָּה.]

 

אֲנִיּוּת f.n. NH 1 the ego. 2 egoism. [Formed from אֲנִי (= I), with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲנִילִין m.n. FW anilin(e) (chemistry). [Coined by C.J. Fritzsche in 1841 from Portuguese anil (= indigo), from Arab. an-nīl, assimilated from al-nīl, from al- (= the), and nīl (= indigo), from Pers. nīla, ultimately from Old I. nīlī (= indigo), from nīlaḥ (= dark blue). cp. ‘lilac’ in my CEDEL. cp. אַטְטֽמָה and the first element in אֲנֶמוֹגְרָף and in אֲנֶמוֹמֶטֶר.]

 

אֲנִימִיזְם m.n. FW animism. [Ger. Animismus, coined by the German physicist and chemist Georg Ernst Stahl (1660–1734) from L. animus (= soul, spirit, mind, courage, wish, desire), reintroduced by E.B. Tylor and in 1871. For the ending see suff. ◌ִיזֽם.]

 

אָנִין adj. PBH delicate, sensitive. [From אנן.] Derivative: אֲנִינוּת.

 

אֲנִינוּת f.n. PBH mourning, sorrow, grief. [Formed from אָנִין with suff. ◌וּץ.]

 

אֲנִיסָה f.n. NH 1 compulsion. 2 violation, rape. [Verbal n. of אָנַס.] See אנס and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָנִיץ m.n. PBH bundle. [Of unknown origin. cp. עָנִיץ.]

 

אֻנִּית see אוּנִית.

 

אֻנִּיתִי see אוּנִיתִי.

 

אָנֵךְ, אוֹנֵךְ m.n. PBH onyx. [Gk. onyx, gen. onyxos (= fingernail, claw; onyx), cogn. with Old I. angriḥ, amhriḥ (= foot), L. anguis (= nail, claw). cp. ‘nail’ (n.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲנָךְ m.n. plummet, plumb-line (occurring in the Bible, Amos 7:7 and 8). [Related to Syr. אָנְכָא, Mand. אנכא, Arab. ’ānuk, Ethiop. nā’k, Akka. anāku (= lead, tin). These words prob. derive ultimately from Sumerian anag.] Derivatives: אנך, אֲנָכִי, אֲנָכִיּוּת, הַאֲנָכָה.

 

אנך to straighten.

    — Pi. - אִנֵּךְ PBH 1 he covered with lead. NH 2 he straightened, made straight (orig.: made the wall straight by means of a plummet). NH 3 he drew a perpendicular line.

    — Pu. - אֻנַּךְ 1 was straightened; was made straight. 2 was made perpendicular. 3 was covered with lead. 4 was soldered. [Denominated from אֲנָךְ.] Derivatives: אִנּוּךְ, מְאֻנָּךְ.

 

אָנֹכִי pers. pron. I. [Related to Phoen. אנך and אנכי, Moabite אנך, Punic anec, OAram. אנך, אנכי, Ugar. a̧nk, Akka. anāku, and cogn. with Egypt. ynk, Coptic anok, nok. It has no correspondences in Aram., Arab. and Ethiop. (in this latter, kū appears as the suff. of the first pers. in the conjugation of the verb, as in waladkū, Heb. יָלַדְתִּי, ‘I bore’). The endings ◌כִי, resp. - ku, etc. in אָנֹכִי, anāku, etc., are prob. related to Heb. כֹּה, Aram.-Syr. כָּא (= here).] Derivatives: אָנֹכִיּוּת, אָנֹכִיִּי.

 

אֲנָכִי adj. NH 1 vertical. 2 perpendicular. [Formed from אֲנָךְ with adj. suff. ◌ִית.] Derivative: אֲנָכִיּוּת.

 

אֲנָכִיּוּת f.n. NH 1 vertically. 2 perpendicularity. [Formed from אֲנָכִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָנֹכִיּוּת f.n. NH selfishness, egoism, egotism. [Formed from אָנֹכִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָנֹכִיִּי adj. NH selfish, egoist, egotist, egoistic, egotistic. [Formed from אָנֹכִי with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אָנֹכִיּוּת.

 

אֲנַכְרוֹנִיזְם m.n. FW anachronism. [Ultimately from Gk. anachronismos (= anachronism), from anachronizein (= to refer to a wrong time), from ana (= up to, against), and chronos (= time). See כְּרוֹנִי and ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אֲנָלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW analogy. [Fren. analogie, from L. analogia, from Gk. analogia (= proportion, analogy), from analogos (= according to a due proportion, proportionate), from ana (= up to) and logos (= word, speech, reckoning, proportion). See לִגֽיוֹן and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אֲנָלִיזָה f.n. FW analysis. [Gk. analysis(= a loosing, releasing), from analyein (= to unloose, release, set free), from ana (= up to, on, throughout), and lyein (= to unfasten, loosen, slacken), which is cogn. with Old I. lunā́ti, lunṓti (= cuts, cuts off), L. luere (= to loose, release; to atone for, expiate). See ‘lose’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘lysis’ ibid. cp. also אֲנָלִיטִי.]

 

אֲנָלִיטִי adj. FW analytic, analytical. [Modern L. analyticus, from Gk. analyticos (= analytic), from analysis. See אֲנָלִיזָה and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲנֶמוֹגְרָף m.n. FW anemograph. [Compounded of Gk. anemos (= wind) — which is cogn. with L. anima (= breath of air, air, breath, soul, life), animus (= soul, spirit, mind, courage, wish, desire) — and graphos, from graphein (= to write). See אֲנִימִיזְם and ◌גֽרָף.]

 

אֲנֶמוֹמֶטֶר m.n. FW anemometer. [Compounded of Gk. anemos (= wind), and metron (= measure). See אֲנֶמוֹגְרָף and מֶטֶר.]

 

אֲנֶמִי adj. FW anemic, anaemic. [Back formation from אֲנֶמְיָה.]

 

אֲנֶמְיָה f.n. FW anemia, anaemia (disease). [Gk. anaimia (= want of blood, bloodlessness), from privative pref. an- and aima (= blood). cp. the first element in הֶמוֹגְלוֹבִּין.]

 

אנן to complain, murmur, lament, bewail, mourn.

    — Qal - אָנַן he lamented, mourned.

    — Hith. - הִתְאוֹנֵן he murmured, complained. [Aram. אֲנַן, Syr. אַן, Arab. ’anna, hanna (= he groaned, lamented). Related to the bases אנה ᴵ,אנח, אנק.] Derivatives: אָנוּן, אָנִין, הִתְאוֹנֽנוּת, מִתֽאוֹנֵן, תַּאֲנוּן.

 

אֲנַן pron. PBH we. [Occurring in phrases quoted from Talmud or Midrash, as in אֲנַן סָהֲדֵי (= we are witnesses; i.e. ‘we testify to the truth of this’). See אֲנַחְנוּ.]

 

אֲנָנָס m.n. FW ananas. [Sp. anana’s, from Peruvian nanas (= pineapple).]

 

אנס to force, compel, rape.

    — Qal - אָנַס 1 he forced, compelled (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Est. 1:8). PBH 2 he violated, raped.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱנַס 1 he was forced. 2 נֶאֶנְסָה (f.) she was violated, was raped.

    — Pi. - אִנֵּס 1 he forced, compelled. 2 he violated, raped. [Related to Aram. אֲנַס, Syr. אֱנַס.] Derivatives: אֹנֶס, אַנָּס, אָנוּס, אִנּוּס, אֲנוּסָה, הֵאָנְסוּת.

 

אֹֽנֶס m.n. PBH 1 compulsion, force. 2 violation. rape. [From אנס.]

 

אַנָּס m.n. PBH 1 violator, rapist. 2 terrorist. [Nomen opificum formed from אנס.]

 

אַנְסַמְבְּל m.n. FW ensemble. [Fren. ensemble (= together), from L. insimul (= at the same time, together), from in (= in), and simul (= at the same time, together). See ‘in’ (prep.), and ‘simultaneous’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנֶסְתֶּסְיָה f.n. FW anesthesis. [Gk. anaisthesia (= lack of sensation), from anaisthetein (= to be without sense of something, lack sensation), from privative pref. an- and aisthetos (= sensible, perceptible). See אֶסְתֶּטִי and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אנף to be angry.

    — Qal - אָנַף was angry.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַנֵּף (of s.m.).

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱנִיף he made angry. [Prob. denominated from אַף (= nose, anger). cp. Moabite אנף (= to be angry), and Arab. ’anifa (= he disdained, scorned, rejected), which are also denominative verbs.] Derivatives: אֶנֶף, אֲנָפִית, אנפף, and possibly אֲנָפָה. cp. אַנְפִּין.

 

אֶֽנֶף m.n. MH anger, wrath. [From אנף.]

 

אֲנָפָה f.n. heron, egret. [Related to Syr. אַנְפָא, Akka. anpatu. These words prob. derive from אנף and lit. mean ‘the quarrelsome bird’.]

 

אִנְפּוּף m.n. NH speaking through the nose. [Verbal n. of אִנְפֵּף, Pi. of אנפף.]

 

אֲנָפוֹרָה f.n. FW anaphora — repetition of the same word in successive clauses (rhetorics). [Gk. anaphora (= a carrying back), from anapherein (= to carry back), from ana (= up to; back, backward), and pherein (= to bear, carry), which together with phor (= thief) derives from IE base *bher- (= to bear, carry). See אַשְׁבֹּרֶן. cp. פוּרוּנְקוּל, פּוּרְיָא, the first element in בֶּרוֹנִיקָה, and the second element in מֶטָפוֹרָה, סֶמָפוֹר, פוֹסְפוֹר, פֶּרִיפֶרְיָה, פרן, קָטַפְרֵס, תֵּיאוֹפוֹרִי. cp. also דִּיפֶרֶנֽצְיָאל and בָּרוֹן.]

 

אַנְפּוֹרְיָה f.n. PBH trading place, trade, merchandise. [Gk. emporion (= a trading place, market), properly neuter of emporios (= pertaining to trade), used as a n., from emporos (= traveler; trader, merchant), from en (= in) and poros (= passage, way, road), which stands in gradational relationship to peirein (= to go through, pierce, cross, traverse) which is related to peran (= to pass through). These words derive from IE base *per- (= to pass over). cp. ‘fare’ (v.) in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְפִּילָה f.n. PBH (pl. אַנְפִּילָאוֹת) felt shoe, felt slipper. [Gk. empilion (= felt shoe), formed from en (= in) and pilos (= felt), which is prob. cogn. with L. pilleus (= felt cap), pilus (= hair). cp. ‘pile’ (= soft hair) in my CEDEL.]

 

אַנְפִּין m.n. pl. PBH face. [Aram. See אנף.]

 

אֲנָפִית f.n. NH heron, egret. [Formed from אֲנָפָה with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֲנַפֶּסְט m.n. FW anapaest — a metrical foot consisting of two short syllables followed by a long one, a reversed dactyl (prosody). [L. anapaestus, from Gk. anapaistos (= struck back, rebounding), verbal adj. of anapaiein (= to strike back), from ana (= up to; back), and paiein (= to strike) which is cogn. with L. pavīre (= to beat, ram, tread down). See ‘pave’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אנפף to nasalize.

    — Pi. - אִנְפֵּף he spoke through the nose, nasalized. [Coined by H.N. Bialik (1873–1934) from אַף (= nose), from base אנף.] Derivatives: אִנְפּוּף, אַנְפְּפָן, מְאֻנְפָף.

 

אַנְפְּפָן m.n. NH one who speaks through the nose. [Formed from אנפף with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֵּדִי adj. FW encyclopedic. [Back formation from אֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֵּדְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֵּדְיָה f.n. FW encyclopedia. [Late L. encyclopaedia, from inexact Gk. enkyklopaideia, for enkyklios paideia (= circular education, general education), lit.: ‘training in a circle’. Enkyklios is formed from en (= in) and kyklos (= circle). Paideia derives from the stem paideyein (= to rear or bring up a child, to educate), from pais, gen. paidos (= a child), from IE base *pĕu- (= small, little, few, young). See ‘cycle’ and ‘few’ in my CEDEL and cp. the first element in פֶּדָגוֹג. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אנק to sigh, groan.

    — Qal - אָנַק he sighed, groaned (in the Bible occurring only Jer 51:52 and Ezek. 26:15).

    — Niph. - נֶאֱנַק of s.m. (in the Bible occurring only Ezek. 9:4 and 24:17). [Aram. אֲנַק, Syr. אֶנַק (= he sighed, groaned). Base of אֲנָקָה ᴵ. Related to base אנח and to the bases there referred to; related also to נאק (metathesis).] Derivative: הֵאָנֽקוּת.

 

אֲנָקָה ᴵ f.n. groaning, groan, cry. [Formed from אנק with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲנָקָה ᴵᴵ f.n. gecko (a hapax legomenon occurring Lev. 11:30). [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אַנְקוֹל m.n. NH hook. [A collateral form of אוּנֽקָל.] Derivative: מְאֻנְקָל.

 

אַנְקוֹלִי adj. NH unciform, uncinate. [A collateral form of אוּנְקָלִי.]

 

אַנְקוֹר m.n. PBH bunting (bird). [Perhaps formed from נקר.]

 

אֶנֶרְגִּי adj. FW energetic. [Back formation from אֶנֶרֽגְּיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶנֶרְגְּיָה f.n. FW energy. [Late L. energīa, from Gk. energeia (= energy, efficiency), which was formed by Aristotle from energes, late form of energos (= at work, active), from en (= in) and ergon (= work). See אֶרְג and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אֲנַרְכִי adj. FW anarchic. [Back formation from אֲנַרְכְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲנַרְכְיָה f.n. FW anarchy. [Fren. anarchic, from Gk. anarchia (= lack of a leader, state of being without any leader), from anarchos (= without chief), from privative pref. an and archos (= leader, chief, ruler). See אַרְכִי.]

 

אֲנַרְכִיזְם m.n. FW anarchism. [See אֲנַרְכִי and suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אֲנַרְכִיסְט m.n. FW anarchist. [See אֲנַרְכְיָה and suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אנשׁ ᴵ to be weak, to be sick.

    — Qal (see . - אָנוּשׁ ).

    — Niph. - נֶאֱנַשׁ he grew sick (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam II 12:15 in the form וַיֵּאָנֵשׁ, ‘and he became very sick’). [Akka. enēshu (= to be weak). cp. Syr. נַשׁ (= became weak). Arab. ’anutha (= became womanly), is prob. denominated from ’unthā (= feminine, female). cp. אֱנוֹשׁ.]

 

אנשׁ ᴵᴵ to humanize.

    — Pi. - אִנֵּשׁ he humanized.

    — Pu. - אֻנַּשׁ was humanized.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱנִישׁ 1 he humanized. 2 he anthropomorphized. 3 he personified.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳנַשׁ 1 was humanized. 2 he was anthropomorphized. 3 he was personified. Denominated from אֱנוֹשׁ. cp. הַאֲנָשָׁה. [Denominated from אֱנוֹשׁ (= man, mankind).] Derivatives: אִנּוּשׁ, הַאֲנָשָׁה.

 

אֲנַ״שׁ abbr. NH our friends, members of our group. [Formed from the initials of the words אַנְשֵׁי שְׁלוֹמֵנוּ (of s.m.).]

 

אֱנָשֵׁי, אִינְשֵׁי people. [Aram., pl. of אֱנָשׁ (= man). See אֱנוֹשׁ and cp. the second element in בַּרְנָשׁ.]

 

אֲנָשִׁים m.n. pl. men. serving as the pl. of אִישׁ (= man). [Related to אֱנוֹשׁ.]

 

אַנְתְּ m. & f. pron. PBH thou, you. [Aram. See אַתָּה, אַתִּ.]

 

אַנְתּוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW anthology. [Gk. anthologia (= a flower gathering), from anthologos (= gathering flowers), which is formed from anthos (= flower), and legein (= to gather). See אַנְטִילוֹפָּה, לִגְיוֹן and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַנְתְּרוֹפּוֹלוֹג m.n. FW anthropologist. [Back formation from אַנְתְּרוֹפּוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַנְתְּרוֹפּוֹלוֹגִי adj. FW anthropological. [Back formation from אַנְתְּרוֹפּוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַנְתִּרוֹפּוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW anthropology. [The word lit. means ‘the science of man’. It is compounded of Gk. anthropos (= man), and logia (see ◌לוֹגְיָה). Gk. anthropos is perhaps a dialectal variant of andropos, a compound of aner, gen. andros (= man), and ops (= eye, face), and lit. means ‘he who has the face of a man’. For the etymology of aner see אַנְדַּרֽטָא. Ops derives from IE base *oq- (= eye). cp. the second element in מִיזַנְתְּרוֹפּ and in פִילַנְתְּרוֹפּ.]

 

אַסְדָּה f.n. PBH raft. [Of uncertain origin. The derivation of this word from L. esseda (= two-wheeled war chariot) must be rejected for semantic reasons. There is more probability in the assumption that אַסְדָּה comes from Gk. schedia (= raft). Gk. schedia is of uncertain origin. It means perhaps lit. ‘that which is held together’, and derives from schein (= to hold). See אַסְכּוֹלָה.] Derivative: אַסְדִּית.

 

אַסְדִּית f.n. NH a small barge. [Formed from אַסְדָּה with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אָסוּךְ m.n. oil can (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Kin. II 4:2). [Prob. formed from סוך (= to anoint), with prosthetic א◌.]

 

אָסוּם adj. MH rich in corn; abundant. [From אסם; formally, pass. part. of the otherwise not used Qal.]

 

אִסּוּם m.n. NH storage. [Verbal n. of אִסֵּם, Pi. of אסם.]

 

אָסוֹן m.n. disaster, calamity, catastrophe, accident. [Prob. from base אסה, whence also Arab. ’asiya (= was sad, was grieved, was distressed). Gesenius connects these words with Arab. ’asā, Aram.-Syr. אַסִּי (= he cured, healed) as verbs having privative meaning, however, these verbs are prob. denominated from אָסְיָא. See אָסְיָא.]

 

אָסוּף adj. MH gathered, collected. [Pass. part. of אָסַף. See אסף and cp. אֲסוּפִי.]

 

אִסּוּף m.n. NH collection, assemblage, compilation. [Verbal n. of אִסֵּף, Pi. of אסף.]

 

אֲסוּפִי m.n. PBH foundling. [Lit.: ‘taken in’, from אָסוּף. pass. part. of אָסַף. See אסף.]

 

אַסּוֹצִיאַצְיָה f.n. association. [Med. L. associātiō, from L. associātus, p. part. of associāre (= to join to, unite with), from ad (= to, toward) and sociāre (= to join together, associate), from socius (= companion). For the ending of אַסּוֹצִיאַצְיָה see suff. ◌ַצְיָה.]

 

אָסוּר adj. 1 bound. 2 imprisoned. PBH 3 forbidden. [Pass. part. of אָסַר. See אסר.]

 

אִסּוּר m.n. PBH prohibition. [From אסר. cp. אִסָּר ᴵ.]

 

אֵסוּר m.n. band, bond. [From אסר. cp. Aram. אֱסוּר, Syr. אֲסוּרָא.]

 

אָסוּתָא f.n. PBH 1 medicine. 2 God bless you! [Aram. אָסוּ, emphatic st. אָסוּתָא (= cure, medicine, remedy), from אַסִּי (= he cured), which is a back formation from אָסְיָא (= physician).]

 

אִסְטוֹמְכָה f.n. PBH stomach. [Gk. stomachos (= throat, gullet, esophagus, stomach) from stoma (= mouth). cp. ‘stoma’ and ‘stomach’ in my CEDEL. The אִ◌ in אִסְטוֹמְכָה is prosthetic.)

 

אַסְטִיגְמָטִיּוּת m.n. FW astigmatism. [Formed with suff. ◌וּת from Eng. astigmatic, which is a back formation from astigmatism, a word coined by the English mathematician and philosopher William Whewell in 1819 from Gk. privative pref. a-, and stigma (= puncture, mark, spot), which derives from the stem of stizein (= to prick, point, mark), from IE base *steig- (= to prick, stick, pierce). See ‘stick’ (v.) in my CEDEL and cp. אִינְסְטִינְקְט.]

 

אַסְטֶלָה, אַסְטְלֵי f.n. FW NH 1 gravestone. PBH 2 stele. [Formed with prosthetic אַ◌ from Gk. stele (= an upright stone, monument, gravestone), which is related to stellein (= to set in order, arrange, equip), stole (= adjustment, equipment, clothing). See אִצְטְלָה.]

 

אַסְטְמָה see אַסְתְּמָה.

 

אִסְטְנִיס adj. PBH sensitive, fastidious, squeamish. [Gk. asthenes (= weak), lit.: ‘without strength’, from privative pref. a-, and sthenos (= strength), which is of uncertain origin.] Derivative: אִסְטְנִיסוּת

 

אִסְטְנִיסוּת f.n. MH sensitiveness, fastidiousness. [A hybrid coined from אִסְטְנִיס with Heb. suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַסְטֵרוֹאִיד m.n. FW asteroid. [From Gk. asteroides (= starlike), which is compounded of aster (= star) and - oeides (= -like), from eidos (= form, shape). Gk. aster prob. goes back to an IE primary form *astero, which is of uncertain Sem. origin. It possibly derives from the name of the evening star called after the Sem. goddess Astarte, i.e. Ishtar, Heb. עַשְׁתֹּרֶת. See אַפֽרוֹדִיטָה, and cp. אַסְטְרוֹלוֹג, אַסְטְרוֹנָאוּט, אַסְטְרוֹנוֹם. For the etymology of ‘œides’ see אִידֵיאָה.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹלוֹג m.n. FW astrologer. [Gk. astrologos (= ‘astronomer’, later ‘astrologer’), compounded of astron (= star), and logos. See אַסְטְרוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW astrology. [Ultimately from Gk. astrologia (= ‘astronomy’, later ‘astrology’), from astrologos. See אַסְטְרוֹלוֹג. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹנָאוּט m.n. FW astronaut. [Compounded of Gk. astron (= star) and nautes (= sailor, seaman). See אַסֽטֵרוֹאִיד and נַוָּט.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹנוֹם m.n. FW astronomer. [Gk. astronomos (= astronomer; lit: ‘star-arranger’), from astron (= star), and nomos (= stranger), which is related to nemein (= to deal out, distribute). See אַסְטֵרוֹאִיד and נוֹמָד and cp. the second element in אַסֽטְרוֹנוֹמֽיָה.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹנוֹמִי adj. FW astronomic(al). [Back formation from אַסְטְרוֹנוֹמְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַסְטְרוֹנוֹמְיָה f.n. FW astronomy. [Ultimately from Gk. astronomia (= astronomy), from astronomos. See אַסְטְרוֹנוֹם and suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַסְטְרָטֶג m.n. PBH strategist. [Formed with prosthetic א◌ from Gk. strategos (= leader of an army), which is compounded of stratos (= army), and agein (= to lead, guide, drive). See סַרְדְּיוֹט and cp. ‘strategy’ in my CEDEL. For the etymology of Gk. agein see אַקְטוּאָלִי.]

 

אִסְטְרַטְיָא m.n. PBH army; royal suite; retinue. [Formed with prosthetic א◌ from Gk. stratia (= army; company, band), from stratos (= army). See סַרְרְּיוֹט and cp. the first element in אַסְטְרָטֶג.]

 

אָסְיָא m.n. PBH physician (occurring in phrases quoted from Talmud and Midrash). [Aram.-Syr., a loan word from Akka. asū, itself borrowed from Sumeric a-zū (= physician), which lit. means ‘he that knows water’, from ā (= water), zū (= to know). cp. אָסוּתָא. cp. also אָסוֹן.]

 

אַסְיָה f.n. FW Asia. [Gk. Asia, from Akka. aṣū (= to go out; to rise — said of the sun), which is related to Heb. יָצָא (= he went out; it rose — said of the sun). Accordingly Asia orig. denoted ‘the Region of the Rising Sun’ in contradistinction to Europe which orig. meant ‘the Region of the Setting Sun’ (see אֵירוֹפָּה). cp. the second element in אֵירַסְיָה. cp. also Asia and ‘wudu’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אַסְיָתִי.

 

אֲסִימוֹן m.n. PBH 1 uncoined metal; worn coin. NH 2 metal token (to be used in subways, telephone booths, etc.). [Gk. asemon (= uncoined metal, bullion), properly subst. use of the neuter of the adj. asemos (= without token), which is formed from privative pref. a-, and sema (= sign, token). See סִימָן.]

 

אֲסִימֶטְרִי adj. FW asymmetric(al). [Back formation from אֲסִימֶטֽרִיָּה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲסִימֶטְרִיָּה f.n. FW asymmetry. [Gk. asymmetria (= incommensurability), from asymmetros (= incommensurate; disproportionate), from privative pref. a-, and symmetros (= commensurable). See סִימֶטְרִיָּה.]

 

אַסִּימִילָטוֹר m.n. FW 1 assimilationist. 2 assimilator. [From L. assimilātus, p. part. of assimilāre (= to make like, liken), from ad (= to, toward), and similāre (= to make similar to), from similis (= like, resembling, similar). See ‘similar’ and agential suff. ‘or’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַסִּימִילַצְיָה f.n. FW assimilation. [L. assimilātiō, from assimillātus, p. part. of assimilāre. See אַסִּימִילָטוֹר and cp. דִּיסִימִילַצְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַסִּיסְטֶנְט m.n. FW assistant. [Fren. assistant (adj. & n.), properly pres. part. of assister (= to stand by, help, assist), from L. assistere (= to stand by), from ad (= to, toward), and sistere (= to cause to stand, put, place; to stand still, stand), from the reduplicated base of stāre (= to stand). cp. Old I. tíṣṭhati, Avestic hishtaiti (= stands), and Gk. istemi (= I cause to stand, place; I stand). See ‘state’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָסִיף m.n. ingathering, harvest. [From אסף.]

 

אֲסִיפָה f.n. PBH gathering, collection. [Verbal n. of אָסַף. See אסף and suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָסִיר m.n. prisoner, captive. [From אָסַר (see אסר). cp. Aram. אֲסִירָא, Syr. אַסִירָא, Arab. ’asīr. cp. also ashiru and asiru in the TA letters. See אַסִּיר.]

 

אַסִּיר m.n. prisoner, captive. [A secondary form of אָסִיר.]

 

אֲסִירָה f.n. PBH imprisonment. [Verbal n. of אָסַר. See אסר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַסְיָתִי adj. NH Asian, Asiatic. [Formed from אַסְיָה, with suff. ◌ִית.] Derivative: אַסְיָתִיּוּת.

 

אַסְיָתִיּוּת f.n. NH Asianism. [Formed from אַסְיָתִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַסְכּוֹלָה, אִיסְכּוֹלֵי f.n. PBH. 1 school. 2 system. [Gk. schole, resp. L. schola (= leisure, spare time; leisure devoted to learning; place of learning, school), which is formed from sche-, stem of echein (= to have, hold, possess), from IE base *segh- (= to hold in one’s power, to have), whence also schema (= form, shape). See סֽכֵימָה and cp. אַסֽדָּה in this dictionary. cp. also אֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת.]

 

אִסְכּוּם m.n. NH integration (mathematics). [Verbal n. of אִסֽכֵּם, Pi. of אסכם.]

 

אֶסְכָטוֹלוֹגִי adj. FW eschatological. [Back formation from אֶסְכָטוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶסְכָטוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW eschatology. [Lit.: ‘the study of the last things’, from Gk. eschatos (= furthest, remotest, last), and - logia. Gk. eschatos is a derivative of ex, which is related to L. ex, ē (= out of, from). For the etymology of Gk. - logia, see ◌לוֹגֽיָה.] Derivative: אֶסֽכָטוֹלוֹגִי.

 

אַסְכָּלָה ᴵ f.n. PBH 1 ladder. 2 gangway. [Aram. אַסְכָּלָא, from L. scālae (= ladder, scaling ladder), from scand-slā, a derivative of scandere (= to climb), from IE base *scand- (= to spring, leap). The אַ◌ in אַסְכָּלָה is prosthetic (see א◌).]

 

אַסְכָּלָה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH grill, grid. [Gk. eschala (= hearth, fireplace), which is of uncertain origin.]

 

אסכם to integrate (mathematics).

    — Pi. - אִסְכֵּם he integrated. [From סכם.] Derivatives: אִסְכּוּם, אַסְכֶּמֶת.

 

אַסְכֶּֽמֶת f.n. NH (pl. אַסְכָּמוֹת, אַסְכַּמְתָּאוֹת) integral (mathematics). [Formed from אסכם with suff. ◌ֶת.]

 

אַסְכָּרָה f.n. PBH diphtheria (disease). [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אֵֽסֶל m.n. PBH pole, yoke. [Hebraization of Gk. asilla (= yoke), which is of unknown origin.]

 

אִסְלָאם m.n. NH Islam. [Arab. ’islām (= submitting oneself to God, surrender, obedience), inf. of aslama (= he surrendered, submitted; he submitted himself to God). See שלם and cp. ‘Islam’ in my CEDEL and words there referred to.] Derivative: אסלם.

 

אַסְלָה, אֲסֶלָּה f.n. PBH (pl. אֲסָלוֹת, resp. אֲסֶלּוֹת) closet stool, lavatory seat. [L. sella (= seat, chair, stool), for sed-lā, from sedēre (= to sit). See ‘sedentary’ in my CEDEL and cp. the second element in דּוֹדֶקָאֶדֶר and in סַנְהֶדְרִין. The אַ◌ in אַסְלָה is prosthetic (see אַ◌).]

 

אסלם to convert to Islam.

    — Pi. - אִסֽלֵם he converted to Islam; he islamized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַסֽלֵם he became a Moslem. [Denominated from אִסְלָאם.] Derivative: הִתֽאַסֽלְמוּת.

 

אָסָם m.n. storehouse, granary (in the Bible occurring only Deut. 28:8 and Pr. 3:10 in the form אֲסָמֶיךָ). [Related to Syr. אֱסן (= he stored up, piled up), אַסֵּן (of s.m.), Aram. אַסָּנָא (= stock of coin), Syr. אַסָּנָא (= store, victuals), Akka. ishittu (= granary). For the interchangeability of m and n cp. the verbs שָׂטַם and שָׂטַן (= he hated). cp. also חסן ᴵᴵ.] Derivative: אֹסֶם.

 

אסם to store up, pile up.

    — Pi. - אִסֵּם he stored.

    — Pu. - אֻסַּם was stored.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱסִים he stored. [Denominated from אָסָם. cp. the related Syr. אַסֵּן (= he stored up, piled up), which is denominated from אַסָּנָא (= store, victuals).] Derivative: אִסּוּם.

 

אֹֽסֶם m.n. MH abundance, plenty, rich harvest. [From אסם.]

 

אַסְמַכְתָּה f.n. PBH (pl. אַסְמַכְתּוֹת and אַסְמַכְתָּאוֹת) Scriptural text used as a support for a Rabbinical enactment. [Aram. אַסְמַכְתָּא (lit.: ‘support, reliance’), from סְמַךְ (= he supported), which is related to סָמַךְ (of s.m.); see סמך.]

 

אסף to gather, collect, reap, harvest.

    — Qal - אָסַף 1 he gathered, collected. 2 he took away, removed, withdrew.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱסַף 1 was gathered, was collected, was assembled. 2 was taken away (by death).

    — Pi. - אִסֵּף he gathered, collected; he took in (a guest).

    — Pu. - אֻסַּף was gathered, was collected.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַסֵּף met, assembled, was gathered together. [Phoen. אסף. (= to gather), Aram. אֲסַף (= he gathered in, reaped, harvested), Ugar. ’sp (= to gather), Akka. esēpu (= to reap, harvest). Related to base יסף.] Derivatives: אֹסֶף, אֲסֵפָה, אֲסֻפָּה, אֲסַפְסוּף, אִסּוּף, אָסוּף, אֲסוּפִי, אֲסִיפָה, אַסְּפָן, הֵאָסְפוּת, הִתֽאַסְּפוּת, מְאַסֵּף, מְאֻסָּף.

 

אֹֽסֶף m.n. a gathering, collecting, collection (in the Bible occurring only Is. 32:10 and Micah 7:1). [From אסף.]

 

אֲסֵפָה f.n. gathering, assembly, meeting (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 24:22). [Verbal n. of אָסַף. See אסף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲסֻפָּה collection, assembly (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Eccles. 12:11 in the phrase בַּעֲלֵי אֲסֻפּוֹת, which prob. means ‘assemblies of learned men’. [Formed from אסף with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַסְפִּירִין m.n. FW aspirin. [Ger. Aspirin, coined by H. Dreser in 1899, from privative pref. a-, the plant Spiraea, and chemical suff. - in. See ‘Aspirin’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַסְפִירְנָה f.n. FW Sphyraena (a genus of pikelike fishes). [Modern L., from L. sphyraena (= a kind of seafish), from Gk. sphyraina (= hammer fish), from sphyra (= hammer), which is related to sphyron (= ankle), spairein (= to move convulsively), from IE base *(s)p(h)er- (= to move convulsively). See ‘spurn’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘Sphyraena’ ibid.]

 

אַסְפַלְט m.n. FW asphalt. [Ultimately from Gk. asphaltos, which is of uncertain, possibly Sem., origin.]

 

אַסְפְּלָנִית f.n. PBH plaster, compress. [A hybrid formed with the Heb. suff. ◌ִית from Gk. splenion (= compress of linen laid on a wound; orig.: ‘compress laid on the spleen’), from splen (= milt, spleen), which stands for splegch and is related to splagcha (= the inward parts). The אַ◌ in אַסְפְּלָנִית is prosthetic (see א◌).]

 

אַסְפַּמְיָא Hispany. [From L. Hispānia (= Spain; lit.: ‘the country of the Spaniards’), from Hispānus (= Spaniard), which is prob. of Iberian origin. The i in (H)i-spānia is prob. the Iberian article. cp. אִסְפַּנְיוֹלִית.]

 

אַסְּפָן m.n. NH collector. [Formed from אִסֵּף, Pi. of אסף, with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אַסְּפָנִית.

 

אַסְּפָנוּת f.n. NH (the hobby of) collecting. [Formed from אַסְּפָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִסְפַּנְיוֹלִית f.n. NH Ladino, the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews in Turkey and some other countries. [Formed from Sp. español (= Spanish), from España (= Spain), from L. Hispānia (see אַסֽפַּמְיָה), with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֲסַפְסוּף m.n. rabble, mob, riffraff (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Num. 11:4). [Formed from אסף through reduplication of the second and third radical letters and lit. meaning people gathered together. cp. Arab. safsāf (= something poor, something inferior).] Derivative: אֲסַפְסוּפִי.

 

אֲסַפְסוּפִי adj. NH mobbish, [Formed from אֲסַפֽסוּף with suff. ◌ִי]

 

אַסְפֶּֽסֶת f.n. NH lucerne. [Aram.-Syr. אַסְפַּסְתָּא, from Pers. ispist, isfist, whence also Arab. isfast.]

 

אַסְפָּקָה f.n. NH provision. [A secondary form of הַסְפָּקָה. For the force of nouns of the form of אַפְעָלָה in NH see אַבְחָנָה and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אַסְפֶּקְט m.n. FW aspect. [L. aspectus (= glance, sight, appearance, countenance), from aspectus, p. part. of aspicere (= to look at), from ad- and specere (= to look at).]

 

אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָה f.n. PBH 1 windowpanes of the ancients made of lapis specularis. 2 mirror. [L. speculāria (= windowpanes), from speculāris (= pertaining to a mirror, of the nature of a mirror), from speculum (= looking glass, mirror), which derives from specere (= to see, look at, behold). See ‘speculum’ and ‘specular’ in my CEDEL. The אַ◌ in אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָה is prosthetic.]

 

אַסְפָּרָגוּם m.n. PBH asparagus. [Gk. asparagos, prob. meaning lit. ‘a sprout’ and related to sparagan (= to swell, be ripe), from IE base *sper(eg)-, *spher(e)g- (= ‘to sprout, swell, burst’), whence also L. spargere (= to scatter). See ‘sparse’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘asparagus’ ibid.]

 

אַסְפַּרְגַּל m.n. PBH quince. [Syr. אֶסְפַּרְגְּלָא, Pers. and Arab. safarjal (= quince).]

 

אֶסְפֶּרַנְטוֹ m.n. FW Esperanto. [From Esperanto, pseudonym of Dr. Lazarus Ludwig Zamenhof (1859–1917), inventor of this language, from Sp. esperanza (= hope), from esperar (= to hope), from L. sperāre, from spēs (= hope), which derives from IE base *spē(i)-, spe- (= to draw, stretch, spread, extend, swell; to be successful). See ‘prosperous’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘despair’ ibid.]

 

אֶסְקַדְרוֹן, אֶסְכַּדְרוֹן m.n. FW squadron. [Fren. escardon, from It. squadrone, formed from squadra (= square), with the augment suff. - one. It. squadra is borrowed from Sp. escuadra (= squad; properly ‘square’), from Late L. exquadrāre (= to form into a square). See ‘square’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘squadron’ and ‘escadrille’, ibid.]

 

אִסְקוּטְלָה f.n. PBH plate (of glass), tray. [L. scutella (= salver, waiter), dimin. of scutula (= a small tray or dish), which itself is a dimin. of scutra (= a flat tray, dish). The orig. meaning prob. was ‘a leather vessel’, from scūtum (= shield; orig.: ‘a leather shield’). See ‘scutum’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘scuttle’ (a metal receptacle) ibid. The א◌ in אִסְקוּטְלָה is prosthetic (see א◌).]

 

אֶסְקִימוֹ m.n. FW (pl. אֶסְקִימוֹאִים) Eskimo. [North American Indian eskimantsik (= eaters of raw flesh), a name given by the Algonquians to the North American Indian tribes living in the Arctic and Greenland.]

 

אַסְקֻפָּה f.n. PBH threshold, doorstep, doormat. [JAram. אֶסֽקֻפָּתָּא, אִסְקֻפְּתָּא, Syr. אֶסְקֶפְתָא, Mand. עסקופתא — whence also Arab. ’iskuffa‘ — borrowed from Akka. askuppu, askuppatu (= threshold). cp. סֽקֻפָּה. cp. also שֶׁקֶף ᴵ, מַשְׁקוֹף.]

 

אִסְקַרְיָה f.n. PBH sailyard. [Contraction of Gk. istokeraia (= sailyard), which is compounded of istos (= ship’s mast; loom; warp, web), and keraria (= horn). The first element lit. stands for sistos and lit. means ‘that which causes to stand’, from istemi (= I make to stand; I stand), from IE base *stā- (= to stand), stāmen (= the warp in the loom); see ‘state’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘histo-’, ‘anhistous’, ‘Actinistia’ ibid. The second element derives from keras (= horn), which is cogn. with L. cornu (= horn), from IE base *ker- (= the uppermost part of the body, head, horn, top, summit). See ‘horn’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘cerato-’ ibid.]

 

אסר to bind, tie, imprison.

    — Qal - אָסַר 1 he tied, bound, fettered, harnessed. 2 he arrested, imprisoned. PBH 3 he forbade, prohibited.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱסַר 1 was tied, was bound. 2 was arrested, was imprisoned. PBH 3 was forbidden, was prohibited.

    — Pu. - אֻסַּר 1 was tied, was bound. 2 was imprisoned. [Moabite אסר, Aram. אֲסַר, Syr. אֱסַר, Arab. ’asara, Ethiop. asára (= he bound), Ugar. ’sr, Akka. esēru (= to bind). cp. מָסֹרֶת.] Derivatives: אָסוּר, אֵסוּר, אִסּוּר, אָסִיר, אַסִּיר, אֲסִירָה, אִסָּר ᴵ, אֲסָרָה, הֵאָסְרוּת, מַאֲסָר, מוֹסֵר ᴵ, מוּסָר ᴵᴵ.

 

אִסָּר ᴵ, אֱסָר m.n. binding obligation. [From אָסַר (see אסר). cp. BAram. אֱסָר, emphatic state אֱסָרָא, Syr. אֱסָרָא.]

 

אִסָּר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH (pl. אִסָּרִים and אִסָרוֹת) a small Roman copper coin. [Gk. assarion, from L. ās, gen. assis, prob. lit. meaning ‘square piece of metal’ (such as the original form of the coin) and orig. identical with assis, axis (= plank, disc), which is related to asser (= pole, stake, post). See ‘ashlar’ in my CEDEL and cp. second ‘as’ ibid.]

 

אֲסָרָה f.n. PBH harnessing (of a horse). [Lit.: ‘binding’, from אָסַר. See אסר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אִסְרוּ־חַג MH the day following Passover, Shavuoth or Sukkoth (Jewish liturgy). [So called after the first two words in the verse Ps. 118:27, which prob. means ‘arrange the festival…’. For אָסַר meaning also ‘he prepared, arranged’. cp. אָסַר מִלְחָמָה (= he prepared or waged war); see אסר.]

 

אֶסְתֵּטִי adj. FW esthetic. [Gk. aisthetikos (= perceptive), from aisthetos (= sensible, perceptible), verbal adj. of aisthaesthai (= to perceive), related to aio (= I hear; lit. ‘I perceive by the ear’), from IE base *awēi- (= to perceive). See אוֹדֽיוֹמֶטֶר and cp. אֲנֶסְתֶּסְיָה.]

 

אַסְתַּלְגָּנִית f.n. PBH gang, band. [Of unknown origin.]

 

אַסְתְּמָה f.n. FW asthma. [Gk. asthma (= hard-drawn breath), which prob. stands for an-sthma and derives from IE base *an- (= to blow, breathe), whence also anemos (= wind), L. animus (= breath of air, air, breath). For other derivative of base *an- see אֲנִימִיזֽם.]

 

אִסְתְּנִיס see אִסְטְנִיס.

 

אַסְתֵּר m.n. FW Aster, a genus of plants of the thistle family. [Modern L., from L. astér (= star), from Gk. aster; so called from the radiate heads of the flowers. See אַסְטֶרוֹאִיד.]

 

אִסְתֵּרָא m.n. PBH slater, the Roman standard coin (of gold or of silver). [Aram., Syr. אֶסְתִּירָא, from Gk. stater, which is related to istemi (= I cause to stand; meaning also ‘I weigh’), from IE base *stā- (= to stand), whence also L. stāre (= to stand). See סֽטָטִי and cp. ‘sterling’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַף ᴵ m.n. (dual אַפַּיִם) 1 nose. 2 anger, wrath. [From אנף. cp. BAram. אַנְפּוֹהִי (= his face), Aram. אַנְפִּין (pl.), Syr. אַפֵּא (pl.) (= face), Ugar. a̧p, Arab. and Ethiop. ’anf, Akka. appu, OSArab. אנף (= front). cp. אַפַּיִם. cp. also the second element in חֵדַּף, חֲרוּמַף, קַרְנַף.] Derivative: אַפִּי. cp. אנף.

 

אַף ᴵᴵ conj. also, too. [Related to Phoen. אף, Aram.-Syr. אַף, Ugar. a̧p (= also, too), and to Arab. conj. fa (= then, and then, and so, therefore). cp. the first element in אֲפִלּוּ.]

 

אפד to gird on.

    — Qal - אָפַד he girded on the ‘ephod’.

    — Niph. - נֶאְפַּד was girded with.

    — Pi. - אִפֵּד 1 he girded. 2 he praised.

    — Pu. - אֻפַּד was girded. [Base of אֵפוֹד.] Derivatives: אָפוּד, אֲפִידָה, נֶאְפָּד.

 

אֲפֻדָּה f.n. 1 ‘ephod’. 2 covering. NH 3 waistcoat. [Formed from אפד with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַפֶּֽדֶן m.n. 1 palace. NH 2 pavilion. [Together with Aram.-Syr. אַפַּדְנָא (of s.m.), borrowed from Babylonian appadānu, which is a loan word from Old Pers. apadāna (= palace). Arab. fadan (= palace, high tower), is an Aram. loan word. Other Persian words which entered into Biblical Hebrew — all at a later period — are פַּרֽדֵּס (= park, orchard), פִּתְגָם (= edict, decree), דָּת (= decree, law, usage).]

 

אפה ᴵ to bake.

    — Qal - אָפָה he baked.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱפָה was baked.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַפָּה was baked. [Related to Aram. אֲפָא, Syr. אֱפָא (= he baked), Ugar. a̧py, Akka. epū (= to bake), Arab. mīfan, Ethiop. mōfeṭ (= oven). Egypt. ’apa (= something baked, pastry), is a Heb. loan word.] Derivatives: אָפוּי, אִפּוּי, אֲפִיָּה, אֲפִיפִית, מַאֲפֶה, מַאֲפִיָּה.

 

אפה ᴵᴵ to characterize.

    — Pi. - אִפָּה he characterized.

    — Pu. - אֻפָּה was characterized. [Back formation from אֹפִי.]

 

אַפּוֹ◌ FW pref. in words of Greek origin meaning ‘from, away from, asunder, separate’. [Gk. apo (= from, away from), cogn. with Old I. ápa (= away from), L. ab (= away from, from). See ‘of’ in my CEDEL and cp. אַבְּ◌. cp. also פּוֹסְט.]

 

אֵפוֹא, אֵפוֹ, אֵיפוֹ adv. then, now, so. [Of uncertain origin. Possibly compounded of אֵי (= where) and פֹּה (= here), hence derivatively identical with אֵיפֹה (= where). According to Barth it is related to Ethiop. ’efō (= how).]

 

אֵפוֹד m.n. ‘ephod’. [cp. Syr. פֶּדְתָּא (= ephod). cp. also אֲפֻדָּה. According to Müller, Coptic ephut (= mantle) is perhaps a loan word from אֵפוֹד. אֵפוֹד stands for אֱפוֹד. See אֵבוּס and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אָפוּד adj. MH girded; encircled, encompassed. [Pass. part. of אָפַד. See אפר.]

 

אָפוּי adj. PBH baked. [Pass. part. of אָפָה. See אפה ᴵ.]

 

אִפּוּי ᴵ m.n. PBH baking. [From אפה; formally, verbal n. of the (otherwise not used) Pi. of אָפָה. See אפה ᴵ.]

 

אִפּוּי ᴵᴵ m.n. NH characterization. [Verbal n. of אִפָּה. See אפה ᴵᴵ.]

 

אִפּוּל m.n. NH 1 darkening. 2 blackboard. [Verbal n. of אִפֵּל, Pi. of אָפַל (= was dark). See אפל.]

 

אַפּוֹלוֹ m.n. FW Apollo (Greek mythology). [L. Apollō, from Gk. Apollon, which, according to Usener is related to an obsolete Greek verb meaning ‘to drive away (scil. evil)’, and cogn. with L. pellere (= to beat, strike; to drive). See ‘pulse’ (= throb) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘Apollo’ ibid.]

 

אַפּוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW apology. [L. apologia, from Gk. apologia (= a speech in defense), from apologos (= story, tale, fable, apologue, account; lit.: ‘that which comes from a speech’), from apo (= from) and logos (= word, speech, discourse, account). See אַפּוֹ◌ and ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אָפוּן m.n. PBH a collateral form of אֲפוּנָה (q.v.).

 

אַפּוֹן m.n. NH a small nose. [Formed from אַף (= nose), with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אִפּוּן m.n. MH torturing on the wheel. [Verbal n. of אִפֵּן. See אפן.]

 

אֲפוּנְדָּה, אֲפֻנְדָּה f.n. PBH money belt. [Formed with prosthetic אֲ◌ from L. funda (= sling; casting net; purse), which is perhaps cogn. with, or derives from, Gk. sphendone (= sling). L. funda was influenced in form by L. fundere (= to pour, shed). See ‘sphendone’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲפוּנָה f.n. PBH (pl. אֲפוּנִים) pea. [Of uncertain origin. cp. אָפוּן.]

 

אֶפּוֹס m.n. FW epos. [Gk. epos (= word, speech, tale, song; in pl. ‘epic poetry’). Related to Gk. ops (= voice), ossa (= voice tale), and cogn. with L. vox (= voice). cp. אֶפִּי, אֶפִּיקָה and the first element in אֶפּוֹפֵּיָה.]

 

אִפּוּס m.n. NH 1 annihilation, nullification. 2 zeroing. [Verbal n. of אִפֵּס, Pi. of אפס.]

 

אָפוּף adj. NH wrapped round, surrounded, encircled. [Pass. part. of אָפַף. See אפף.]

 

אֶפּוֹפֵּיָה f.n. epopee. [Fren. épopée, from Gk. epopoia (= an epic poem, epic poetry), from epopoios (= an epic poet), which is compounded of epos (see אֶפּוֹס) and poiein (= to make, produce, create). See פִּיּוּט.]

 

אָפוּץ adj. PBH closed tightly; crowded. [Pass. part. of אָפַץ. See אפץ.]

 

אִפּוּק m.n. NH restraint, abstinence, self control. [Verbal n. of אִפֵּק, Pi. of אפק.]

 

אַפּוֹקָלִיפְּטִי adj. FW apocalyptic(al). [Gk. apokalyptikos, from apokalyptein. See אַפּוֹקָלִיפְּסָה and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַפּוֹקָלִיפְּסָה f.n. FW apocalypse. [L. apocalypsis, from Gk. apokalypsis (= revelation), from apokalyptein (= to uncover, disclose, reveal), from apo (= from; see אַפּוֹ◌), and kalyptein (= to cover), which is related to kalypso (= Calypso, a sea nymph), kalybe (= cabin). See אֵיקָלִיפְּטוּס.]

 

אַפּוֹקְרִיפִי adj. FW apocryphal. See אַפּוֹקְרִיפִים and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַפּוֹקְרִיפִים m.n. pl. FW Apocrypha, books excluded from the number of the sacred books of the Bible. [L. Apocrypha, neuter pl. of apocryphus, from Gk. apokrypsos (= hidden away, kept secret), from apokryptein (= to hide away), from apo (= from; see אַפּוֹ◌), and kryptein (= to hide) which derives from IE base *qrū-bh-, enlargement of base *qrū (= to hide).]

 

אָפוֹר see אָפֹר.

 

אִפּוּר m.n. NH (theatrical) make-up. [Verbal n. of אִפֵּר. See אפר.]

 

אֲפוֹרִיזְם m.n. FW aphorism. [Fren. aphorisme, from Med. L. aphorismus, from Gk. aphorismos (= definition), from aphorizein (= to define), from apo (= from; see אַפּוֹ◌), and orizein (= to bound, limit), from oros (= boundary, limit, border), from IE base *weru- (= to draw). cp. ‘horizon’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַפּוֹתֵאוֹזָה f.n. FW apotheosis. [L. apotheōsis, from Gk. apotheosis (= deification), from apo (= from; see אַפּוֹ◌), and theos (= god). See אַפּוֹ◌ and תֵּאוֹלוֹג.]

 

אַפּוֹתֵיקָה f.n. FW storehouse. [Gk. apotheke (= granary, storehouse; lit.: ‘a place wherein to lay up something’), from the stem of apotithenai (= to put away), from apo (= away from, from; see אַפּוֹ◌) and tithenai (= to put, place). See תִּיק and cp. אִפּוֹתֵיקָה and דִּיָּתֵקֵי. cp. also הֶפְתֵּק.]

 

אִפּוֹתֵיקָה, אָפּוֹתֵיקֵי f.n. PBH pledge, mortgage. [Gk. hypotheke (= deposit, pledge, mortgage), from the stem of hypotithenai (= to put under, lay down, pledge), from hypo (= under) and tithenai (= to put, place). See אַפּוֹתֵיקָה and cp. הִיפּוֹתֵיזָה.]

 

אַפְטָרָה f.n. PBH 1 farewell-address. NH 2 epilogue. NH 3 dessert. [Aram., corresponding to Heb. הַפְטָרָה.]

 

אַפִּי adj. NH nasal. [Formed from אַף (= nose), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶפִּי adj. FW epic. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from Gk. epos (see אֶפּוֹס).]

 

אֶפִּי◌ FW pref. meaning ‘on, beside, among, above, anterior’. [Gk. epi-, ep-, aph-, from epi (= on, upon; up to, over, after; at; beyond, besides, in addition to). Cogn. with Old I. api (= also, besides), Avestic aipi (= also; to, toward). cp. ‘ob-’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֹפִי, אוֹפִי m.n. character, nature. [Related to Aram. אוֹפִיתָא (= nature, disposition). In spite of the attempts of the lexicographers to find the origin of these words, their etymology is still unknown.] Derivatives: אפה ᴵᴵ, אָפְיָנִי, אִפְיֵן.

 

אֶפִּיגוֹן m.n. FW epigone. [L. Epigonī (= the sons of the Seven who went against Thebes), from Gk. epigonoi (lit.: ‘born after’), pl. of epigonos, from epigignesthai (= to be born after), from epi — see אֶפִּי◌ (= on, upon; after), and gignesthai (= to be born), which derives from IE base *ĝen-, *ĝenē-, *ĝenō-, *ĝn- (= to beget, bear, bring forth, produce), whence also L. genus (= birth, descent, origin, race, sort, kind, class, sex, gender). See ‘genus’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶפִּיגְרַם m.n. FW epigram. [Fren. épigramme, from L. epigramma, from Gk. epigramma (= inscription; epigram), from epigraphein (= to write upon), from epi (= on, upon), and graphein (= to write). See אֶפִּי◌ and גְרַם.]

 

אֶפִּיגְרָף m.n. FW epigraph. [Gk. epigraphe (= inscription), from epigraphein. See אֶפִּיגְרַם.]

 

אֲפִידָה f.n. MH girding on the ‘ephod’. [Verbal n. of אָפַד. See אפד and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶפִּידֵמִי adj. FW epidemic (adj.) [Back formation from אֶפִּידֶמְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶפִּידֶמְיָה f.n. FW epidemic (n.). [Fren. épidémie, from Med. L. epidēmia, from Gk. epidemia, for epidemia vosos (= disease prevalent among the people), f. of epidemios (= among the people), from epidemos (= at home, current, prevalent), from epi (= among), and demos (= people). See אֶפִּי◌ and אֶנְדֶּמִי.]

 

אֶפִּידֶמְיוֹלוֹג m.n. FW epidemiologist. [Back formation from אֶפִּידֶמֽיוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אֶפִּידֶמְיוֹלוֹגִי adj. epidemiological. [Back formation from אֶפִּידֶמְיוֹלוֹגֽיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶפִּידֶמְיוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW epidemiology. [Compounded of Gk. epidemios (= prevalent among the people), and logia. See אֶפִּידֶמֽיָה and ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אֶפִּידֶרְמִיס m.n. FW epidermis, the outer skin (anatomy). [Eng. epidermis, from Late L., from Gk. epidermis (= the outer skin; lit.: ‘that which is on the skin’), from epi (= on, upon), and derma (= skin). See אֶפִּי◌. Derma was first used by the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561–1626).]

 

אֲפִיָּה f.n. PBH baking. [Verbal n. of אָפָה. See אפה ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אִפְיוּן m.n. NH characterization. [Verbal n. of אִפְיֵן. See אפין.]

 

אֶפִּיזוֹדָה f.n. FW episode. [Gk. epeisodion (= addition, episode), properly neuter of the adj. epeisodios (= coming in, besides, adventitious), from epi- (= at, on, in addition to), eis, es (= into), and odos (= way). See אֶפִּי◌. See also ‘en’ and ‘odograph’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶפִּיזוֹדִי adj. FW episodic(al). [See אֶפִּי־זוֹדָה and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶפִּיטְרוֹפּוֹס m.n. PBH (pl. אֶפִּיטֽרוֹפְּסִים or אֶפִּיטְרוֹפְּסִין) guardian, procurator, administrator. [Gk. epitropos (= guardian, trustee, governor; properly ‘one to whom a charge is entrusted’), from epitrepein (= to turn to or toward, to entrust to one’s charge), from epi (= on, upon; see אֶפִּי◌), and trepein (= to turn), which derives from IE base *trep- (= to turn). cp. טְרוֹפִּי and the first element in טְרוֹפּוֹסְפֵירָה.] Derivative: אֶפִּיטְרוֹפּֽסוּת.

 

אֶפִּיטְרוֹפְּסוֹת f.n. PBH guardianship, administration. [A hybrid coined from אֶפִּיטְרוֹפּוֹס and suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אָפִיל adj. ripening late (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ex. 9:32 in the form אֲפִילוֹת). [Related to Akka. ap̄atu (= to be late).]

 

אֶפִּילוֹג m.n. FW epilogue. [Ultimately from Gk. epilogos (= peroration; concluding part of a play, lit.: ‘a saying in addition’), from epilegein (= to say in addition), from epi (= on, upon; see אֶפִּי◌), and legein (= to say, speak), which is related to L. legere (= to read, recite). See לִגְיוֹן and cp. פְּרוֹלוֹג.]

 

אֶפִּילֶפְּסְיָה f.n. FW epilepsy. [Ultimately from Gk. epilepsia (= liability to seizure, epilepsy), which is related to epilambanein (= to lay hold of, seize, attack), from epi (= on, upon), and the future stem of lambanein (= to take, grasp, seize). See אֶפִּי◌ and דִּילֶמָּה. For the ending see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אַפַּֽיִם m.n. 1 nostrils. 2 anger, wrath. 3 region of the nose; face, countenance. [Dual of אַף (= nose). cp. כּֽלַפֵּי.]

 

אפין to characterize.

    — Pi. - אִפְיֵן he characterized.

    — Pu. - אֻפְיַן was characterized. [Back formation from אָפְיָנִי.] Derivatives: אִפֽיוּן, מֽאֻפֽיָן.

 

אָפְיָן m.n. NH characteristic. [From אָפְיָנִי (q.v.).]

 

אָפְיָנִי adj. NH characteristic; typical. [Formed from אֹפִי with suff. ◌ִי. The נ in אָפֽיָנִי is euphonic. cp. שֵׁלָנִי (Num. 26:20), formed from שֵׁלָה; cp. also אֲמֵדִיקָנִי.] Derivatives: אפין, אָפְיָן.

 

אָפְיָנִיּוּת f.n. NH characteristics; typicalness. [Formed from אָפְיָנִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲפִיסָה, אֲפִיסוּת f.n. MH cessation; absence. [אֲפִיסָה is verbal n. of אָפַס; see אפס and first suff. ◌ָה. אֲפִיסוּת is formed from אפס with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶפִּיסְטִילָה f.n. FW architrave, epistyle. [Gk. epistylion, from epi (= on, upon; see אֶפִּי◌), and stylos (= pillar, column), which is related to styein (= to make stiff, erect; to place, set). These words derive from IE base *st(h)āu-, *st(h)ū-, (= stiff, upright, post, pillar).]

 

אֲפִיסִי adj. NH zero-th (mathematics). [Formed from אֶפֶס (= zero), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲפִיפָה f.n. MH wrapping round, surrounding, encircling. [Verbal n. of אָפַף. See אפף and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַפִּיפְיוֹר m.n. MH Pope. [Of uncertain origin. According to Kraus the word derives from Aram. אַפִּיפֽיוֹרָא (prob. meaning ‘dignitary’), which he regards as a corruption of Gk. papias (= keeper or janitor of the palace).] Derivatives: אַפִּיפֽיוֹרוּת, אַפִּיפְיוֹרִי.

 

אַפִּיפְיוֹרוּת f.n. NH papacy. [Formed from אַפִּיפְיוֹר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפִּיפְיוֹרִי adj. NH papal. [Formed from אַפִּיפֽיוֹר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲפִיפִית f.n. NH waffle. [Formed from אָפָה (= he baked; see אפה), through reduplication of the third radical. For the ending see first suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אָפִיק m.n. riverbed, channel. [From אפק. cp. Syr. אַפְקָא, Ugar. a̧pq (= stream), a̧pq thmtm (= the stream of the two deeps). cp. also אָבִיק (n.).]

 

אֶפִּיקָה f.n. FW epic. [From Gk. epikos (= epic, adj.), which derives from epos (= word, song; in pl., ‘epic, poetry’). See אֶפּוֹס.]

 

אֲפִיקוֹמָן m.n. PBH ‘afikoman’, a piece of ‘matzah’ broken off from the central of the three ‘matzoth’, used at the end of the meal at the Seder service (Jewish religion). [Gk. epikomion (= festal procession after the meal), properly subst. use of the neuter of the adj. epikomios (= of, or at, a festal procession), from epi (= on, upon; at; see אֶפִּי◌), and komos (= banquet, merrymaking, revel). See קוֹמֶדְיָה.]

 

אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס m.n. PBH 1 Epicurean. 2 atheist, heretic.

 

אֶפִּיקוֹרְסוּת f.n. PBH 1 Epicureanism. 2 atheism, heresy. [Formed from אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס with suff. ◌וּת.] Derivative: אֶפִּיקוֹרְסִי.

 

אֶפִּיקוֹרְסִי adj. NH 1 Epicurean. 2 atheistic, heretic. [Formed from אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אִפְּכָא see אִיפּֽכָא.

 

אפל to be dark.

    — Qal - אָפַל was dark.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱפַל became dark.

    — Pi. - אִפֵּל darkened, blacked out.

    — Pu. - אֻפַּל was darkened, was blacked out.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱפִיל he darkened (tr.), obscured, darkened (intr.).

    — Hoph. - הָאֳפַל was made dark, was darkened.

    — Pil. (see . - אפלל ). [Related to Arab. afala (= it set — said of the sun, the moon, and the stars), and to Akka. apālu (= to be late).] Derivatives: אִפּוּל, אַפֽלוּל, אפלל, הַאֲפָלָה, מַאֲפִיל, מַאֲפֵל, מֽאֻפָּל, מַאֲפֵלָה, מַאְפֵּלְיָה.

 

אָפֵל adj. dark, obscure, gloomy (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Amos 5:20). [From אפל.] Derivative: אַפְלוּלִי.

 

אֹֽפֶל m.n. 1 darkness. 2 misfortune. [From אפל.]

 

אֲפֵלָה f.n. darkness, gloom. [Formed from אפל with first suff. ◌ָה.] Derivative: אַפֽלוּלִית.

 

אֲפִלּוּ, אֲפִילוּ conj. PBH even; even if, even though. [Compounded of אַף (= also), and אִלּוּ (= if).]

 

אַפְלוּל m.n. NH serotine (a small European bat). [Formed from אפל through reduplication of the third radical.]

 

אִפְלוּל m.n. NH darkening. [Verbal n. of אפלל.]

 

אַפְלוּלִי adj. NH somewhat dim, dusky. [Coined by H.N. Bialik from אָפֵל (= dark, dim), through reduplication, on the analogy of adjectives like לַבְנוּנִי (= whitish), from לָבָן (= white).] Derivatives: אַפְלוּלִיּוּת, אַפְלוּלִית.

 

אַפְלוּלִיּוּת f.n. NH dusk, dimness. [Formed from אַפְלוּלִי (= dusky), with suff. ◌וּת, hence lit. meaning ‘duskiness’.][[illegible]]

 

אַפְלוּלִית f.n. NH dimness. [D min. of the noun אֲפְלָה; coined by H.N. Bialik. See אַפֽלוּלִי.]

 

אַפְּלָטוֹנִי adj. MH Platonic. [Formed on the analogy of Arab. Aflātūniyy, from אַפְּלָטוֹן (= Plato) with prosthetic אַ◌. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַפְלָיָה f.n. NH discrimination. [A collateral form of הַפֽלָיָה (q.v.).]

 

אפלל to dim.

    — Pi. - אִפֽלֵל he dimmed.

    — Pu. - אֻפֽלַל was dimmed.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַפֽלֵל was dimmed. [Pil. אפל.] Derivatives: אִפֽלוּל, הִתְאַפְלְלוּת, מֽאֻפֽלָל.

 

אֹֽפֶן m.n. manner, way (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 25:11 in the phrase דָּבָר דָּבֻר עַל־אָפְנָיו, which is usually rendered ‘a word fitly spoken’). [Of uncertain etymology. Barth derives אָפֽנָיו from פּנה, the stem of פָּנִים (= face), so that עַל־אָפֽנָיו would be identical meaning with the Arab. ’ala wajhihi (= in his own way, in the right manner, properly). Others explain אָפְנָיו as the dual of אוֹפַן (= wheel), and accordingly translate עַל־אָפֽנָיו, ‘on both wheels’, which — in allusion to the parallelism prevalent in the poetry of the Bible — would refer here to the two halves of the verse. They compare Arab. misrā, which unites the meanings ‘leaf of a door’, and ‘half of a verse’. Some scholars connect אֹפֶן with Arab. fann, pl. ’afnān (= kind, variety).] Derivative: אָפֽנָה.

 

אפן to ride a bicycle; — to torture on the wheel.

    — Qal - אָפַן he rode a bicycle, cycled.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱפַן he was tortured on the wheel.

    — Pi. - אִפֵּן he tortured on the wheel. [Denominated from (= wheel).] Derivative: אִפּוּן.

 

אָפְנַאי m.n. NH fashion designer. [Formed from אָפְנָה with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אֲפֻנְדָּה see אֲפוּנְדָּה.

 

אֶפֶנְדִּי m.n. FW ‘effendi’. [Turkish efendi (= master), from Med. Gk. aphente, from Gk. authentes (= an absolute master or ruler; murderer), which is short for auto-entes from autos (= self), which is of uncertain origin, and entes (= one who does a thing himself).]

 

אַפֶּנְדִּיצִיט m.n. FW appendicitis (disease). [Medical L. appendicitis, a hybrid coined from L. appendix (= something hung on, something appended), and Gk. suff. - itis. L. appendix derives from appendēre (= to hang something on), from ad (= to, toward), and pendēre (= to cause to hang). See ‘ad-’, and ‘pendant’, and ‘-itis’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אָפְנָה f.n. NH fashion, mode. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אֹפֶן (= manner, way), and first suff. ◌ָה.] Derivatives: אָפְנַאי, אָפְנָתִי.

 

אִפְנוּן m.n. NH modulating. [Verbal n. of אִפְנֵן, Pi. of אפנן.]

 

אַפְנָיָה f.n. NH reference. [From הַפְנָיָה.]

 

אפנן to modify, modulate.

    — Pi. - אִפֽנֵן he modulated, he modified. [Formed from אֹפֶן through reduplication of the third radical.] Derivative: אִפְנוּן.

 

אָפְנָתִי adj. NH fashionable. [Formed from אָפְנָה with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אפס to come to end, cease.

    — Qal - אָפֵס came to an end, ceased, was exhausted.

    — Pi. - אִפֵּס 1 he reduced to nothing, annihilated, nullified. 2 he zeroed (an instrument).

    — Pu. - אֻפַּס 1 was reduced to nothing, was annihilated, was nullified. 2 was zeroed (said of an instrument).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַפֵּס (of s.m.). [A base occurring only in Heb. Prob. base of אֶפֶס ᴵ.] Derivatives: אִפּוּס, אֲפִיסָה, אֲפִיסוּת, הִתְאַפְּסוּת, מֽאֻפָּס.

 

אֶפֶס ᴵ m.n. 1 end. 2 nought. NH 3 zero. [Prob. from אפס. cp. אֶפַע.] Derivatives: אֶפֶס ᴵ, אַפְסוּת, אַפְסִי, אַפֽסָן.

 

אֶפֶס ᴵᴵ adv. however, but. [From אֶפֶס ᴵ.]

 

אֹֽפֶס m.n. (dual אָפְסַיִם) ankle (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 47:3 in the phrase מֵי אָפְסַיִם (= ankle-deep water). [Prob. a collateral form of פַּס, pl. פַּסִּים.]

 

אַפְסוּת f.n. NH nothingness, nullity, insignificance, futility. [Formed from אֶפֶס ᴵ with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפְסִי adj. MH null, insignificant, futile. [Formed from אֶפֶס ᴵ with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַפְסִיּוּת.

 

אַפְסִיּוּת f.n. NH of s.m. as אַפְסוּת. [Formed from אַפְסִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפְסַֽיִם m.n. pl. edges, ends (of the earth). [Akka. apsū, Ugar. a̧ps (= edge, end).]

 

אַפְסָן m.n. NH nihilist. [Formed from אֶפֶס (= nothing), with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אַפְסָנוּת.

 

אַפְסְנָאוּת f.n. NH quartermastership. [Formed from אַפְסַנְיָה with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפְסְנַאי, אַפְסְנַי m.n. NH purveyor, caterer. [Back formation from אַפְסַנְיָה.]

 

אַפְסָנוּת f.n. NH nihilism. [Formed from אַפְסָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפְסַנְיָה f.n. PBH supply for an army, provision, catering. [Gk. opsonia (= purchase of fish or other victuals), from opsones (= one who buys fish or other victuals, caterer, purveyor), which is compounded of opson (= meat, fish), which is of uncertain origin, and oneisthai (= to buy food), for whose etymology see אוֹן ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אַפְסְנַאי, אַפְסְנָאוּת.

 

אַפְסִנְתִּין m.n. PBH Artemisia absinthium (botany). [Gk. apsintheon (= wormwood), for Old Pers. origin.]

 

אַפְסָר m.n. PBH halter; tether. [A loan word from Pers. afsār, fisār, whence also (with change of r to l), Gk. psalion (= curb-chain of a bridle).]

 

אפסר to tether.

    — Pi. - אִפְסֵר he tethered.

    — Pu. - אֻפְסַר was tethered. [Denominated from אַפְסָר.]

 

אֶֽפַע m.n. nothing, nothingness (a hapax legomenon occurring Is. 41:24). [A var. of אֶפֶס ᴵ.]

 

אֶפְעֶה viper. [Prob. lit. ‘the hissing animal’ and derived from פעה (= to groan, cry). cp. Aram. אַפְעָא (= viper), from פְּעָא (= it bleated), Arab. af‘am (= viper), Ethiop. ’af‘ōt. cp. also Coptic efōt (= a kind of a crocodile). According to Aharoni אֶפְעֶה is identical with Echis colorata. Gk. opsis (= snake) is perhaps a loan word from Heb. אֶפְעֶה or Aram. אַפְעָא.]

 

אפף to surround, encircle.

    — Qal - אָפַף he surrounded, encircled, encompassed. [Akka. apāpu (= to bind, enclose).] Derivatives: אָפוּף, אֲפִיפָה.

 

אפץ to close tightly, tighten, fasten.

    — Qal - אָפַץ he closed tightly, tightened, fastened. [Prob. related to Arab. ‘afaṣa (= he pressed, squeezed). For the interchangeability of א and ע see the introductory article to letter א and cp. אָפָץ. cp. also שׁפץ.] Derivatives: אָפוּץ, אֲפִיצָה, מְאֻפָּץ.

 

אָפָץ m.n. PBH gallnut. [Related to Aram.-Syr. אַפְצָא, Arab. ‘afṣ (= gallnut). cp. עָפָץ.]

 

אפק to make strong, be strong, strengthen oneself, restrain oneself.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַפֵּק he restrained himself, refrained.

    — Pi. - אִפֵּק he restrained.

    — Pu. - אֻפַּק was restrained. [Related to Sabean אפק (= to be strong, make strong), and prob. also to Akka. epēḳu (= to be strong). cp. Arab. ’afaqa, ’afiqa (= he distinguished himself).] Derivatives: אָפִיק, אִפּוּק, הִתְאַפְּקוּת, מְאֻפָּק.

 

אֹֽפֶק m.n. MH horizon. [A loan word from Arab. ufq, ufuq (= horizon, range of vision).] Derivative: אָפֽקִי.

 

אֶפֶקְט m.n. FW effect. [L. effectus (= accomplishment, performance), from effectus, p. part. of efficere (= to execute, accomplish, produce), from ex, ē (= out of), and facere (= to make, do). See אֶקְס◌ and פַקְט and cp. אֶפֶקְטִיבִי.]

 

אֶפֶקְטִיבִי adj. FW effective. [L. effectīvus (= productive, effective), from effectus, p. part. of efficere. See אֶפֶקְט and adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָפְקִי adj. horizontal. [Formed from אֹפֶק with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אָפְקִיּוּת.

 

אָפְקִיּוּת f.n. NH horizontally. [Formed from אָפְקִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֵֽפֶר m.n. ashes. [Prob. related to Arab. ghunbar (= dust). According to Zimmern, אֵפֶר is possibly a loan word from Akka. epiru (= earth, dust), hence properly identical with עָפָר (= dust).] Derivatives: אָפֹר, אֶפְרִי, אַפְרוּרִי, אַפְרוּרִית, אֲפַרְפָּר, אפרר, מַאֲפֵרָה.

 

אָפֹר adj. NH ash-colored, gray. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922), from אֵפֶר (= ashes), on the analogy of words like אָדֹם (= red). cp. Arab.] ramaḍiyy (= ash-colored, gray), from ramaḍ (= ashes). cp. עָפֹר.] Derivative: אֲפַרְפַּר.

 

אפר to make up (the face).

    — Pi. - אִפֵּר he made up (the face).

    — Pu. - אֻפַּר was made up (said of the face).

    — Hith. - הִתְאַפֵּר he made up (intr. v.). [Denominated from אֲפֵר.] Derivatives: אַפָּר ᴵ, אִפּוּר, הִתְאַפְּרוּת, מְאֻפָּר.

 

אַפָּר, אַפֶּֽרֶת m.n. resp. f.n. NH cosmetician. [Nomen opificis formed from אִפֵּר, Pi. of אפר.]

 

אֲפָר m.n. PBH pasture, saturated with water. [Borrowed from Akka. appāru (= marsh. swamp). which itself is a Sumeric loan word.]

 

אֲפֵר m.n. bandage, mask (occurs in the Bible Kin. I 20:38 and 41). [Perhaps a loan word from Akka. aparu (= headgear). cp. פְּאֵר ᴵᴵ. [ Derivative: אפר.

 

אַפְרוֹדִיטָה f.n. FW (אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי in PBH) Aphrodite (Greek mythology). [Gk. Aphrodite, prob. a popular alteration of Aphthothe, Attorethe (a change due to the influence of Gk. aphros, ‘foam’, from Phoen. עשתרת, Heb. עַשְׁתֹּרֶת (= the goddess of love), which is related to Akka. Ashtarte, Ishtar. See עַשְׁתֹּרֶת. The explanation of the name Aphrodite by Hesiod as ‘(the goddess) born of the foam (of the sea)’ is folk etymology. For the change of sh to ph cp. Heb. שׁוּם, Arab. thum, VArab. fūm (= garlic); Heb. גָּדִישׁ, Arab. jadath, VArab. jadaf (= mound, tumulus); and the Russian proper name Feodor, which derives from Gk. Theodoros (= Theodore). cp. אַסְטֵרוֹאִיד.]

 

אֶפְרֽוֹחַ, אֶפְרֹֽחַ m.n. young bird, chicken, fledgling. [Related to Syr. פָּרַחֽתָּא (= bird), Arab. farh (= young of a bird), Ethiop. ’afreht (= brood, hatch, young birds). These words possibly derive from פרח ᴵᴵ (= to fly), and lit. mean ‘that which flies’. It is more probable, however, that they are derivatives of פרח ᴵ (= to sprout). For sense development cp. Ger. Sproβ (= sprout, shoot; offspring), and Eng. scion (= sprout; offspring, descendant). The אֶ◌ of אֶפְרֹחַ is prosthetic.]

 

אִפְרוּר m.n. NH incineration. [Verbal n. of אִפְרֵר, Pi. of אפרר.]

 

אַפְרוּרִי adj. NH ash-colored, grayish. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes). For the ending see suff. ◌ִי. cp. אַפְרוּרִית. For the form see אַפְלוּלִי.] Derivative: אַפְרוּרִיּוּת.

 

אַפְרוּרִיּוּת f.n. NH grayishness. [Formed from אַפְרוּרִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַפְרוּרִית f.n. NH glinus (name of a plant). [Lit.: ‘the grayish (plant)’. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes). For the ending see suff. ◌ִית. cp. אַפְרוּרִי.]

 

אֶפְרִי adj. MH ashen. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes) with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַפִּרְיוֹן m.n. canopy (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Cant. 3:9). [Of uncertain etymology. Usually regarded as a loan word from Gk. phoreion (= litter), from which it was formed with prosthetic אַ◌. Gk. phoreion is related to phora (= a carrying, bringing), from the stem of pherein (= to bear, carry), which is cogn. with L. ferre (of s.m.). In spite of the fact that the Septuagint renders אַפִּרְיוֹן by phoreion, there are both linguistic and semantic reasons which make the derivation of אַפִּרְיוֹן from Gk. phoreion very improbable. Before all, Greek words began to appear as Hebrew loan words only since the period of Hellenism, hence are of much later date than the Song of Songs; moreover, the prosthetic א◌ in אַפִּרֽיוֹן is inorganic and therefore difficult to explain. On the other hand, Gk. phoreion is never used in the sense of ‘canopy’. The rendering of אַפִּרְיוֹן by phoreion in the Septuagint is merely due to its habit of translating Heb. words by such Gk. words as resemble the Heb. in sound, even though they are only remotely related to them in meaning.]

 

אֲפַרְיוֹן, אֲפַרְיָן m.n. PBH congratulations! praises are due to… (occurring in phrases quoted from the Talmud). [Aram. אֲפַרְיָא, from Pers. afarin (interj. expressing praise).]

 

אַפְּרִיּוֹרִי adv. FW a priori. [L. ā priorī (= from what comes first), from ā (= from) and priori, oblative of prior (= first).]

 

אַפְּרִיל m.n. FW April, name of the fourth civil month. [L. (mēnsis) Aprīlis (lit.: ‘the month of Aphrodite’). from Gk. Apro, a short form of Aphrodite. cp. L. (mēnsis) Maius (= the month of May; properly ‘the month of Jupiter Maius’); see מַאי.]

 

אַפְרִיקָאִי see אַפְרִיקָנִי.

 

אַפְרִיקָנִי adj. NH African. [L. Africānus, from Africa. The form אַפְרִיקָאִי for ‘African’ should be avoided as un-Hebraic; see אֲמֵרִיקָנִי.]

 

אִפַּרְכְיָה f.n. PBH eparchy, province, district. [Gk. eparchia (= office of an eparch, prefecture), from eparchos (= eparch, governor of a country, prefect), from epi (= on, upon), and archos (= leader, chief, ruler). See אֶפִּי◌ and ◌ִרְכְיָה.]

 

אֲפַרְכֶּֽסֶת f.n. PBH hopper, funnel; auricle. [This word prob. meant orig. ‘a vessel for pouring out’ and was formed with prosthetic אֲ◌ from Gk. prochoos (= a vessel for pouring out, jug, pitcher) from prochein (= to pour out), which is formed from pro (= before, toward), and chein (= to pour). See פְּרוֹ◌ ᴵᴵ. See also ‘chyle’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲפַרְסְמוֹן m.n. balsam tree; balm. [According to Löw a blend of Gk. balsamon (see בָּשָׂם) and Aram. אֲפוּרְסְמָא Syr. אֲפוּרְסֶמָא (= balsam tree, balm), which is a loan word from Armenian aprsam.] Derivative: אֲפַרְסְמוֹנִי.

 

אֲפַרְסְמוֹנִי adj. NH balsamic. [Formed from אֲפַרְסְמוֹן with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲפַרְסֵק m.n. PBH peach. [A loan word from Gk. Persikon (= peach), short for Persikon melon (= lit.: ‘Persian apple’). The אֲ◌ in אֲפַרְסֵק is prosthetic. cp. var. פַּרְסֵק.]

 

אֲפַרְפַּר adj. NH grayish. [Formed on the analogy of יְרַקְרַק (= greenish), from אָפֹר (= ash-gray).]

 

אַפְּרַקְדָן adv. PBH lying on one’s back, supine. [Aram., see פְּרַקְדָּן.]

 

אפרר to incinerate.

    — Pi. - אִפְרֵר he incinerated.

    — Pu. - אֻפֽרַר was incinerated. [Denominated from אֵפֶר.] Derivative: אִפֽרוּר.

 

אֶפְרָתִי adj. 1 Ephraimite. MH 2 aristocrat, nobleman. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from אֶפְרָת, secondary form of אֶפְרַיִם.]

 

אֶֽפֶשׁ m.n. PBH wish, desire. [Together with Syr. אֶפֶשׁ of uncertain origin. According to Fleischer both these words are borrowed from Gk. ephesis (= a throwing at; appeal — a law term; permission; desire). This latter word derives from ephienai (= to send to, send against, hurl at, impose upon), from epi (= on, upon; at; see אֶפִּי◌), and ienai (= to send, throw, hurl), which stands for yi-ye-nai, and is cogn. with L. jacēre (= to throw).]

 

אִפְשׁוּר m.n. NH making possible. [Verbal n. of אִפְשֵׁר. See אפשׁר.]

 

אֶפְשָׁר adv. PBH possibly, maybe, perhaps. [Of uncertain origin. The usual connection with פָּשַׁר (= it melted, dissolved), must be rejected for semantic reasons.] Derivatives: אפשׁר, אֶפְשָׁרוּת, אֶפְשָׁרִי.

 

אפשׁר to make possible.

    — Pi. - אִפְשֵׁר he made possible.

    — Pu. - אֻפְשַׁר was made possible.

    — Nith. - נִתְאַפֽשֵׁר (of s.m.). [Back formation from אֶפְשָׁר.] Derivative: אִפְשׁוּר.

 

אֶפְשָׁרוּת f.n. MH possibility. [Formed from אֶפְשָׁר with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֶפְשָׁרִי adj. MH possible. [Formed from אֶפְשָׁר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַפָּתִי adj. FW apathetic. [Back formation from אַפָּתְיָה.]

 

אַפַּתְיָה f.n. FW apathy. [Ultimately from Gk. apatheia (= freedom from suffering, impassibility), from apathes (= without suffering, impassible), from privative pref. a- and pathos (= feeling, suffering, passion). See פָּתוֹס and cp. ‘apathy’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַפְתָּעָה f.n. NH surprise. [A secondary form of הַפְתָּעָה. For the difference of meaning between these two words see אַבְחָנָה.]

 

אָץ adj. hurrying, hastening. [Part. of אוּץ (= to make haste). See אוץ.]

 

אִצְבּֽוּעַ m.n. NH digitation. [Verbal n. of אִצֽבַּע. See אצבע.]

 

אֶצְבַּע f.n. (pl. אֶצֽבָּעוֹת) 1 finger, toe. PBH 2 index finger. NH 3 inch. [Related to JAram. אֶצֽבַּע, אֶצֽבּֽעָא, Ugar. u̧ṣb, Syr. צֶבֽעָא, Egypt.-Aram. צבע, OSArab. אצבע, Ethiop. ’aṣbā‘t, Akka. iṣbittu, Mand. צבאתא (= finger). cp. Egypt. ṣb (= finger). The א in אֶצֽבַּע is prosthetic.] Derivatives: אצבע, אֶצְבָּעוֹן, אֶצֽבּֽעוֹנִי, אֶצֽבּֽעוֹנִית, אֶצֽבָּעִי, צבע ᴵᴵ.

 

אצבע to finger.

    — Pi. - אִצֽבַּע he fingered.

    — Pu. see . - מְאֻצְבָּע . [Denominated from אֶצֽבַּע.] Derivatives: אִצֽבּוּעַ, מֽאֻצֽבָּע.

 

אֶצְבָּעוֹן m.n. NH thimble. [Formed from אֶצְבַּע (= finger), with subst. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֶצְבְּעוֹנִי adj. NH dwarfish, midget. [Formed from אֶצֽבַּע (= finger) with suff. ◌וֹנִי.]

 

אֶצְבְּעוֹנִית f.n. NH Digitalis (a genus of plants); foxglove. [Formed with suff. ◌ִית from אֶצְבַּע (= finger) as loan translation of Modern L. Digitālis, which was coined by the German botanist Leonard Fuchs in 1542 from L. digitālis (= pertaining to the fingers). Modern L. Digitālis itself is a loan translation of Ger. Fingerhut (= thimble; foxglove); so called in allusion to the fingershaped corollas.]

 

אֶצְבָּעִי adj. very small, tiny, dwarfish. [Formed from אֶצֽבַּע (= finger), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַצָּה f.n. PBH alga, seaweed. [Perhaps from Gk. oisun, oisuon (= a kind of a willow), which are related to itea, eitea (= willow).]

 

אַצְוָה f.n. PBH batch of loaves baked together. [From Aram.-Syr. אָצוּתָא (= dough; batch), which is of uncertain etymology.]

 

אִצּוּל m.n. NH ennoblement. [Verbal n. of אִצֵּל, Pi. of אצל.]

 

אָצוּר adj. PBH hidden, latent. [Pass. part. of אָצַר. See אצר.]

 

אִצְטַבָּה f.n. PBH 1 colonnade. 2 portico. 3 balcony. 4 shelf. 5 bench (fixed to the wall). [Gk. stoa (= colonnade, porch, corridor), from IE base *sthōu-, *sthāu-, *sthū- (= upright; a post, pillar). See ‘steer’ (to direct) in my CEDEL and cp. ‘stauro-’ ibid.]

 

אִצְטַגְנִין m.n. PBH astrologer. [Of uncertain origin. All the attempts made to find the origin of this word lack probability.] Derivative: אִצְטַגְנִינוּת.

 

אִצְטַגְנִינוּת f.n. PBH astrology; horoscope. [A hybrid formed from אִצֽטַגֽנִין with the Heb. suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אִצֽטַדֽיוֹן m.n. PBH arena. [Formed with prosthetic אִ◌ from Gk. stadion (= racecourse, stadium), which is a blend of stadion (= racecourse), and stadion, neuter of stadios (= fix, firm). See ‘stadium’ in my CEDEL. Stadion is a derivative of stan (= to draw, tear), from IE base *spē(i)-, *sp (= to draw, span, stretch, extend); see ‘space’ in my CEDEL. Stadios comes from IE base *stā- (= to stand); see סְטָטִי.]

 

אִצְטוֹמְכָה see אִסְטוֹמֽכָה.

 

אֲצֶטוֹן m.n. FW acetone (chemistry). [A hybrid coined from L. acētum (= vinegar), which derives from acēre (= to be sour) and Gk. suff. - one. See ‘acrid’ and suff. ‘-one’ in my CEDEL. cp. אֲצֶטָט. cp. also אַקְרָה.]

 

אִצְטְוָנָה f.n. MH cylinder. [From Pers. usṭūn (= column, pillar), whence also Arab. ustuwāna (of s.m.).] Derivative: אִצְטְוָנִי.

 

אִצְטְוָנִי adj. NH cylindrical. [Formed from אִצֽטְוָנָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲצֶטָט m.n. FW acetate (chemistry). [Modern L. acetātum, from L. acētum (= vinegar). See אֲצֵטוֹן. For the ending ‘- ātum’ see chemical suff. ‘-ate’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲצֶטִילֶן m.n. FW acetylene (chemistry). [Fren. acétylène, coined by the French chemist Marcelin-Pierre-Eugène Berthelot (1823–1907) from acetyl, from Gk. Acetyl, a hybrid coined by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1839 from L. acētum (see אֲצֵטוֹן) and suff. ‘-yl’.]

 

אִצְטְלָא, אִצְטְלָה f.n. PBH robe, garment. [Formed with prosthetic אִ◌ from stole (= equipment, garment), which stands in gradational relationship to stellein (= to set in order, arrange, equip; to send), stele (= a block of stone, gravestone). These words derive from IE base *st(hel)-, an enlargement of base *st(h)ā- (= to stand). See סֽטָטִי and cp. אַסְטֶלָה.]

 

אִצְטְרֻבָּל m.n. PBH 1 pine, cone. 2 cone (geometry). [Formed with prosthetic אִ◌ from Gk. strobilos (= anything that spins round like a top, anything twisted; pine cone), from strobos (= a spinning round), which derives from IE base *streb- (= to turn, twist). Cp. ‘strobile’ and ‘strophe’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: אִצֽטְרֻבָּלִי.

 

אִצְטְרֻבָּלִי adj. NH pineal. [Formed from אִצְטֽרֻבָּל with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַצְטְרוֹלָב m.n. MH astrolabe. [Med. L. astrolabium, from Gk. astrolabon (organon), lit. ‘startaking (instrument)’, from astron (= star) and the stem of lambanein (= to take).]

 

אָצִיל ᴵ m.n. side, part (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 41:9). [From אצל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אָצִיל ᴵᴵ m.n. nobleman, aristocrat (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ex. 24:11). [Prob. derived from אצל ᴵ and lit. meaning ‘firmly rooted’. cp. Arab. ’aṣīl (= of noble origin), which derives from ’aṣl (= root), hence shows the same sense development.] Derivatives: אצל ᴵᴵ, אֲצֻלָּה, אֲצִילוּת, אֲצִילִי.

 

אַצִּיל m.n. (also אַצִּילָה, f.n.) joint of the hand. [From אצל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲצִילָה ᴵ f.n. noble woman. [See אָצִיל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲצִילָה ᴵᴵ f.n. MH emanation. [Verbal n. of אצל ᴵ. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַצִּילָה see אַצִּיל.

 

אֲצִילוּת f.n. MH 1 aristocracy, nobility. 2 emanation. [Formed from אָצִיל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲצִילִי adj. MH aristocratic, noble. [Formed from אָצִיל ᴵᴵ with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲצִירָה f.n. NH accumulating, collecting. [Verbal n. of אָצַר. See אצר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אצל ᴵ to lay aside, set apart, reserve, emanate.

    — Qal - אָצַל 1 he laid aside, set apart, reserved. withheld, withdrew. MH 2 he emanated. he influenced.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱצַל 1 was laid aside, was withdrawn. MH 2 was emanated; was influenced.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱצִיל 1 he withdrew; MH 2 he emanated.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳצַל was influenced.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַצֵּל was laid aside. [Base of Arab. ’aṣl (= root, origin, source), ’aṣula (= was, or became, firmly rooted), Nabatean אצלא (= landed property), and prob. also of אֲצִילָה ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אֲצִילָה, הַאֲצָלָה ᴵ, הִתֽאַצְלוּת, נֶאֱצָל.

 

אצל ᴵᴵ [Base of אַצִּיל (= joint of the hand) and of אֵצֶל (= be the side of); prob. denominated from אֵצֶל. Prob. related to Syr. יַצִּילָא (= joint, elbow), Phoen. יצלת (= joint). cp. Arab. waṣala (= he joined, connected, united), Akka. eṣēlu (= to bind).]

 

אצל ᴵᴵᴵ to ennoble.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱצַל was ennobled.

    — Pi. - אִצֵּל he ennobled, raised to peerage.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱצִיל he ennobled, raised to peerage.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳצַל was ennobled, was raised to peerage. [Denominated from אָצִיל ᴵᴵ.] Derivatives: אִצּוּל, הַאֲצָלָה ᴵᴵ, הִתְאַצּֽלוּת, נֶאֱצָל ᴵᴵ.

 

אֵֽצֶל prep. 1 by the side of, beside, near. NH 2 care of (postal address). [Properly a noun meaning ‘side’, derived from אצל ᴵᴵ. אֶצֽלִי, etc., in the sense ‘of my opinion’, etc., is a loan translation of Arab. ‘indī(y), etc.]

 

אֲצֻלָּה f.n. NH nobility. [Formed from אָצִיל (= nobleman), with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶצְעָדָה f.n. bracelet. [Prob. meaning orig. ‘step chain’, and formed with prosthetic אֶ◌ from צעד (= to step). cp. צְעָדָה ᴵᴵ.]

 

אצר to store up.

    — Qal - אָצַר he stored up, accumulated, collected.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱצַר was stored up, was collected.

    — Pi. - אִצֵּר he stored up, accumulated, collected. [Related to Aram. אֲצַר (= he stored up), and prob. also to Arab. aṣara (= he shut up, confined).] Derivatives: אוֹצֵר, אֲצִירָה, prob. also אוֹצָר.

 

אֶקְדּוֹחָן see אֶקְדָּחָן.

 

אֶקְדָּח ᴵ m.n. carbuncle (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 54:12). [Lit. prob. meaning ‘flashing or sparkling stone’ and derived from קדח (= to kindle). cp. Arab. qaddāḥa (= fire steel, fire iron). cp. אֶקְדָּח ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶקְדָּח ᴵᴵ, אֶקְדּוֹחַ m.n. NH revolver, pistol. [Lit.: ‘firearm’. Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from קדח (= to kindle). cp. אֶקֽדָּח ᴵ.] Derivatives: אֶקֽדּוֹחָן, אֶקְדָּחוֹן, אֶקְדָּחָן.

 

אֶקְדָּחוֹן m.n. NH a small revolver. [Formed from אֶקְדָח ᴵᴵ with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אֶקְדָּחָן, אֶקְדּוֹחָן m.n. NH pistoleer. [Formed from אֶקְדָּח ᴵᴵ, resp. אֶקְדּוֹחַ with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַקְדָּמָה f.n. MH [A var. of הַקְדָמָה.]

 

אַקְדָּמוּת f.n. MH 1 beginning. 2 name of the Aram. liturgic poem composed by Rabbi Meir ben Isaac Nehorai (ca. 1060) and recited on the first day of Shavuoth before the reading of the Law. [Aram., ‘beginning’, from אַקְדֵּם (= he preceded, anticipated), from קְדַם (= he preceded), which is related to Heb. קדם (of s.m.).]

 

אֲקָדֵמִי adj. FW academic(al). (Back formation from אֲקָדֶמֽיָה.]

 

אֲקָדֶמְיָה f.n. FW academy. [L. acadēmia, from Gk. Akademeia, from earlier Ekademeia (= the Academy), a gymnasium near Athens where Plato taught. Akademeia orig. meant ‘the olive grove of Academus’.]

 

אַקּוֹ m.n. (pl. אֲקוֹיִם) (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Deut. 14:5 and prob. meaning ‘wild goat’ or ‘ibex’. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אַקְוֶדוּקְט m.n. FW aqueduct. [L. aquae ductus (= a conduit; lit.: ‘a conveyance of water’), from aquae (= water), and ductus (= a leading), from ductus, p. part. of dūcere (= to lead). cp. אַקֽוַרְיוֹן and אַקְוָרֶל and see דֻּכָּס.]

 

אֶקְוָטוֹר m.n. FW equator. [Late L. aequator (= one who, or that which, equalizes), used in the sense of (circulus) aequātor diēi et noctis (= equalizer of day and night), from L. aequātus, p. part. of aequāre (= to make level or equal), from aequus (= level, equal, like), which is of uncertain origin.] Derivative: אֶקְוָטוֹרִי.

 

אֶקְוָטוֹרִי adj. FW equatorial. (Formed from אֶקֽוָטוֹר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW ecology. [Ger. Ökologie, coined by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834–1919) from oikos (= house) and - logia. See אֶקוֹנוֹמְיָה and ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַקּוּמוּלָטוֹר m.n. FW accumulator (now replaced by מַצְבֵּר). [L. accumulātor (= one who, or that which, accumulates), from accumulātus, p. part. of accumulāre (= to heap up), from ad (= to, toward), and cumulus (= heap), which prob. stands for *k̂u-me-los (= a swelling) and derives from IE base *k̂ew(e)-, *k̂ū- (= to swell), whence also Gk. kuein (= to become or be pregnant), L. cāvus (= hollow). See ‘cave’, verbal suff. ‘-ate’ and agential suff. ‘-or’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אֶקוּמֶנִי adj. FW ecumenic, ecumenical. [Late L. oecūmenicus, from Gk. oikomenikos (= open to the whole world), from oikumene (= the inhabited world), from oikein (= to inhabit), from oikos (= house, abode, dwelling).]

 

אֶקוֹנוֹמִי adj. FW economical. [Back formation from אֶקוֹנוֹמְיָה. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקוֹנוֹמְיָה f.n. FW economy. [L. oeconomia, from Gk. oikonomia (of s.m.), from oikonomos (= the manager of a household, steward), which is compounded of oikos (= house, dwelling, place to live in), and nomos (= managing). cp. the first element in אֶקוֹלוֹגְיָה. For the ending of אֶקוֹנוֹמְיָה see suff. ◌יָה.]

 

אֲקוּסְטִי adj. FW acoustic. [Gk. akoustos. See אֲקוּסְטִיקָה and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲקוּסְטִיקָה f.n. FW [Fren. acoustique, from Gk. akoustikos (= pertaining to hearing), from akoustos (= heard, audible), verbal adj. of akouein (= to hear) which is prob. formed from copul. pref. a- and IE base *(s)qeu-, *(s)qēu- (= to look at, observe, perceive), whence also koein (= to mark, perceive, hear). See ‘hear’ in my CEDEL and cp. ‘acoustic’ ibid.]

 

אַקּוֹרְד m.n. FW accord. [Fren. accord, back formation from accorder (= to agree), from VL accordāre (= to agree), from L. ad (= to, toward), and cor (= heart). See קוֹרְדֽיָקוֹס and cp. אַקּוֹרֽדְּיוֹן.]

 

אַקּוֹרְדְּיוֹן m.n. FW accordion. [Ger. Akkordion, from Akkord, from Fren. accord (in the sense of ‘harmony’), with suff. - ion, on the analogy of clarion. See ‘-ion’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַקְוַרְיוּם, אַקְוַרְיוֹן m.n. FW aquarium. [L. aquārium, subst. use of the neuter of the adj. aquārius (= pertaining to water), from aqua (= water). For the ending see ‘-arium’ in my CEDEL. cp. אַקְוָרֶל.]

 

אַקְוָרֶל m.n. FW aquarelle. [Fren. aquarelle, from It. acquarelle (= water color), dimin. of acqua (= water), from L. aqua. See אַקְוֶדוּקֽט and cp. אַקְוַרְיוּם.]

 

אַקְטוּאָלִי adj. FW actual. [Ultimately from Late L. āctuālis, from L. āctus, p. part. of agere (= to drive, set in motion; to do, act), from IE base *aĝ- (= to drive, lead, act, do). See ‘agent’ (adj.) in my CEDEL and adj. suff. ‘-al’ ibid. For the ending of אַקְטוּאָלִי see suff. ◌ִי. cp. אַקְטִיב, אַקְצְיָה, the first element in אוֹטוֹדָפֶה, and the second element in אַסְטְרָטֶג, פֶּדָגוֹג and in דֶּמָגוֹג. cp. also אַקְסְיוֹמָה and אוֹמָן.]

 

אַקְטִיב m.n. FW assets. [Ultimately from L. āctīvus (= active). See אַקֽטִיבִי.]

 

אַקְטִיבִי adj. FW active. [Formed with suff. ◌ִי from L. āctīvus, from āctus, p. part. of agere (= to do, act). See אַקְטוּאָלִי.] Derivative: אַקֽטִיבִיּוֹּת.

 

אַקְטִיבִיּוּת f.n. FW activity. [Formed from אַקְטִיבִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַקְטִיבִיזְם m.n. FW activism. [See אַקְטִיבִי and ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אַקְטִיבִיסְט m.n. FW activist. [See אַקְטִיבִי and suff. ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אִקְלוּם m.n. NH acclimatization. [Verbal n. of אִקְלֵם. See אקלם.]

 

אַקְלִים m.n. MH climate. [A loan word from Arab. ’iqlīm, which itself is borrowed from Gk. klima (= inclination, slope, region), a derivative of klinein (= to cause to slope, bend).] Derivatives: אַקְלִימַאי, אַקְלִימִי, אקלם.

 

אַקְלִימָאוּת f.n. NH climatology. [Formed from אַקְלִימַאי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַקְלִימַאי m.n. NH climatologist. [Formed from אַקֽלִים with agential suff. ◌ַאי.] Derivative: אַקְלִימָאוּת.

 

אַקְלִימִי adj. NH climatic. [Formed from אַקְלִים with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אקלם to acclimatize.

    — Pi. - אִקְלֵם he acclimatized.

    — Pu. - אֻקְלַם was acclimatized.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַקְלֵם (of s.m.). [Denominated from אַקְלִים.] Derivatives: אִקְלוּם, הִתֽאַקְלֽמוּת, מְאֻקֽלָם.

 

אֶקְלֶקְטִי adj. FW eclectic. [Gk. eklektikos (= picking out, selecting), from eklektos, verbal adj. of eklegein (= to pick out, select), from ek (= out of), and legein (= to pick out, choose; to tell, say, speak). See אֶקֽס◌ and לִגְיוֹן. For the ending of אֶקֽלֶקְטִי see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקְסְ◌ FW ex-. [L. ex-, from the prep. ex (= out of, from). Before f, ex- becomes ef-, before all voiced consonants (as b, d, g, etc.) ex- becomes ē. L. ex is cogn. with Gk. ex, ek (= out of). cp. אֶקֽסֽטְרָה.]

 

אֶקְסְטָזָה f.n. FW ecstasy. [Fren. extase, from Late L. ecstasis, from Gk. ekstasis (= removal from the proper place, displacement; lit.: ‘a standing outside oneself’), from the stem of existanai (= to put out of place, derange; to stand aside from), from ex (= out of; see אֶקֽסְ◌), and istanai (= to place; to stand), which is cogn. with L. stāre (= to stand). See סְטָטִי and cp. אֶקֽסְטָטִי.]

 

אֶקְסְטָטִי adj. FW ecstatic. [Back formation from Gk. ekstatikos (= unstable), from ekstasis. See אֶקְסְטָזָה and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקְסְטֶנְסִיבִי adj. FW extensive. [From L. extēnsus, a collateral form of extentus, p. part. of extendere (= to stretch out), from ex- (see אֶקֽסֽ◌) and tendere (= to stretch). cp. סְסַנֽדַּרֽדְּ.]

 

אֶקְסְטְדָה adv. & adj. FW extra. [L. extrā (adv.), ‘on the outside, without, except’, for exterā, short for exterā parte (= on the outside). See אֶקֽסְ◌ and cp. אֶקֽסְטֶרְן.]

 

אֶקְסְטֶרִיטוֹרְיָאלִי adj. FW exterritorial. [Formed from L. ex (= out of), and territōriālis (= territorial), from territōrium (= domain, territory). See אֶקְסְ◌ and טֶרִיטוֹרְיָאלִי.]

 

אֶקְסְטֶרְן adj. FW extern, external. [Fren. externe, from L. externus (= outward, external), from exterus. See אֶקֽסֽטְרָה.]

 

אַקְסְיוֹמָה f.n. FW axiom. [Gk. axioma (= that which is thought worthy), from axioun (= to think worthy), from axos (= worthy; properly ‘weighty’), from the base of agein (= to lead), used in the sense of ‘to weigh’, which is cogn. with L. agere (= to set in motion, drive, lead). See אַקֽטוּאָלִי.]

 

אֶקְסִיסְטֶנְצְיָאלִיזְם m.n. FW existentialism. [Fren. existentialisme, orig. used to translate Ger. Existenzphilosophie (= philosophy of existence). See ‘existence’ in my CEDEL. For the ending see suff. ◌ִיזְם. The term ‘existence’ is used here in the special sense given to it by the Danish philosopher Sören Aabye Kierkegaard (1813–55), who is the originator of existentialism. cp. קוֹאֶקֽסִיסְטֶנְץ.]

 

אֶקְסִיסְטֶנְצְיָאלִיסְט m.n. FW existentialist. [See אֶקְסִיסְטֶנֽצְיָאלִיזְם and suff. ◌ִיסֽט.]

 

אֶקְסֶמְפְּלָר m.n. FW copy. [L. exemplar (= pattern, model, copy), from exemplum (= example; lit.: ‘something taken out of a larger quantity’), from ex (= out of; see אֶקְסְ◌), and emere (= to take, buy), from IE base *em (= to take). cp. ‘example’ in my CEDEL. cp. also פּֽרֶמֽיָה.]

 

אֶקְטְפֵּדִיצְיָה f.n. FW expedition. [Fren. expédition, from L. expedītiōnem (= an enterprise against the enemy), from expedītus, p. part. of expedīre, which lit. means ‘to free the feet from fetters’, hence ‘to extricate, disengage, set free; to make ready’, from ex (= out of; see אֶקְסֽ◌), and pedis (= fetter), properly ‘chain for the feet’, which is related to pedica (= shackle, fetter), compēs (= fetter), and cogn. with Gk. pede (= fetter), from IE *ped-, *pod- (= foot). See פֵּדָר.]

 

אֶקְסְפּוֹזִיצְיָה f.n. FW exposition. [L. expositiō (= a setting or showing forth), from expositus, p. part. of expōnō (= I set out, expose, exhibit, explain), from ex (= out of), and pōnō (= I put, place). See אֶקֽס◌ and פּוֹזִיצְיָה.]

 

אֶקְסְפּוֹרְט m.n. FW export. [From L. exportāre (= to carry out), from ex (= out of; see אֶקֽסְ◌), and portāre (= to bear, carry, convey). See אִימְפּוֹרְט.]

 

אֶקְסְפֶּרְט m.n. FW expert. [L. expertus (= tried, proved, tested), p. part. of experīrī. See אֶקֽסֽפֵּרִימֶנֽט.]

 

אֶקְסְפֵּרִימֶנְט m.n. FW experiment. [Ultimately from L. experīmentum (= trial, proof, test), from experīrī (= to try, prove, test), from ex (= out of; see אֶקְסֽ◌), and the base of perītus (= experienced), which is related to periculum (= trial, experiment, risk, danger), and cogn. with Gk. peira (= trial, attempt, experience), empeiros (= experienced). See אֶמֽפִּירִי and cp. אֶקְסְפֵּרִימֶנֽטָלִי.]

 

אֶקְסְפֵּרִימֶנְטָלִי adj. experimental. [Ultimately from Med. L. experīmentālis, from L. experīmentum. See אֶקֽסֽפֵּרִימֶנְט. For L. suff. - ālis see adj. suff. ‘-al’ in my CEDEL; for the ending of אֶקֽסֽפֵּרִימֶנֽטָלִי, see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקְסְפְּרֶס m.n. FW express (train, etc.). [Fren. exprès, from L. expressus, p. part. of exprimere (= to press or squeeze out, imitate, copy, describe, express), from ex (= out of; see אֶקֽסְ◌), and premere (= to press, clasp), which is related to prēlum for prem-lom (= press, wine press). cp. אֶקֽסֽפּֽרֶסְיוֹנִיסֽט, אֶקֽסְפּֽרֶסְיוֹנִיזֽם. cp. also אִימֽפְּרֶסֽיוֹנִיסֽט.]

 

אֶקְסְפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיזְם m.n. FW expressionism. [Formed with suff. ◌ִיזְם from Fren. expression, from L. expressiōnem, accusative of expressiō (= a pressing or squeezing out), from expressus, p. part. of exprimere. See אֶקְסֽפְּרֶס.]

 

אֶקְסְפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיסְט m.n. FW expressionist. [See אֶקְסֽפְּרֶסְיוֹנִיזֽם and ◌ִיסְט.]

 

אֶקְסְצֶנְטְרִי adj. FW eccentric. [Back formation from Med. L. excentricus (= out of the center), from Gk. ekkentros (= out of the center), from ek (= out of; see אֶקֽסֽ◌), and kentron (= point, prickle, spike, oxgoad). See צֶנְטְרָלִיזְם and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶקְסֶקוּטִיבָה f.n. FW executive. [From L. exsecūtiō, execūtiō (= a carrying out, performance), from exsecūtus, execūtus, p. part. of exsequī, exequī (= to follow to the end, pursue, carry out, perform, execute), from ex (= out of; see אֶקְסְ◌), and sequī (= to follow). See ‘sequel’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַקְצְיָה f.n. FW share (now replaced by מֽנָיָה). [Fren. action (= action; share), from L. āctiō (= action), from āctus, p. part. of agere (= to do, act). See אַקְטוּאָלִי and cp. אַקֽצְיוֹנַר.]

 

אַקְצְיוֹנַר m.n. FW shareholder. [Fren. actionnaire, from action. See אַקֽצְיָה.]

 

אַקְר m.n. FW acre. [Eng. acre, from aker, from aecer (= field, acre), which is cogn. with L. ager (= field, land). cp. אַגְרָרִי and the first element in אַגְרוֹנוֹם, אַגֽרוֹפִּירוֹן.

 

אַקְרַאי m.n. PBH chance, incident, occasion. [Aram., from קֽרָא (= it happened), which is related to Heb. קָרָא ᴵᴵ, קָרָה.]

 

אַקְרָה f.n. PBH fortress, citadel. [A loan word from Gk. akra (= end, point; esp.: the highest point, top of a hill, peak; citadel), properly subst. use of the f. of the adj. akros (= at the end, at the top, outermost), from ake (= edge), which is cogn. with L. ācer (= sharp). See ‘acrid’ in my CEDEL. cp. אַקְרוֹבָּט, אַקְרוֹבָּטִיקָה. cp. also אֲצֶטוֹן.

 

אַקְרוֹבָּט m.n. FW acrobat. [Fren. acrobate, from Gk. akrobatos (= walking on tiptoe), from akros (= at the end, outermost, highest), and bat (= going), from the stem of bainein (= to go, walk). See בָּסִיס and cp. the second element in אֵירוֹבָּטִיקָה.]

 

אַקְרוֹסְטִיכוֹן m.n. FW acrostic. [Gk. akrostichis, compounded of akros (= at the end, outermost; see אַקְרָה), and stichos (= row, line, rank, verse), which is related to steichein (= to go; to march in order). These words derive from IE base *stī̆gh– (= to stride, step, walk, climb). cp. the second element in קָדַסְטֶר.]

 

אֶקְרָן m.n. NH screen. [A blend of הִקְרִין (= he showed a picture on the screen), and Fren. écran (= screen), which is prob. borrowed from Ger. schranc (= iron bar; enclosure fence), whence Ger. Schrank (= wardrobe, cupboard).]

 

אָר m.n. FW are (a square unit). [Fren. are, formed in 1795 by a decree of the French national convention from L. ārea (= vacant piece of ground; orig.: a place burnt down, a dry bare place), which is related to arēre (= to become dry). For the sense development of L. ārea cp. Ger. Esse (= chimney), which also derives from IE base *ā̌s- (= to burn). cp. the second element in הֶקְטָר.]

 

אֶרְאֵל m.n. hero, angel (a meaning based on Is. 33:7: הֵן אֶרְאֶלָּם צָעֲקוּ חֻצָה מַלְאֲכֵי שָׁלוֹם מַר יִבֽכָּיוּן, where אֶרְאֶלָּם stands in parallelism to מַלְאֲכֵי שָׁלוֹם, ‘messengers or angels of above peace’). [Of uncertain etymology. According to Gesenius and several other scholars אֶרְאֶלָּם = אַרְאֵלִים, pl. of אַרְאֵל (= hero), in which they see a var. of אֲרִיאֵל, אֲרִי־אֵל (= the lion of God), i.e. ‘hero’ (see אֲרִיאֵל), a meaning parallel to that of מַלְאָכִים.] Derivative: אֶרֽאֶלִּי.

 

אֶרְאֶלִּי adj. NH angelic; heroic. [Formed from אֶרֽאֵל with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

ארב ᴵ to lie in wait.

    — Qal - אָרַב he lay in wait, lurked, waylaid.

    — Pi. - אֵרַב (of s.m.). [Related to Arab. ’aruba, ’ariba (= was crafty, was skillful, was proficient), ’arib (= crafty, skillful, proficient), ’irba (= skill).] Derivatives: אוֹרֵב, אֶרֶב, אֹרֶב, מַאֲרָב, מְאָרֵב, prob. also אָרְבָּה.

 

ארב ᴵᴵ to devastate. [Prob. base of אַרְבֶּה (= locust).]

 

אֶֽרֶב, אֹֽרֶב m.n. 1 lying-in-wait, ambush. 2 lurking place, lair. [From ארב ᴵ.]

 

אַרְבָּה f.n. PBH boat, barge; flat-bottomed boat. [A collateral form of עֲרֵבָה (= trough, tub; small boat).]

 

אַרְבֶּה m.n. locust. [Related to Ugar. i̧rby, Akka. āribu, ēribu, erbū (= locust). Usually derived from רבה (= to multiply), and explained as ‘the multitudinous’, but mere prob. a derivative of base רבה ᴵᴵ (= to devastate), and formed with the collective suff. ◌ֶה. For the suff. see צֹנֶה (= sheep).]

 

אָרְבָּה f.n. A hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 25:11 in the phrase יָדָיו אָרְבוֹת, which prob. means ‘the cunning of his hands’. [Prob. formed from ארב ᴵ with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲרֻבָּה f.n. 1 lattice, latticed window. 2 chimney. 3 opening of a dove cote. 4 (fig.) orbit of the eye. [Related to Ugar. u̧rbt (= window). Of uncertain etymology.]

 

אַרְבַּע f. , אַרְבָּעָה m. adj. four. [From רבע ᴵ, whence also Aram., BAram. and Syr. אַרְבַּע (f.), אַרֽבָּעָה (m.), Ugar. rb‘, Arab. ’arba‘ (f.), ’arba‘a (m.), Ethiop. ’arbā‘ (f.), ’arbā‘tū (m.), Akka. arba‘u (f.), irbitti (m.).] Derivatives: אַרֽבָּעִים, אַרֽבָּעוֹן, אַרֽבַּעְתַּיִם.

 

אַרְבַּע◌ combining form meaning ‘four–’, ‘quadri–’, ‘tetra–’ (as in אַרְבַּע־רַגְלִי, ‘four-legged’, אַרְבַּע־עֶרְכִּי, ‘quadrivalent’). [From אַרֽבַּע (= four).]

 

אַרְבָּעָה see אַרְבַּע.

 

אַרְבָּעוֹן m.n. NH tetrahedron (geometry). [Formed from אַרֽבָּעָה (= four), with suff. ◌וֹן.] Derivative: אַרְבָּעוֹנִי.

 

אַרְבָּעוֹנִי adj. NH tetrahedral. [Formed from אַרְבָּעוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְבָּעִים adj. forty. [Properly pl. of אַרְבָּעָה (= four). cp. Aram.-Syr. אַרְבְּעִין, Arab. ’arba‘ūna (= forty).]

 

אַרְבַּעְתַּֽיִם adv. fourfold. [Properly adv. use of the dual of אַרְבָּעָה. The dual suff. added to certain numbers (as also in שִׁבְעָתַיִם, etc.) has the meaning ‘fold’.]

 

ארג to weave.

    — Qal - אָרַג he wove.

    — Niph. - נֶאֱרַג was woven.

    — Pi. - אֵרַג he wove.

    — Hith. - הִתְאָרֵג was woven. [Related to Phoen. ארג (= weaver).] Derivatives: אוֹרֵג, אֶרֶג, אָרוּג, אָרוֹג, אָרִיג, אֲרִיגָה, מַאֲרָג, תַּאֲרֹגֶת.

 

אֶֽרֶג m.n. 1 weaver’s shuttle. 2 hand-loom. NH 3 web, texture. [From ארג.]

 

אֶרְגְּ m.n. FW erg (physics). [From Gk. ergon (= work), which is related to ergo (= I do, sacrifice), organon (= an instrument), orgia (= secret rites), from IE base *werg- (= work, to work). See ‘work’ (n.) in my CEDEL and cp. אַרְגּוֹן, אֶרְגַּלְיָה, אוֹרְגָנִי, and the second element in אַלֶּרְגְּיָה, אֶנֶרְגְּיָה, רְּרָמָטוּרְגְּיָה, לֵיתַרְגְּיָה, מֶטַלּוּרְגְּיָה.

 

אַרְגּוֹ m.n. FW argot. [Fren., of uncertain origin.]

 

אַרְגּוּמֶנְט m.n. FW argument. [Fren. argument, from L. argūmentum, from arguere (= to make clear, prove), which is related to argentum (= silver); arguere orig. meant ‘to make as white as silver’. L. argentum is cogn. with Gk. orgyros (= silver), properly ‘the white (metal)’, from argos (= shining, bright, white), from IE base *arg– (= to shine).]

 

אַרְגּוּמֶנְטַצְיָה f.n. argumentation. [L. argūmentātīo (= an adducing of proof). See אַרֽגּוּמֶנְט and suff. ◌ַצֽיָה.]

 

אִרְגּוּן m.n. NH 1 organizing. 2 organization. [Verbal n. of אִרְגֵּן ᴵ. See ארגן.] Derivative: אִרְגּוּנִי.

 

אֵרְגּוֹן m.n. FW argon (chemistry). [Modern L. argon, from Gk. argon, neuter of argos (= idle, inert), contraction of aergos (lit.: ‘not active’), from a- and ergon (= work). See אֶרְגְּ.]

 

אַרְגְּוָן m.n. purple (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Chron. II 2:6). [cp. Aram. אַרְגְּוָנָא and see אַרֽגָּמָן.] Derivative: אַרְגְּוֶנִית.

 

אִרְגּוּנִי adj. NH organizational. [Formed from אִרֽגּוּן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְגְּוָנִית f.n. NH purple mantle. [Formed from אַרֽגּֽוָן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַרְגָּז m.n. box, chest. [Related to Aram. אַרְגַּז, Syr. אַרְגָּזְתָּא, רְגָזְתָּא (= wallet), Arab. rijāza (= counterweight). Prob. derived from base רגז, and possibly meaning ‘that which sways’.]

 

אַרְגָּזוֹן m.n. NH a small case. [Formed from אַרְגָּז with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַרְגִּֽיעָה m.n. moment (used only in the phrase עַד אַרֽגִּיעָה, ‘instantly’). [Together with רֶגַע (= moment), prob. derived from רגע ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֶרְגַּלְיָה f.n. PBH tools, instruments. [Gk. ergalia, pl. of ergaleion (= tool, instrument), from ergon (= work). See אֶרְגּֽ and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אַרְגָּמָן m.n. purple, red purple. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. argamannu, whence also Aram.–Syr. אַרְגְּוָנָא, whence Arab. ’urjuwān. For the change of m to w in words of Akka. origin cp. מַרְחֶשֽׁוָן, כִּסְלֵו. Gk. argemone (= a kind of poppy), is prob. a loan word from Heb. אַרְגָּמָן; see ‘Argemone’ in my CEDEL. cp. אַרְגְּוָן.] Derivatives: אַרֽגְּמָנִי, אַרֽגָּמָנָית.

 

אַרְגְּמָנִי adj. MH purple. [Formed from אַרְגָּמָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְגְּמָנִית f.n. NH Thais haemastoma (a kind of sea snail). [Formed from אַרְגָּמָן with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

ארגן to organize.

    — Pi. - אִרְגֵּן he organized; he arranged.

    — Pu. - אֻרְגַּן was organized; was arranged.

    — Hith. - הִתֽאַרְגֵּן (of s.m.). [Denominated from Gk. organon (= instrument).] Derivatives: אִרְגּוּן, הִתֽאַרְגּֽנוּת, מֽאַרְגֵּן, מֽאֻרְגָּן.

 

אַרְגָּעָה f.n. NH 1 quieting, calming. 2 (signal of) ‘all clear’. [A secondary form of הַרְגָּעָה. For the force of nouns of the form אַפְעָלָה in NH see אַבְחָנָה and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אָרָד m.n. NH bronze. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from Akka. urdu (= bronze), which derives from Sumerian urud.] Derivative: אָרֹד.

 

אָרֹד adj. NH bronze. [From אָרָד.]

 

אִרְדּוּעַ m.n. NH croaking (of frogs). [From Aram. אוּרֽדְעָא (= frog).]

 

אַרְדִּיכָל m.n. PBH architect. [Together with Aram.–Syr. אַרְדִּיכְלָא, Syr. אַרְדֵּכְלָא, אַרְדִּיכֽלָא, prob. derived from Akka. aradēkal. cp. אַדְרִיכָל. Derivatives: אַרֽדִּיכָלוּת, אַרְדִּיכָלִי.

 

אַרְדִּיכָלוּת f.n. NH architecture. [Formed from אַרְדִּיכָל with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַרְדִּיכָלִי adj. NH architectural. [Formed from אַרְדִּיכָל with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

ארה ᴵ to gather, pluck.

    — Qal - אָרָה he plucked, picked, gathered fruit (in the Bible occurring only Cant. 5:1 and Ps. 80:13). [Prob. related to Akka. arū (= storehouse, granary), Ethiop. ’aráya, ’arára, Tigre ’arā (= he gathered, reaped, harvested).] Derivatives: אוֹרֶה, אָרוּי, אֲרִיָּה.

 

ארה ᴵᴵ to burn; to kindle. [Arab. warā(y) (= he kindled), ’arā(y) (= it caught fire), whence ’irya (= hearth, fireplace), ’arrā(y) (= he struck fire). See אֲרִיאֵל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֲרוּבָה f.n. PBH breadboard. [Of uncertain origin.]

 

אָרוּג adj. MH woven. [Pass. part. of אָרַג. See ארג.]

 

אָרוֹג m.n. NH webbing. [From ארג (= to weave).]

 

אָרוֹגַנְטִי adj. FW arrogant. [Fren., from L. arrogantem, accusative of arogans, pres. part. of arrogāre (= to claim as one’s own, to arrogate to oneself), from L. ad– pref. expressing direction towards or addition to) and rogāre (= to ask).]

 

אֶרוּדִיצְיָה f.n. FW erudition. [L. ērudītiō (= instruction, education), from ērudītus, p. part. of ērudīre (= to polish, instruct), from e– (= out of, from) and rudis (= rough).]

 

אֻרְוָה f.n. 1 crib, manger. 2 stall, stable. [Together with Aram. אוּרְיָא, Syr. אוֹרְיָא (= crib, stall, manger), whence Arab. ’iry, ’āriyya (= stall, stable), prob. borrowed from Akka. urū (= enclosure, fence), which itself is a Sumerian loan word. cp. the secondary formations Akka. urē (= horses), urati (= mares).] Derivatives: אֻרֽוָן, אֻרְוֽתָן.

 

אָרוּז adj. 1 firm, solid, tight (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 27:24 in the form אֲרֻזִים). NH 2 packed (properly ‘held firmly together’). [Pass. part. of אָרַז. See ארז.]

 

אֵרֽוּחַ m.n. NH 1 accomodation. 2 hospitality. [Verbal n. of אֵרַח, Pi. of אָרַח. See ארח.]

 

אֲרוּחָה, אֲרֻחָה f.n. meal, food, dish. [Prob. formed from ארח with first suff. ◌ָה and orig. meaning ‘food for the journey’. It is also possible, however, to connect it with Akka. arāḥu (= to consume).]

 

אֶרוֹטִי adj. FW erotic. [Gk. erotikos (= caused by love; referring to love), from eros (= love, sexual desire), which is related to eran, erathai (= to love). Of uncertain etymology. For the ending see suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָרוּי adj. MH plucked. [Pass. part. of אָרָה. See ארה ᴵ.]

 

אֲרוּכָה f.n. 1 healing, cure, recovery. 2 restoration. [Properly, ‘new flesh growing at the wounded spot’, from ארך. cp. the related Arab. ’arīka (of s.m.), which derives from ’arika (= it began to heal — said of a wound), and shows the same sense development as אֲרוּכָה.]

 

אֲרוֹמָה f.n. FW aroma. [Gk. aroma (= fragrance, odor, spice), of uncertain origin.] Derivative: אֲרוֹמָתִי.

 

אֲרוֹמָתִי adj. FW aromatic. [Gk. aromatikos, from aroma. See אֲרוֹמָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲרוֹן m.n. (pl. אֲרוֹנוֹת) 1 chest, box. 2 Ark. 3 coffin. [Related to Phoen. ארן, Aram. אַרְנָא, אֲרוֹנָא, Arab. ’īran, Akka. arānu (= chest). The form אָרוֹן in Heb., given by Even Shoshan in his מִלּוֹן חָדָשׁ, is wrong. Such a form does not exist. The form both for the undetermined abs. st. and the c. st. is אֲרוֹן and for the determined abs. st. הָאָרוֹן (see Kin. II 12:10 and Chron. II 24:8, the only passages in the Bible where the undetermined abs. st. occurs.] Derivative: אֲרוֹנִית.

 

אֻרְוָן m.n. NH stableboy, ostler. [Formed from אֻרְוָה with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אֲרוֹנִית f.n. NH small bedside cupboard. [Formed from אֲרוֹן with dimin. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אָרוּס m.n. PBH betrothed, fiancé, bridegroom. [From ארס; formally, pass. part. of the (otherwise not used) Qal.]

 

אֲרוּסָה f.n. PBH betrothed, fiancée, bride. [f. of אָרוּס.]

 

אֵרוּסִין m.n. pl. PBH betrothal, engagement. [Properly pl. of the verbal n. of אֵרַס (= he betrothed). See ארס.]

 

אֵרֽוּעַ m.n. MH happening, incident, event. [Properly verbal n. of אֵרַע, Pi. of ארע. The word אֵרוּעַ was coined by Rashi (1040–1105).]

 

אָרוּר adj. cursed, damned, damnable. [Pass. part. of אָרַר ᴵ. See ארר.]

 

אֵרוּשִׂים m.n. pl. NH betrothal, engagement. [A var. of אֵרוּסִין.]

 

אֻרְוְתָן m.n. NH stableboy, stableman. [Formed from אֻרְוָה with suff. ◌תָן. A collateral form of אֻרְוָן.]

 

ארז to be firm.

    — Qal - אָרַז he packed (in the Bible occurring only in the pass. part. אֲרֻזִים, meaning ‘firm, solid, light’).]

    — Niph. - נֶאֱרַז was packed. [Arab. ’araza (= was firm), ’ariz (= firmly rooted). Base of אָרוּז, possibly also of אֶרֶז.] Derivatives: אֲרִיזָה, אוֹרֵז. See אָרוּז.

 

אֶֽרֶז m.n. cedar. [Related to Aram.–Syr. אַרְזָא Ugar. a̧rz (= cedar). Arab. ’arza, and Ethiop. ’arz are prob. Aram. loan words. Perhaps from base ארז.] Derivative: אַרְזָה.

 

אֹֽרֶז, אֽוֹרֶז m.n. PBH rice. [Hebraization of Gk. oryza (= rice), which derives from Old Pers. brīzi, from Afghan vrižē, ultimately from Old I. vrīhí (= rice). See ‘rice’ and cp. ‘Oryza’ in my CEDEL. cp. also אָרְזִית.]

 

אַרְזָה f.n. cedar panel (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Zeph. 2:14). [Formed from אֶרֶז with third suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָרְזִית f.n. NH risotto. [Formed from אֹרֶז (= rice), with dimin. suff. ◌ִית, as loan translation of It. risotto, dimin. of riso (= rice).]

 

ארח to travel, journey.

    — Qal - אָרַח wandered, journeyed.

    — Pi. - אֵרַח he accommodated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאָרַח he stayed with.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱרִיחַ (of s.m.).

    — Hoph. - הָאֳרַח was accommodated. [Arab. rāḥa (= he went away), Tigre marḥa (= he showed the way, led, conducted). Base of אֹרַח, אוֹרְחָה. cp. ירח.] Derivatives: אוֹרְחָה, אֵרוּחַ, אֹרַח, הַאֲרָחָה, מְאָרֵחַ.

 

אֹֽרַח m.n. (pl. אֳרָחָוֹת) 1 path, way, route. 2 mode, manner. 3 way of life. [From ארח. cp. BAram. אָרְחָא, Aram. אוֹרֽחָא, OSArab. ארח, Akka. urḥu (= way).]

 

אֹרְחָא see אוֹרְחָא.

 

אֹרְחָה see אוֹרְחָה.

 

אַרְטֵזִית f. adj. artesian. [Formed with f. adj. suff. ◌ִית, from Fren. artésien (= of Artois), from Old Fren. Arteis, from L. Atrebatēs, a people that lived in the northwest of Gallia. cp. ‘arras’ in my CEDEL. Artesian well owes its name to the circumstance that the first such wells were established by Bélidor (1698–1761) in the province of Artois, who therefore called them puits artésiens.]

 

אַרְטִילֶרְיָה f.n. FW artillery. [Fren. artillerie, from Old Fren. artillier (= to provide with engines of war), from Med. L. articula (= engine of war), dimin. of ars (= art). cp. אַרֽטִיסְט. For sense development cp. Eng. engine, from L. ingenium (= nature, disposition, capacity).]

 

אַרְטִיסְט m.n. FW artist; artiste. [Fren. artiste, from It. artista, from arte (= art), from L. ars, gen. artis (= art), which is related to artus (= joint), and derives from IE *art–, enlargement of base *ar– (= to join). cp. אַרֽטִילֶדְיָה, אַרְמָדָה, אֲרִיתְמֶטִיקָה, and the first element in אֲרִיסְטוֹקְרַטְיָה, הַרְמוֹנְיָה, רִיטוּאָל. cp. also אוֹרְדִּינָטָה and the first element in רָטִיפִיקַצְיָה.]

 

אַרְטִיקוּלַצְיָה f.n. FW articulation. [Fren., from L. articulātiō (= separation into joints), from articulātus, p. part. of articulāre (= to separate into joints; to utter distinctly), from articulus (= joint).]

 

אַרְטִישׁוֹק m.n. FW artichoke. [Northern It. articiocco, altered from It. carciofo, from Sp. alcachofa, from Arab. alkarshū́f, from al- (= the) and karshū́f (= artichoke).]

 

אַרְטֶרְיָה f.n. FW artery. [L. artēria, from Gk. arteria (= windpipe, artery), prob. contracted from aerteria, which is a derivative of aeirein, airein (= to lift, raise, bear). See אָאוֹרְטָה and cp. the second element in מֵטֵאוֹר.]

 

אֲרִי, אַרְיֵה m.n. (pl. אֲרָיוֹת, also אֲרָיִים) lion. [Related to BAram. אַרְיֵה, Aram.–Syr. אַרְיָא (= lion), Ethiop. ’arwē (= wild beast), Akka. arū (= eagle). cp. Arab. ’arwā (= ibexes). cp. also the first element in אֲרִיאֵל ᴵ, אֲרִיאֵל ᴵᴵᴵ,, and the first element in אֲרִינָמָל.]

 

אֲרִיאֵל ᴵ m.n. hero (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Sam. II 23:20). [Prob. stands for אֲרִיאֵל and lit. meaning ‘lion of God’. cp. אֶרְאֵל.]

 

אֲרִיאֵל ᴵᴵ m.n. hearth of the altar in the Sanctuary (see Ezek. 43:15). [Of uncertain origin; possibly related to Arab. ’irya (= hearth, fireplace). See ארה ᴵᴵ and cp. הַרְאֵל.]

 

אֲרִיאֵל ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. name of Jerusalem in Is. 29:1, 2, 7. [Prob. meaning lit. ‘lion of God’, and identical with אֲרִיאֵל ᴵ.]

 

אָרִיג m.n. PBH web, fabric, cloth. [From ארג.]

 

אֲרִיגָה f.n. PBH weaving. [Verbal n. of אָרַג. See ארג and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַרְיֵה see אֲרִי.

 

אֲרִיָּה f.n. MH plucking, picking, gathering (of fruit). [Verbal n. of אָרָה. See ארה ᴵ and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַרְיָה f.n. FW aria (music). [It. aria (= air, melody), from L. āērea, f. of the adj. āēreus (= pertaining to air), from āēr (= air), which derives from Gk. aer (= air), which is of uncertain origin. cp. the second element in מָלָרְיָה. cp. also ‘air’ (atmosphere) and ‘air’ (melody) in my CEDEL.]

 

אֲרִיזָה f.n. NH packing. [Verbal n. of אָרַז. See ארז and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אָרִֽיחַ m.n. PBH 1 a narrow brick. 2 a small bar. 3 square bracket. [Together with Aram.–Syr. ארחא (= half-brick), borrowed from Akka. arḥu.]

 

אָרִיךְ adj. NH long. [Aram. אֲרִיךְ. See ארך.]

 

אֲרִיכָא adj. PBH (pl. אֲרִיכִין) long (occurring esp. in phrases quoted from Talmud and Midrash, as in יוֹמָא אֲרִיכָא, ‘a long day’). [Aram., emphatic case of אָרִיךְ (= long). See ארך.]

 

אֲרִיכָה f.n. PBH 1 length, lengthiness. 2 patience, forbearance. [Formed from ארך with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲרִיכוּת f.n. PBH length, lengthiness, long life. [Formed from ארך with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲרִינָמָל m.n. NH ant lion. [Compounded of אֲרִי (= lion), and נָמָל (= ant).]

 

אָרִיס m.n. PBH land tenant (who tills the owner’s soil for a share in the produce), lessee. [cp. עָרִיס ᴵᴵ. From Aram. אָרִיסָא, which is a loan word from Akka. irrishū (= tiller of the soil, land tenant), from erēshu (= to till the soil). Arab. irrīs is an Aram. loan word.] Derivative: אֲרִיסוּת.

 

אֲרִיסוּת f.n. PBH land tenancy. [Formed from אָרִיס with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲרִיסְטוֹן m.n. PBH a solemn feast, festive banquet. [Gk. ariston (= morning meal, breakfast; later ‘the midday meal’), formed from the locative a(i)eri (= in the morning). The suff. – sto–n in ariston stands for *d-to-, zero degree of root ed- (= to eat), whence Gk. edein, esthiein, L. edere (= to eat).]

 

אֲרִיסְטוֹקְרָט m.n. FW aristocrat. [Fren. aristocrate, back formation from aristocratie. See אֲרִיסְטוֹקְרַטְיָה.]

 

אֲרִיסְטוֹקְרָטִי adj. FW aristocratic. [From אֲרִיסְטוֹקֽרָט and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲרִיסְטוֹקְרַטְיָה f.n. FW aristocracy. [Fren. aristocratie, from L. aristocratia, from Gk. aristokratia (= rule or govenment of the best), which is compounded of aristos (= best) and – kratia (= rule of), from kratos (= strength, power, rule). Aristos is superlative to areion (= better), and related to arete (= virtue), areskein (= to make good, conciliate). These words derive from IE base *ar- (= to join), whence also Gk. arthron (= a joint), L. artus (= joint, limb), ars (= art). See אַרְטִיסְט. For the etymology of kratos see ◌קֽרַטְיָה.]

 

אֲרִירָה f.n. PBH cursing, imprecation. [Verbal n. of אָרַר (= he cursed). See ארר and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲרִיתְמֶטִי adj. FW arithmetical. [Back formation אֲרִיתְמֶטִיקָה.]

 

אֲרִיתְמֶטִיקָה f.n. FW arithmetic. [Ultimately from Gk. arithmetike techne (= the art of counting), from arithmein (= to number, count, reckon), from arithmos (= number), from IE base *riī̌ (= to count). Base *rī̌- is prob. an enlargement of base *ar- (= to join), whence L. arma (= weapons), ars (= art), etc. See אַרְטִיסְט and cp. the second element in לוֹגָרִיתְם.]

 

ארך to be long.

    — Qal - אָרַךְ was long, lasted, lasted long, was protracted.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱרִיךְ he lengthened, prolonged, protracted; it became long.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳרַךְ was lengthened.

    — Hith. - הִתְאָרֵךְ was lengthened, became long. [Related to Phoen. ארך, Aram. אֲרַךְ, Syr. אֱרַךְ (= was long), Ugar. a̧rk, Akka. arāku (= to be long), Arab. ’araka, ’arika (= he delayed), OSArab. ארכן (= enduring), Ethiop. ’arga (= became old).] Derivatives: אֲרוּכָה, אָרִיךְ, אֲרִיכָא, אָרֹךְ, אֹרֶךְ, אַרְכָה, אָרְכִּי, אַרְכָן, הַאֲרָכָה, הִתֽאָרְכוּת, מַאֲרִיךְ, מַאֲרֵךְ, מָאֳרָךְ, מֵרְכָא, מֵרְכָה.

 

אָרֹךְ adj. long. [From ארך.]

 

אֶֽרֶךְ◌ c. st. of אָרֹךְ (q.v.).

 

אֹֽרֶךְ m.n. length, longitude. [From ארך. cp. Aram.-Syr. אוּרְכָּא (= length). Derivative: אָרְכִּי.]

 

אַרְכָאִי adj. FW archaic. [Gk. archaikos (= old-fashioned, antiquated), from archios (= ancient), from arche (= beginning, origin). See אַרְכִי and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְכָאִיזְם m.n. FW archaism. [Gk. archaismos, from archaizein (= to be old-fashioned, copy the ancients in language), from archaios (= ancient). See אַרְכָאִי and suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אַרְכֻּבָּה, אַרְכּוּבָּה f.n. PBH knee, knee joint. [Like BAram. אַרְכֻבָּה, Arab. rukba (= knee), metathesized equivalents of Biblical Heb. בֶּרֶךְ. The אַ in אַרְכֻּבָּה is prosthetic. cp. רְכוּבָה. cp. also עַרְקוּב.] Derivative: אַרְכֻּבִּית.

 

אַרְכֻּבִּית f.n. NH knotweed, knotgrass. [Formed from אַרֽכֻּבָּה with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַרְכָה f.n. lengthening, prolonging. [BAram. אַרְכָה (Dan. 4:24), אַרְכָא (Dan. 7:12), from אֲרַךְ (= was long). See ארך and first suff. ◌ָה. As shown by the passages quoted from Dan., the form אַרְכָּה, given in most dictionaries, is wrong.]

 

אַרְכּוּבָה see אַרְכֻּבָּה.

 

אַרְכוֹן m.n. PBH ruler. [From Gk. archon (= ruler), properly pres. part. of archein (= to rule).]

 

אַרְכּוֹף m.n. NH 1 stirrup. PBH 2 instrument of torture.

 

אָרְכִּי adj. NH of length, longitudinal. [Formed from אֹרֶךֽ with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְכִי m.n. PBH rule, dominion; term of office, office. [Gk. arche (= beginning, first cause, origin, first principle; office), from the stem of archein (= to begin, rule), whence also archos (= leader, chief, ruler). cp. אַרְכָאִי, אַרְכִי◌, אַרְכִיּוֹן, ◌ַרֽכֽיָה, the first element in אַרְכֵיאוֹלוֹגְיָה and the second element in מַטְרִיאַרְכָט, הִיֶּרַרְכְיָה, פּוֹלֵימַרְכוּס. cp. also עַרֽכִּי.]

 

אַרְכִי◌ FW archi– (a pref. meaning ‘chief’, ‘primitive, original’). [Gk. archi–, related to archos (= leader, chief, ruler). See אַרְכִי.]

 

אַרְכֵיאוֹלוֹג m.n. FW archaeologist. [Back formation from אַרְכֵיאוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַרְכֵיאוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. NH archaeology. [Gk. archaiologia (= the study of ancient things), compounded of archaios (= ancient), and – logia. See אַרְכִי and ◌לוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַרְכִיבִּישׁוֹף m.n. FW archbishop. [A hybrid coined from Gk. archi– and Ger. Bischof (= bishop), which ultimately derives from Gk. episkopos (= overseer). See אַרְכִי◌ and בִּישׁוֹף.]

 

אַרְכִיּוֹן m.n. PBH archives. [Gk. archeion (= public building, town hall), pl. archeia (= public records, the archives), from arche (= beginning, origin). See אַרְכִי.] Derivatives: אַרֽכִיּוֹנָאוּת, אַרֽכִיּוֹנַאי, אַרְכִיּוֹנִי.

 

אַרְכִיּוֹנָאוּת f.n. NH work in archives. [Formed from אַרְכִיּוֹן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַרְכִיּוֹנַאי m.n. NH archivist. [Formed from אַרְכִיּוֹן with suff. ◌ַאי.]

 

אַרְכִיּוֹנִי adj. NH archival. [Formed from אַרְכִיּוֹן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַרְכִיטִיפּוּס m.n. FW archetype. [From L. archetypum, from Gk. archetypon (= pattern, model), properly neuter of the adjective archetypos (= stamped first) used as a noun, from arche– (= archi-, ‘first’), and typos (= a blow, mark of a blow). See אַרְכִי◌ and טִיפּוּס.]

 

אַרְכִיטֶקְט m.n. FW architect. [Fren. architecte, from L. architectus, from Gk. architekton (= master builder), from archi– (see אַרֽכִי◌) and tekton (= carpenter, builder), which is related to techne (= art, skill, craft). See טֶכְנַאי and cp. אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה.]

 

אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה f.n. FW architecture. [Fren. architecture, from L. architectūra, from architectus. See אַרְכִיטֶקְט. For the ending of L. architectūra see suff. ‘–ure’ in my CEDEL.]

 

אַרְכִילִיסְטִיס m.n. PBH gang leader, robber, chief. [Gk. archilestes (= robber chief), compounded of archi– (see אַרְכִי◌ and lestes (= robber). See לִסְטִים.]

 

אַרְכִימַנְדְּרִיט m.n. FW archimandrite (head of a monastery, or of a group of monasteries, in the Gk. church). [Med. L. archimandrīta, from Med. Gk. archimandrites. from archi– (= chief; see אַרְכִי◌), and mandra (= fold, stable), which is prob. cogn. with Old I. mandurā́ (= stable), mandirán (= room, house, palace, temple).]

 

אַרְכִיפֶּלָג m.n. FW archipelago. [It. arcipelago (lit.: ‘the chief sea’), compounded of arci– (= chief), from Gk. archi (= see אַרְכִי◌), and pelagos (= sea). In ancient and mediaeval Greek the word archipelagos does not occur, in modern Greek it is an Italian loan word. The fact that archipelago orig. denoted the Aegean Sea may help us find the origin of this word, which is a real crux etymologorum. It. arcipelago very prob. arose a mistaking of Gk. Aigaion pelagos (= the Aegean Sea) for archipelagos (= the chief sea), a confusion suggested by the numerous Gk. words beginning with archi–.]

 

אַרְכָן m.n. PBH lengthener, long-winded person (esp. in prayer). [Formed from ארך with agential suff. ◌ָן.] Derivative: אַרְכָנוּת.

 

אַרְכָנוּת f.n. NH long-windedness, verbosity. [Formed from אַרְכָן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַרְכָנִי adj. NH very long, tiresome. [Formed from אַרְכָן with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲרָם f.n. Syria, Mesopotamia. [cp. Akka. Aramu, Arumu, Arimu̇. Prob. related to רוּם(= to be high), and orig. meaning ‘Highland’.] Derivatives: אֲרַמִּי, אֲרָמִית.

 

אַרְמָדָה f.n. FW armada. [Sp. armada (= fleet, navy), from L. armāta, f. p. part. of armāre (= to furnish with weapons), used as a noun, from arma (= weapons), which derives from IE base *ar– (= to join). See אַרְטִיסְט.]

 

אַרְמָדִיל m.n. FW armadillo (an American burrowing mammal). [Sp. armadillo, dimin. of armado (= armed), from L. armātus, p. part. of armāre (see אַרְמָדָה); so called in allusion to its hard, bony plates resembling armor.]

 

אַרְמוֹן m.n. (pl. אַרְמוֹנוֹת, also אַרְמְנוֹת) palace. [Of uncertain etymology; possibly related to Akka. admānu (= building, palace). cp. הַרְמוֹן.]

 

אֲרַמִּי adj. Aramean, Aramaic. [Formed from אֲרָם with suff. ◌ִי.] [ Derivative: אֲרָמִיּוּת.

 

אֲרַמִּיּוּת f.n. NH Aramism. [Formed from אֲרַמִּי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲרָמִיזְם m.n. FW Aramaism. [Formed from אֲרָם with suff. ◌ִיזְם.]

 

אֲרָמִית f.n. Aramaic language. [Properly adv. use of the f. of אֲרָמִי (= Aramaic), from אֲרָם. For the ending see adv. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

ארמל PBH to become a widower.

    — Nith. - נִתְאַרְמֵל he became a widower, נִתְאַרְמְלָה she became a widow. [Denominated from אַרְמְלָא (= widower), resp. אַרְמַלְתָּא (= widow). See אַלְמָנָה and cp. אַרְמְלוּת. cp. also אלמן.]

 

אַרְמְלוּת f.n. PBH widowerhood, widowhood. [Aram. אַרְמְלוּת (= widowhood), from אַרְמַלְתָּא. See ארמל and אַלְמְנוּת.]

 

אֹֽרֶן m.n. pine tree. [Related to Akka. erinu, ernu (= cedar). Löw identifies the אֹרֶן with the laurel.] Derivative: אָרְנִיָּה. cp. תֹּרֶן.

 

אַרְנָב m.n. hare (in the Bible only the f. form אַרְנֶבֶת occurs). [Related to Syr. אַרְנְבָא. Ugar. anhb, Arab. arnab, arnabu and annabu, and the proper names Arnabā, Arnabatum, Annabatum. These words possibly derive from a base אנב (= to jump), and properly mean ‘jumping (animal)’.] Derivatives: אַרְנָבוֹן, אַרְנָבִיָּה.

 

אַרְנָבוֹן m.n. NH small hare. [Formed from אַרְנָב with dimin. suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַרְנָבִיָּה f.n. NH rabbit hutch. [Formed from אַרְנָב with suff. ◌ִיָּה.]

 

אַרְנֶֽבֶת f.n. the female of the hare. [See אַרְנָב.]

 

אַרְנוֹנָה f.n. PBH 1 crop tax. NH 2 (now) property tax. [A secondary form of אַנּוֹנָה (= provision, ration).]

 

אָרְנִיָּה f.n. NH pine mushroom. [Formed from אֹרֶן (= pine tree), with suff. ◌ִיָּה; so called because it grows only near pine trees (cp. its English name).]

 

אַרְנָק m.n. NH bag, purse. [Back formation from Aram. אַרְנְקֵי, which is borrowed from Gk. arnakis (= sheepskin coat), a f.n. prob. formed through haplology from arno-nakos, a compound formed from aren, gen. arnos (= sheep), and nakos (= fleece).] Derivative: אַרְנָקוֹן.

 

ארס to betroth.

    — Pi. - אֵרַס he betrothed, became engaged to.

    — Pu. - אֹרְסָה she was betrothed, was engaged to.

    — Nith. - נִתְאָרְסָה (of s.m.). [var. of ארשׂ.] Derivatives: אָרוּס, אֲרוּסָה, אֵרוּסִין, הִתְאָרְסוּת, מְאֹרָם.

 

אֶֽרֶס m.n. PBH poison, venom. [From earlier אִירָס. Of uncertain origin. Perhaps, together with Syr. ‘irsā (of s.m.), a blend of Gk. ios (= poison) and L. vīrus (= poison).] Derivatives: אַרְסִי, אַרְסָנִי.

 

אַרְסִי adj. MH poisonous, venomous. [Formed from אֶרֶס with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַרְסִיּוּת.

 

אַרְסִיּוּת f.n. MH poisonousness, venomousness. [Formed from אַרְסִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַרְסָן m.n. FW arsenic. [Fren. arsenic, from L. arsenicum, arrhenicum, from Gk. arsenikon, arrenikon (= yellow orpiment), from Med. Pers. zarnīk (= gold, golden; orpiment), whence Modern Pers. and Arab. zarnīk (= orpiment), through the medium of a Sem. language. See זַרְנִיךְ.]

 

אַרְסָנִי adj. NH poisonous, venomous. [Formed from אֶרֶס with suff. ◌ָנִי.]

 

ארע to happen.

    — Qal - אָרַע it happened, occurred, took place.

    — Pi. - אֵרַע it happened, occurred, took place.

    — Pu. - אֹרַע (of s.m.).

    — Nith. - נִתְאָרַע (of s.m.). [Dissimilated from ערע, which was formed from קרא ᴵᴵ, a secondary form of קרה (= to happen), through change of ק to ע, resp. א, and ה to ע. cp. אַטְלִיז (= butcher shop), a secondary form of עַטְלִיז, alteration of קַטְלִיז.] Derivatives: אֵרוּעַ, אֵרָעוֹן, אַרְעַי, אֲרָעִי, הִתְאָרְעוּת, מְאֹרָע.

 

אַרְעָא f.n. PBH earth. [Aram., emphatic st. of אֲרַע (= earth). See אֶרֶץ and cp. מִלְּרַע.] Derivative: אַרְעִית.

 

אֵרָעוֹן m.n. MH (pl. אֵרְעוֹנוֹת) , happening. [Formed from ארע with suff. ◌וֹן.]

 

אַרְעַי m.n. PBH chance, temporariness. [A secondary form of עֲרַאי.]

 

אַרָעִי, אֲרָעִי adj. PBH temporary, casual. [Formed from ארע with suff. ◌ִי. cp. עֲרָאִי.]

 

אֲרָעִיּוּת f.n. NH temporariness. [Formed from אֲרָעִי with suff. ◌וּת. cp. עֲרָאִיּוּת.]

 

אַרְעִית f.n. PBH bottom of something (as of a flower pot). [Formed from Aram. אֲרַע, אַרְעָא (= earth) with subst. suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אֶֽרֶץ f.n. (pl. אֲרָצוֹת) 1 earth. 2 land, country. 3 ground. [Related to BAram. אַרְקָא (for the change of צ to ק cp. Heb. קִטֵּר, ‘he caused to smoke’, with Aram. עֲטַר), Aram. אֲרַע, אַרְעָה, Ugar. a̧rs, Arab. arḍ, Akka. erṣetu (= earth), Tigre ’ard. cp. Arakiel — name of the earth in the Book of Enoch 8:3. cp. אַרְעָה, ארק, אַרְקָה.] Derivatives: אַרְצִי, אַרְצָן.

 

אַרְצִי adj. MH 1 earthly. NH 2 territorial, national. [Formed from אֶרֶץ with suff. ◌ִי.] Derivative: אַרְצִיּוּת.

 

אַרְצִיּוּת f.n. NH 1 earthliness. 2 territorialism. [Formed from אַרְצִי with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אַרְצָן m.n. NH tellurium (chemistry). [Loan translation from Modern L. tellūrium, which was coined by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798 from L. tellūs, gen. tellūris (= earth), to denote this element as the opposite of the one called by him uranium (after Gk. ouranos (= sky, heaven).] Derivative: ארצן.

 

ארצן to tellurize (chemistry).

    — Pi. - אִרְצֵן he tellurized. [Denominated from אַרְצָן.]

 

ארק to earth, to ground.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱרִיק he earthed, grounded.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳרַק was earthed, was grounded. [Denominated from Aram. אַרְקָא (= earth). See אֶרֶץ and cp. אַרְקָה.] Derivatives: הַאֲרָקָה, מָאֳרָק.

 

אָרָק m.n. NH arrack (brandy). [Arab. ‘araq (= sweat; juice of fruit). cp. עָרָק.]

 

אַרְקָה f.n. MH earth, ground. [BAram. אַרְקָא (= earth). See אֶרֶץ and cp. ארק.]

 

אַרְקְטִי adj. FW Arctic. [L. arcticus, from Gk. arktikos (= of a bear; of the Great Bear; northern), from arktos (= bear; the constellation of the Great Bear; the north), which is cogn. with Old I. ’r̄kṣaḥ, Avestic arsshō, L. ursus (= bear). For the ending of אַרְקְטִי, see suff. ◌ִי. cp. אַנְטְאַרְקְטִי.]

 

ארר to curse.

    — Qal - אָרַר he cursed.

    — Niph. - נֵאַר (also נֶאֱרַר MH) was cursed.

    — Pi. - אֵרַר he cursed.

    — Hith. - הִתְאָרֵר was cursed.

    — Nith. - נִתְאָרֵר (of s.m.).

    — Hoph. (or passive of the Qal) . - הוּאַר was cursed. [Base of אֶרֶר, מְאֵרָה etc. Related to Akka. arāru (= to curse), arratu (= curse). This base occurs only in Heb. and in Akka. For other Heb.–Akka. equations see אסף and words there referred to.] Derivatives: אָרוּר, אֲרוּרָה, אֶֽרֶר, מְאֵרָה, נֵאָר.

 

אֶֽרֶר m.n. MH curse (poetical). [From ארר.]

 

ארשׂ to betroth.

    — Pi. - אֵרַשׂ he betrothed.

    — Pu. (f.) . - אֹרְשָׂה she was betrothed. [Among the many attempts to find the origin of this word the most probable is the one which connects it with Akka. ērishu (= bridegroom), irshitu (= betrothal), which, according to Haupt, derive from Akka. erēshu (= to desire). See אֲרֶשֶׁת and cp. אֵרַס. cp. also Arab. ‘arus (= bridegroom). For the change of א to ע see the introductory article to letter א.] Derivatives: אֵרוּשִׂים, מְאֹרָשָׂה.

 

אֶֽרֶשׁ m.n. expression. [Back formation from אֲרֶשֶׁת.]

 

אֲרֶֽשֶׁת f.n. expression (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ps. 21:3 in the phrase שְׂפָתָיו אֲרֶשֶׁת, which is usually rendered by ‘the request of his lips’. Most Jewish commentators, however, render אֲרֶשֶׁת שְׂפָתָיו by ‘expression of his lips’. [Prob. related to Akka. erēshu (= to desire), erishtu (= desire, request).] Derivative: אֶרֶשׁ.

 

אֵשׁ f.n. (pl. אִשִּׁים) fire. [Related to BAram. אֶשָּׁא, JAram. אִשָּׁא, emphatic st. אִשָּׁתָא, Ugar. i̧sht, Ethiop. ’esāt (= fire), Akka. ishatu (= fire, fever). Syr. אֶשָּׁתָא (= fever), is prob. an Akka. loan word. cp. אִשֶּׁא.] Derivative: אִשִּׁי.

 

אֶשְׁבּוֹל m.n. NH spadix. [A blend אֶשְׁכּוֹל (= cluster), and שִׁבֹּלֶת (= ear of corn).] Derivative: אֶשְׁבּוֹלִי.

 

אֶשְׁבּוֹלִי adj. NH spadiceous (botany). [Formed from אֶשְׁבּוֹל with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶשְׁבּֽוֹרֶן, אַשְׁבֹּֽרֶן m.n. PBH 1 level country. 2 flat place, where water gathers: pool. [Prob. related to Arab. mushābir (= swamp). According to B. Gross אַשְׁבֹּרֶן is borrowed from Gk. symphoreon, pres. part. of symphorein (= to bring together), or from symphors (= a bringing together), which both derive from sympherein, antonym of katapherein (= to bring down). Accordingly, symphora/ē, sybborē, sybore, sborē, asboren (with prosthetic a). Gk. sympherein is formed from syn (= with, together with; see סִינְ◌) and pherein (= to bear, carry). See אֲנָפוֹרָה.]

 

אֶשְׁגָּר m.n. NH despatch, consignment. [Formed from שׁגר.]

 

אַשְׁגָּרָה f.n. PBH 1 habit, routine. 2 slip of the tongue; slip of the pen. [A collateral form of הַשְׁגָּרָה. cp. Aram. אַשְׁגַּרְתָּא (= current phrase).]

 

אשׁד to pour. [Aram. אשׁד (= to pour), Syr. אֱשַׁד (= he poured out), Arab. ’asada (= he pursued). Base of אֶשֶׁד and אֲשֵׁדָה. The orig. meaning of these words prob. was ‘he rushed, plunged’. cp. the Arab. root ’a–s–d (= rush) and the n. ’asad (= lion).]

 

אֶֽשֶׁד m.n. waterfall, cascade. [From אשׁד.]

 

אֲשֵׁדָה f.n. 1 slope of a mountain. 2 waterfall. [Formed from אשׁד with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַשְׁדּוֹדִית f.n. 1 language of the Ashdod people (Neh. 13:24). NH 2 a foreign language. NH 3 pidgin, jargon. [Formed from אַשְׁדּוֹד (= Ashdod).]

 

אִשָּׁה f.n. (pl. נָשִׁים, also, very rare, אִשּׁוֹת) woman, wife. [Related to Aram. אִנְתְּתָא, אִתְּתָא, Syr. אַתְּתָא, Nab. אתתה, Ugar. a̧tt, Arab. ’unthā, Ethiop. ’anest, Akka. ashshatu, OSArab. אנתת (= woman, wife). The origin of these words is uncertain. They are not related to אִישׁ and אֱנוֹשׁ.]

 

אִשֶּׁה m.n. (pl. אִשִּׁים) burnt offering. [Prob. nomen unitatis formed from אֵשׁ and lit. meaning ‘offering made by fire’.]

 

אַשְׁוָה f.n. PBH spool, reel. [Prob. lit. meaning ‘that which is placed’ and derived from the base of שִׁוָּה (= he put, placed); see שׁוה. cp. Syr. שׁוּוַיְתָא (= spool, reel), which is prob. formed form Aram.–Syr. שַׁוִּי (= Heb. שִׁוָּה). cp. אַשְׁוָיָה.]

 

אַשּֽׁוּחַ m.n. PBH fir (tree). [Related to Aram.–Syr. אַשּׁוּחָא, Arab. shuḥ (= fir).]

 

אַשְׁוָיָה f.n. PBH spool, reel. [A collateral form of אַשְׁוָה.]

 

אִשּׁוּם m.n. NH accusation, charge, indictment. [From אָשַׁם. Formally, verbal n. of אִשֵּׁם. Pi. of אשׁם.]

 

אָשׁוּן adj. NH hard, rough, stiff, rigid. [Aram. אֲשׁוּן, אֲשׁוּנָא (= strong). cp. Arab. ḥashin (= rough), ḥashun (= was rough). For the interchangeability of א and ח see the introductory entry to the letter ח.] Derivative: אֲשִׁינוּת.

 

אֱשׁוּן m.n. time (?) (a hapax legomenon in the Bible. occurring Pr. 20:20 in the phrase בֶּאֱשׁוּן חֹשֶךְ, which prob. means ‘at the time of darkness’). [Together with Aram. אֲשׁוּנָא prob. borrowed from Akka. ishinnu (= fixed time), which itself is a Sumerian loan word.]

 

אַשּׁוּר ᴵ 1 Ashur (= the second son of Shem). 2 the land of Assyria. 3 the people of Assyria. [Akka. Ashshur. cp. סוּרְיָה.] Derivative: אַשּׁוּרִי.

 

אַשּׁוּר ᴵᴵ m.n. box tree (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 27:6 in the phrase בַּת־אֲשֻׁרִים). [Of uncertain origin. Some scholars explain בַּת־אֲשֻׁרִים as one word and read בִּתְאֲשֻׁרִים. See תְּאַשּׁוּר.]

 

אָשׁוּר, אָשֻׁר m.n. step. [From אשׁר ᴵ.]

 

אִשּׁוּר ᴵ m.n. NH pronouncing happy. [Verbal n. of אִשֵּׁר, Pi. of אשׁר ᴵᴵ.]

 

אִשּׁוּר ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 confirmation, corroboration. NH 2 authentication. [Verbal n. of אִשֵּׁר ᴵᴵᴵ.]

 

אַשּׁוּרוֹלוֹג m.n. FW Assyriologist. [Back formation frōm אַשּׁוּרוֹלוֹגְיָה.]

 

אַשּׁוּרוֹלוֹגְיָה f.n. FW Assyriology. [Formed from אַשּׁוּר ᴵ and ◌לוֹגֽיָה (= logy).]

 

אַשּׁוּרִי adj. & n. PBH Assyrian. [Formed from אַשּׁוּר with gentilic suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַשּׁוּרִית f.n. PBH the Assyrian language. [f. of אַשּׁוּרִי used as a noun.]

 

אָשׁוּת f.n. PBH mole (the animal). [Together with Aram. אָשׁוּתָא, of unknown origin.]

 

אִשּׁוּת f.n. MH married state, matrimony. See אִישׁוּת.

 

אִשִּׁי adj. MH of fire, fiery. [Formed from אֵשׁ (= fire), with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אָשְׁיָה f.n. pillar; foundation, base (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Jer. 50:15 in the pl. אָשֽׁיוֹתֶיהָ). [Prob. a loan word from Akka. asītu (= pillar), whence also Aram.–Syr. אָשִׁיתָא (= pillar). Arab. ’āsiya (= pillar) is an Aram. loan word.]

 

אֲשִׁינוּת f.n. NH hardness, roughness, stiffness, rigidity. [Formed from אָשׁוּן with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אֲשִׁישָׁה ᴵ f.n. (pl. אֲשִׁישׁוֹת, also אֲשִׁישִׁים) cake made of dried, compressed grapes. [Prob. lit. meaning ‘something compact or solid’, and derived from אשׁשׁ. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֲשִׁישָׁה ᴵᴵ f.n. MH bottle of glass, flagon. [From Aram. אֲשִׁישָׁא, which is of unknown origin. cp. אֶשֶׁשׁ.]

 

אֶֽשֶׁךְ m.n. testicle. [Related to Syr. אֶשְׁכּֽתָא, Ugar. u̧shk, Ethiop. ’eskit, Akka. ishku (= testicle).] Derivatives: אַשֶּׁבֶת, מַאֲשָׁכָה.

 

אַשְׁכָּבָה f.n. NH burial. [Formed from הִשֽׁכִּיב (= he caused to lie), on analogy of Aram. אַשְׁכַּבֽתָּא (= a causing to lie). See הַשְׁכָּבָה.]

 

אֶשְׁכּוֹל, אֶשְׁכֹּל m.n. (pl. אֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת, also אַשֽׁכּוֹלוֹת) cluster, bunch. [Related to Aram. אִתְכְּלָא, Ugar. u̧ṭkl (= grapes), Ethiop. ’askāl (= grape), Arab. ’ithkāl, ‘ithkāl, ‘uthkūl (= cluster of dates).] Derivatives: אֶשְׁכּוֹלִי, אֶשְׁכּוֹלִית, מְאֻשְׁכָּל. cp. אֶשֽׁבּוֹל.

 

אֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת f.n. pl. PBH schools. [Formed with prosthetic אֶ◌ from Gk. schole (= school; see אַסֽכּוֹלָה). However, the Mishnah explains אֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת as the pl. of אֶשְׁכּוֹל ᴵ (= grape cluster, grape), and applies it figuratively to scholars, and the Talmud explains אֶשְׁכּוֹל in our Mishnah folk-etymologically as a contraction of אִישׁ שֶׁהַכֹּל בּוֹ, ‘a man in whom there is everything’.]

 

אֶשְׁכּוֹלִי adj. NH racemose (botany). [Formed from אֶשֽׁכּוֹל with adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶשְׁכּוֹלִית f.n. NH grapefruit. [Formed from אֶשְׁכּוֹל with suff. ◌ִית.]

 

אַשְׁכְּנַז m.n. 1 Ashkenaz — eldest son of Gomer (Gen. 10:3). 2 name of a people mentioned in Jeremiah. MH 3 Germany. [Of uncertain origin. Some scholars identify this people (sense 2) with Akka. Ashgūzai, Iskūzai.] Derivative: אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי.

 

אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי adj. MH 1 German. 2 Jew from Germany or other countries from Central Europe and from Eastern Europe. [Formed from אַשֽׁכּֽנַז with gentilic suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֶשְׁכָּף m.n. PBH kind of locust, mentioned in the Talmud. [Of unknown origin.]

 

אֻשְׁכָּף, אוּשְׁכָּף m.n. PBH 1 cobbler, shoemaker. 2 saddler. [From Aram. אוּשְׁכָּפָא (whence also Arab. ’iskāf), also שַׁכָּפָא, which is a loan word from Akka. ashkapu (= cobbler, shoemaker). cp. שַׁכָּף.]

 

אֶשְׁכָּר m.n. gift. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. ishkaru (= chain; tribute; field) — whence also Syr. אֶשְׁכָּרָא (= field) — which itself is borrowed from Sumerian eshgar.]

 

אֶשְׁכְּרֽוֹעַ m.n. PBH box wood. [Aram., of unknown origin.]

 

אַשֶּֽׁבֶת f.n. NH orchitis (disease). [Coined from אֶשֶׁךְ (= testicle), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases on the analogy of בַּהֶרֶת (= bright spot on the skin). See אַדֶּמֶת and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אֲשֶׁל ᴵ m.n. tamarisk. [Related to Aram. אַתֽלָא, Arab. ’athl, OSArab. אתל, Akka. ashlu (= tamarisk). Aram. אֶשֽׁלָא is a Heb. Loan word. cp. אֶשֽׁלָא,אַשְׁלִיל. cp. also אֵשֶׁל ᴵᴵ.]

 

אֵֽשֶׁל ᴵᴵ m.n. PBH 1 hotel, inn. 2 eating, drinking and lodging. [From אֵשֶׁל ᴵ, which was explained by R. Nehemya (Sota 10a) as פונדק (= lodging place). According to Rashi, ibid., this explanation is based upon the word אש״ל, regarded as לִינָה, שְׁתִיָּה, אֲכִילָה (= eating, drinking, lodging). See אֵשֶׁ״ל.]

 

אֵשֶׁ״ל m.n. NH expenses (for board and lodging). [Formed from the initials of the words אֲכִילָה (= food), שְׁתִיָּה (= drink) and לִינָה (= lodging).]

 

אֶשְׁלָא m.n. PBH tamarisk. [Aram., borrowed from אֵשֶׁל ᴵ. cp. אֶשְׁלֶא רַבְרָבָא.]

 

אֶשְׁלָא רַבְרְבָא m.n. & adj. PBH a great man (lit.: ‘a great tree’). [See אֶשֽׁלָא (= tamarisk). For sense development cp. Arab. ’athīl (= of noble origin, highborn), which derives from ’athl (= tamarisk).]

 

אַשְׁלָג m.n. PBH potash. [Prob. from Akka. ashlaku (= the waster; material used by the washer), which is a Sumerian loan word.] Derivative: אַשֽׁלֽגָן.

 

אַשְׁלְגָן m.n. PBH potassium. [Formed from אַשְׁלָג with suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַשְׁלָיָה f.n. NH deception, delusion. [A collateral form of הַשֽׁלָיָה. For the difference of meaning between these two words see אַבֽחָנָה.]

 

אַשְׁלִיל m.n. NH Reaumuria (botany). [Coined from אֵשֶׁל ᴵ through reduplication of the letter ל.]

 

אשׁם to sin, be guilty.

    — Qal - אָשַׁם he committed an offense, was guilty, sinned.

    — Niph. - נֶאֽשַׁם became guilty, was accused, was charged, was blamed, suffered punishment.

    — Hiph. - הֶאֱשִׁים he accused, declared guilty, blamed.

    — Hoph. - הָאֳשַׁם was accused, was declared guilty, was blamed. [Arab. ’athima (= he became guilty, sinned, erred), ’ithm (= offence, misdeed). Base of אָשֵׁם, אַשְׁמָה. cp. אַשְׁמַאי.] Derivatives: אִשּׁוּם, הַאֲשָׁמָה, נֶאְשָׁם, אָשֵׁם, אָשָׁם.

 

אָשָׁם m.n. guilt, offence, sin, blame; guilt offering. [From אשׁם.]

 

אָשֵׁם adj. guilty, culpable, blamable. [From אשׁם. cp. Arab. ’athīm (= guilty).]

 

אַשְׁמַאי, אַשְׁמַי adj. PBH guilty, sinning, sinner. [Prob. from אשׁם.]

 

אַשְׁמְדַאי, אַשְׁמְדַי m.n. PBH Asmodeus, the prince of the demons. [From Avestic Aeshma-daeva (lit.: ‘Aeshma, the deceitful’).]

 

אַשְׁמָה f.n. guilt, charge, blame, accusation. [Formed from אשׁם with first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אַשְׁמוּרָה, אַשְׁמֹֽרֶת f.n. watch, night watch (one of the three divisions of the night). [Formed from שׁפר with prosthetic אַ◌ and subst. suff. ◌ָה, resp. ◌ֶת.]

 

אַשְׁמַי see אַשֽׁמַאי.

 

אַשְׁמַנִּים m.n. pl. darkness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Is. 59:10 in the form בָּאַשֽׁמַנִּים, which is of uncertain origin and meaning; usually rendered ‘in the darkness’.

 

אַשְׁמֹֽרֶת see אַשְׁמוּרָה.

 

אֶשְׁנָב m.n. window lattice, small window. [Prob. metathesis for אנשׁב and formed from נשׁב (= to blow), with prosthetic אֶ◌. cp. Akka. nappāshu, Arab. manfas(= air-hole). For sense development cp. Eng. window, from Old Norse vindauga (lit.: ‘windeye’); Fren. ventouse, from vent (= wind); Sp. ventana, from vento (= wind).] Derivatives: אשׁנב, אֶשֽׁנַבַּאי, מְאֻשְׁנָב.

 

אשנב to fenestrate.

    — Pi. - אִשֽׁנֵב he fenestrated. [Denominated from אֶשְׁנָב.] Derivative: אִשְׁנוּב.

 

אֶשְׁנַבַּאי m.n. NH information clerk. [Lit.: ‘clerk at the window’. Formed from אֶשְׁנָב (= small window), with agential suff. ◌ַאי.)

 

אִשְׁנוּב m.n. NH fenestration. [Verbal n. of אִשְׁנֵב; see אשׁנב.]

 

אַשָּׁף m.n. 1 magician, conjurer. NH 2 chef. [Together with BAram. אָשַׁף, Syr. אָשׁוֹפָא, borrowed from Akka. (w)āshipu (base ושף).] Derivative: אַשָּׁפוּת.

 

אַשְׁפָּה ᴵ f.n. quiver (for arrows). [Prob. borrowed from Akka. ishpatu (= quiver; whence also Ugar. u̧tpt, of s.m.), which itself is a Sumerian loan word.]

 

אַשְׁפָּה ᴵᴵ f.n. PBH dung heap, dunghill. [Back formation from אַשְׁפֹּת.] Derivative: אַשְׁפַּתָּן.

 

אִשְׁפּוּז m.n. NH 1 accommodation. 2 hospitalization. [Verbal n. of אִשְׁפֵּז. See אשׁפז.]

 

אִשְׁפּוּר m.n. NH finishing. [Verbal n. of אִשְׁפֵּר. See אשׁפר.]

 

אַשָּׁפוּת f.n. NH sorcery, magic. [Formed from אַשָּׁף with suff. ◌וּת.]

 

אשׁפז to accommodate, hospitalize. [Denominated from Aram. אֻשְׁפִּיזָא (= guest). See אֻשְׁפִּיז.] – Pi אִשְׁפֵּז tr. v. NH 1 he accommodated; 2 he hospitalized. –Pu. אֻשְׁפַּז NH 1 was accommodated; 2 was hospitalized. – Nith. נִתְאַשְׁפֵּז NH (of s.m.). Derivatives: אִשְׁפּוּז, אַשְׁפָּזָה.

 

אַשְׁפָּזָה f.n. NH hospitalization. [Denominated from אשׁפז. For the ending see first suff. ◌ָה. The word אַשְׁפָּזָה was coined by Yizhak Avineri.]

 

אֻשְׁפִּיז m.n. (pl. אֻשֽׁפִּיזִין) PBH 1 inn. PBH 2 host. MH 3 guest. [Med. Gk. hospition, hospetion (= inn), from L. hospitium (= inn; hospitality), from hospes, gen. hospitis (= host; guest), which stands for *hosti-potis and orig. meant ‘lord of strangers’. cp. Old Slavic gospodǐ (= lord, master), which also means lit. ‘lord of strangers’ and is the exact equivalent of L. hospes. The first element in L. hospes and in Old Slavic gospodǐ is cogn. with Gothic gasts, Old Eng. gaest, giest, etc. (= guest). The second element is cogn. with L. potis (= able), potēns (= powerful); see אִימְפּוֹטֶנֽטִי.] Derivative: אשׁפז. cp. אֻשְׁפִּיזְכָן.

 

אֻשְׁפִּיזְכָן m.n. PBH host, landlord, innkeeper. [From אֻשְׁפִּיז. cp. Syr. אַשְׁפַּזְכָנָא (of s.m.).]

 

אשׁפּר to finish (textiles etc.).

    — Pi. - אִשְׁפֵּר he finished (textiles etc.). [From שׁפר (q.v.).] Derivative: אִשְׁפּוּר.

 

אֶשְׁפָּר m.n. portion of food (in the Bible occurring only Sam. II 6:19, Chron. I 16:3). [Of uncertain origin and meaning; usually rendered by ‘portion (of food)’.]

 

אַשְׁפָּר m.n. PBH 1 mender of clothes. NH 2 decorator. [Formed from שׁפר (= to be good, to improve, beautify), with pref. אַ◌.]

 

אַשְׁפָּרָה f.n. NH finish, finishing (of textiles). [From שׁפר; a secondary form of הַשֽׁפָּרָה. See also אִשְׁפּוּר.]

 

אַשְׁפֹּת, אַשְׁפּוֹת f.n. (pl. אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת) ash heap, dirt, dung. [Formed from שׁפת with pref. אַ◌.]

 

אַשְׁפַּתֶּן m.n. NH scavenger, dustman, dung carrier. [Formed from אַשְׁפָּה ᴵᴵ with suff. ◌תָּן.]

 

אַשָּׁקָא דְרִיסְפַּק PBH because of a trifle (lit.: ‘because of the leg of a litter’). [See רִיסְפָּק.]

 

אִשְׁקוּקָה, אִשְׁקוּקִי f.n. MH chess. [From Old Fren. eschees. From Rashi’s commentary in his explanation of the word נררשיר as שחוק שקורין אשקקי (= the game called eschees). Old Fren. eschecs is the pl. of eschec (= check at chess, defeat, blow, loss), from earlier eschac, borrowed (through the medium of Spanish and Arabic) from Pers. shāh (= king), which is related to Old Pers. xshaya (= king). See אֲחַשְׁדַּרֽפָּן.] Derivative: אִשְׁקוּקָן.

 

אִשְׁקוּקָן m.n. chess player. [Formed from אִשֽׁקוּקָה with agential suff. ◌ָן.]

 

אַשְׁקָעָה f.n. NH investment. [A secondary form of הַשֽׁקָעָה, verbal n. of הִשְׁקִיעַ, Hiph. of שׁקע.]

 

אשׁר ᴵ to walk straight, to walk.

    — Qal - אָשַׁר he walked.

    — Pi. - אִשֵּׁר he led.

    — Pu. - אֻשַּׁר was led. [Phoen. אשׁר (= place), Aram. אשׁר (= trace, place), Aram.–Syr. אֲתַר, אַתְרָא, Ugar. a̧tr (= to go, walk, tread), Arab. ’ithr (= place), Ethiop. ’ashar (= track), Akka. ashru (= place).] Derivatives: אָשׁוּר, מְאַשֵּׁר, מְאֻשָּׁר ᴵ. cp. אֲתַר, אַתְרָא.

 

אשׁר ᴵᴵ to be happy.

    — Pi. - אִשֵּׁר he pronounced happy, called blessed.

    — Pu. - אֻשַּׁר was made happy, was blessed. [Base of, אֶשֶׁר, אֹשֶר, אַשֽׁרֵי. Perhaps related to Ugar. u̧shr (= happiness), Arab. yasara (= was easy), yassara (= made easy, prospered).] Derivatives: אִשּׁוּר ᴵ, אֹשֶר, אֶשֶׁר, מֽאֻשָּׁר.

 

אשׁר ᴵᴵᴵ to strengthen, confirm.

    — Pi. - אִשֵּׁר 1 he strengthened; PBH 2 he confirmed; NH 3 he authenticated.

    — Pu. - אֻשַּׁר was confirmed, was authenticated.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַשֵּׁר was confirmed, was corroborated, was authenticated. [Back formation from Aram. אִשֵּׁר (= he confirmed, strengthened), from שְׁרַר (= was strong).] Derivatives: אַיְשַׁר, אִשּׁוּר ᴵᴵ, אַשְׁרָה, אשרר, הִתְאַשְּׁרוּת, מְאֻשָּׁר ᴵᴵᴵ, possibly also אַשְׁרַאי.

 

אֶשֶׁר see אַשְׁרֵי.

 

אֽשֶׁר m.n. happiness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Gen. 30:13 in the form בְּאָשְׁרִי, ‘in my happiness’). [From אֳשר ᴵᴵ. cp. אַשְׁרֵי.]

 

אֲשֶׁר 1 who, which, that, that which. 2 in order that. [Related to Ugar. a̧ṯr (= that which). cp. Moabite אשר. According to most scholars these words were originally nouns meaning ‘trace, place’, and are related to Arab. ’athira (= to leave traces), ’ithr (= trace, place), and to Aram. אֲתַר, אַתְרָא, Syr. אַתְרָא (= place). See אֲתַר.]

 

אַשְׁרָאָה f.n. NH inspiration. [A secondary form of הַשְׁרָאָה, verbal n. of הִשֽׁרָה, Hiph. of שׁרה ᴵ.]

 

אַשְׁרַאי m.n. PBH credit. [Aram., prob. from אַשֵּׁר (= he strengthened, he confirmed). See אשׁר ᴵᴵᴵ.]

 

אַשְׁרָה f.n. NH visa. [Formed from אשׁר ᴵᴵᴵ with first suff. ◌ִה.]

 

אֲשֵׁרָה f.n. (pl. אֲשֵׁרוֹת, also אֲשֵׁרִים) 1 name of a sacred tree or pole. 2 Asherah — a Canaanite and Phoenician goddess of fortune and prosperity. [Of uncertain origin. cp. Ugar. a̧ṯrt (= the wife of El and mother of the gods), Akka. goddess Ashratu, SArab. goddess אתרת.]

 

אִשְׁרוּר m.n. NH ratification. [Verbal n. of אִשֽׁרֵר. See אשׁרר.]

 

אֶשְׁרוֹשׁ m.n. NH umbel (botany). [Formed from שֹׁרֶשׁ (= root), with pref. אֶ◌.] Derivative: אֶשֽׁרוֹשִׁי.

 

אֶשְׁרוֹשִׁי adj. NH umbelliferous (botany). [Formed from אֶשְׁרוֹשׁ with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַשְׁרֵי 1 happy is …, blessed is … PBH 2 name of the prayer beginning with the words אַשְׁרֵי יוֹשְׁבֵי בֵיתֶךּ (= Happy are they who dwell in thy house). [Prob. constr. ṡt. pl. of אֶשֶׁר, a var. of אֹשֶר (= happiness). Accordingly e.g. אַשְׁרֶיךּ lit. means ‘thy happiness!’, whence arose the meaning ‘happy art thou’.]

 

אשׁרר to ratify.

    — Pu. - אֻשְׁרַר was ratified. [Pil. of אשׁר ᴵᴵᴵ.] – Pil. אִשְׁרֵר tr. v. NH he ratified. Derivative: אִשְׁרוּר.

 

אשׁשׁ to strengthen.

    — Pi. - אִשֵּׁשׁ he strengthened.

    — Pu. - אֻשַּׁשׁ was strengthened.

    — Po‘el . - אוֹשֵׁשׁ he encouraged.

    — Po‘al . - אוֹשַׁשׁ was encouraged.

    — Hithpo‘el . - הִתְאוֹשֵׁשׁ he showed himself strong, regained strength, gained courage. [Arab. assasa (= he founded, established), Akka. ushushu (= to strengthen, fortify, found, establish).] Derivatives: הִתְאוֹשְׁשׁוּת, מֽאוֹשָׁשׁ, מְאֻשָּׁשׁ, and prob. אֲשִׁישָׁה ᴵ.]

 

אֶֽשֶׁשׁ m.n. PBH bottle of glass, flagon. [A secondary form of אֲשִׁישָׁה ᴵᴵ (= bottle of glass).]

 

אֶשְׁתָּדָא adv. PBH this year. [Shortened from שַׁתָּא דָא (= this year). See שָׁנָה (= year), and דָּא (= this). cp. the first element in אֶשְׁתָּקַד.]

 

אֶשְׁתָּקַד adv. PBH last year. [Contraction of Aram. שַׁתָּא קַדְמָאָה (lit.: ‘the preceding year’), from שַׁתָּא (= year) and קַדְמָאָה,, f. of קַדְמָא, corresponding to Biblical Heb. קַדְמָי (= the former, the first), from קָדָם (= Heb. קֶדֶם).]

 

אֵת ᴵ, אֶת◌ prep. the mark of the accusative. Usually prefixed only to a definite noun, as in אֶת־הָאִישׁ (= the man). [Related to Moabite את, Phoen. אית (to be read אִיַּת), Aram. (also BAram.) and Syr. יָת (this latter mostly used as a noun), Egypt.-Aram. ות, Arab. ’iyyā (only used with a suff. to emphasize the pron.) and possibly also to Ethiop. kīyā (also used only with a suff. for the sake of emphasis). Orig. — as Syr. יָת, יָתָא — a noun in the sense of ‘being, essence, existence’. The orig. form prob. was ’iwyath (cp. the Phoen. form), which ultimately derives from base אוה (= to sign, mark), whence also אוֹת (= sign).]

 

אֵת ᴵᴵ prep. with. [Related to Akka. itti (= with). These words possibly stand for int, resp. inti, and derive from Sem. base אנה (= to bring about), whence also Ethiop. enta (= in the direction of, toward). cp. תִּתִּי (= my giving), from תֶּת (= to give). According to some scholars, Akka. itti and Heb. אֵת ᴵᴵ lit. mean ‘to the side of’, and derive from Old Sem. יָד (= hand). cp. מֵאֵת (= from).]

 

אֵת ᴵᴵᴵ m.n. (pl. אִתִּים, also אֵתִים) a cutting instrument usually rendered by ‘plowshare’. [Prob. a loan word from Akka. ittū (= plowbeam).]

 

אַתְּ f. personal pron. you, thou. [From earlier אַתִּי, assimilated from ’antī. Related to Phoen. את, Aram. אַנְתְּ, אַתְּ, Syr. אַתְּ, Egypt.–Aram. את(י), Arab. ’anti, Ethiop. ’antī, Akka. atti (= thou, you). See אַתָּה and cp. words there referred to.]

 

אתא see אתה.

 

אֶתְגָּר m.n. NH challenge. [Back formation from הִתְגָּרָה, Hith. of גרה.] Derivative: אתגר.

 

אתגר to challenge. [Denominated from אֶתְגָּר.] – Pi. אִתְגֵּר tr. v. NH he challenged.

 

אתה ᴵ to come. [Related to Aram. אֲתָא, Syr. אֱתָא, Arab. ’atā(y) (= he came), OSArab. אתו and אתי, Ethiop. ’atáwa (= he came back), Ugar. a̧tw, SArab. אתו and את (= to come). cp. תֵּיתֵי.] – Qal אָתָה and אָתָא he came, arrived (used only in poetic parts of the Bible). Derivative: אֲתִיָּה. cp. אִיתוֹן and תָּא ᴵᴵ.

 

אתה ᴵᴵ to address a person familiarly. [Formed from אַתָּה (= thou).] – Pi. אִתָּה tr. v. NH he theed (a person), he addressed (a person) familiarly.

 

אַתָּה m. personal pron. you, thou. [Related to BAram. אַנֽתָּה, אַנְתְּ, Aram. אַתּֽ, אַנְתְּ, Syr. אַנתּ, Ugar. a̧t, Arab. ’anta, Ethiop. ’anta, Akka. ’atta (= thou, you). The primitive form was prob. ’antā for the m. and ’antī for the f., which are perhaps compounded of the element ’an–, occurring also in אֲנִי (= I) and its correspondences, and – tā, resp. – tī, which appear also as suffixes, resp. prefixes, denoting the second person in the conjugation of the perfect and imperfect of the verbs. cp. אַתְּ, אִתָּה. cp. also אַנְתְּ.]

 

אָתוֹן f.n. (pl. אֲתוֹנוֹת) she-ass. [Related to Aram. אֲתָנָא, אֶתָּנָא, Syr. אַתָּנָה, Ugar. a̧tnt, Arab. ’atān, Akka. atānu (= she-ass).]

 

אַתּוּן m.n. furnace. [Aram.]

 

אֶתוֹס m.n. FW ethos. [Gk. ethos (= habit, custom, usage, disposition, character, moral.]

 

אִתּוּד m.n. NH localization. [Verbal n. of אִתֵּר, Pi. of אתר.]

 

אִתּוּת m.n. NH signaling. [Verbal n. of אִתֵּת, Pi. of אתת.]

 

אַתְחָלָה f.n. NH beginning, inception. [A secondary form of הַתְחָלָה.] Derivative: אַתְחָלָתָי.

 

אַתְחַלְתָּא f.n. PBH beginning (occurring in phrases quoted from Talmud or Midrash, as in דִגְאֻלָּה אַתֽחַלְתָּא, ‘the beginning of the redemption’). [Aram., equivalent to Heb. הַתְחָלָה (= beginning).]

 

אַתְחָלָתִי adj. NH initial, incipient. [Formed from אַתֽחָלָה with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַתִּי see אַתְּ.

 

אֶתִּי adj. FW ethical. [Back formation from אֶתִּיקָה. For the ending see adj. suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַתֵּיאִיזְם m.n. FW atheism. [Fren. athéisme, formed with suff. - isme (see ◌ִיזֽם) from Gk. atheos (= without god), from privative pref. a- and theos (= god). See תֵּיאִיזְם.]

 

אַחֵּיאִיסְט m.n. FW atheist. [Fren. athéiste. See אַתֵּיאִיזְם and suff. ◌ִיסְט.] Derivative: אַתֵּיאִיסְטִי.

 

אַתֵּיאִיסְטִי adj. FW atheistic. [Formed from אַתֵּיאִיסְט with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אֲתִיָּה f.n. MH coming. [Verbal n. of אָתָה (= he came). See אתה and first suff. ◌ָה.]

 

אֶתִיל m.n. FW ethyl. [Ger. and Swedish ethyl, coined by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1840 from aither (= the upper air), and hyle (= stuff). See אֶתֶר and הִיּוּלִי.]

 

אָתֵי מֵרָחִיק name of a ‘daghesh’ (as e.g. in the letter שׁ in the word שֶּׁבִי in the phrase שָׁבִיתָ שֶּׁבִי, Ps. 68:19). [Aram., lit. meaning ‘coming from far’. See אתה, מֵ◌ and רָחוֹק.]

 

אַתִּיק m.n. column, porch, gallery. [A word of uncertain origin and meaning (see Ezek. 41:55.]

 

אֶתִּיקָה f.n. FW ethics. [Gk. ethicos (= pertaining to morals, moral), from ethos (= habit, custom, usage, disposition, character, moral), which is related to ethezein (= to accustom), eiotha (= I am accustomed), and cogn. with Old I. svadhā (= custom, peculiarity), L. sodālis (= fellow, companion), suēscere (= to become accustomed). The orig. meaning of all these words was ‘property, peculiarity’. They are traceable to IE *swedh-, a compound base lit. meaning ‘to make one’s own’, formed from the reflexive base *swe- (= his own), and *dhē (= to make do). cp. first element in אֶתְנוֹגְרַפְיָה, אֶתְנַרֽךְ.

 

אַתְלֵט m.n. FW athlete. [L. athlēta, from Gk. athletes (= combatant, champion), from athleo (= I contend for a prize), from athlos, contracted from aethlos. The first element of this word is perhaps cogn. with Old I. vā́-yati (= he fatigues himself); the second element is of unknown origin.] Derivative: אַתְלֵטִי.

 

אַתְלֵטִי adj. FW athletic. [See אַתְלֵט and suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אַתְלֵטִיקָה f.n. FW athletics. [From L. athlēticus, from Gk. athletikos (= athletic), from athletes. See אַתְלֵט.]

 

אַתֶּם m. personal pron. you, ye. [Related to BAram. & Talmudic Aram. אַתּוּן, Syr. אַתּוֹן, Ugar. a̧̧tm, Arab. ’antum, Ethiop. ’antému, Akka. attunu (= ye, you). The primitive form prob. was ’an-tumū̆ (for the m.) and ’an–tinna (for the f.). For the first element of this form see אַתָּה. The second element appears also as the suff. of the second person pl. in the conjugation of the perf. (see ◌תֶּם, ◌תֶּן) pl. of the verbs.]

 

אֶתְמְהָה interj. PBH how strange! how curious! [Aram., a derivative of תָּמַהּ (= he wondered). See תמהּ.]

 

אֶתְמוֹל, אִתְּמוֹל, אֶתְמוּל adv. yesterday. [A secondary form of תְּמוֹל. Related to Syr. אֶתְמָל, אֶתְמָלִי, Mand. אִתְמַל (= yesterday).]

 

אַתָּן m.n. NH tonic. [Back formation from אֵיתָן (= strong). See אתן

 

אתן to gain strength.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַתֵּן he gained strength, recovered. [Inexactly coined as a back formation from אֵיתָן (= strong), as if אֵיתָן were a derivative of base אתן. In reality, however, אֵיתָן derives from base יתן.]

 

אַתֶּן, אַתֵּן f. personal pron. (also אַתֵּנָה, now only used in poetry) you, ye. [Related to Aram. אַנְתֵּין, Talmudic and Syr. אַתִּין, Arab. ’antunna, Ethiop. ’anten, Akka. attina (= ye, you). The primitive form was ’an-tinnā̌. See אַתֶּם.]

 

אֶתְנָה f.n. reward of a harlot (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Hos. 2:14). [Prob. dissimilated from אֶתְנָן.]

 

אֶתְנוֹגְרַפְיָה f.n. FW ethnography. [Compounded of Gk. ethnos (= nation, race), and - graphia, from graphein (= to write). Gk. ethnos is related to ethos (= custom, usage). See אֶתִּיקָה. For the second element see ◌גְרַפְיָה.]

 

אֶתְנָח m.n. MH 1 ‘ethnah’ — name of a disjunctive accent. NH 2 semicolon. NH 3 pause (in music). NH 4 back sight of a gun (so called from its shape). [Properly ‘pause’, from נוח (= to rest). cp. אֶתְנַחְתָּא.]

 

אֶתְנַחְתָּא f.n. MH MH 1 Aram. name for אֶתֽנָח. NH 2 pause. [Aram., from the stem of נוּחַ (= to rest). See נוח and cp. אֶתְנַח.]

 

אֶתְנָן m.n. reward of a harlot. [Prob. metathesized from אֶנְתַּן, from נתן (= to give). According to Ružička, אֶתְנַן was dissimilated from נִתְנָן. According to Bauer-Leander it derives from the energetic imp. אֶתְּנַן (= I shall give).]

 

אֶתְנָע m.n. NH motivation. [Formed from הִתְנִיעַ, Hiph. of נוע.]

 

אֶתְנַרְךְ m.n. FW ethnarch. [Gk. etnarches (= ruler of the people), from ethnos (= people), and arches (= leader, chief, ruler), from the stem of archein (= to begin; to rule). See אֶתֽנוֹגְרֵפֽיָה and אַרְכִי.]

 

אִתְעֲרוּתָא f.n. PHB awakening; inspiration. [Aram., related to עִיר, Syr. עִירָא (= awake). See עור (= to be awake), and ◌וּת.]

 

אַתְקָפָה f.n. NH attack of nerves, attack of disease. [A secondary form of הַתְקָפָה.]

 

אֲתַר, אַתְרָא m.n. PBH place. [Aram., related to Arab. - athr, ’ithr, Ethiop. ’ashar (= track, trace), Akka. ashru (= place). See אשׁר ᴵ and cp. אֲשֶׁר.] Derivatives: אתר, אַלְתַּר. cp. בָּתַר (prep.).

 

אתר to localize.

    — Pi. - אִתֵּר he localized.

    — Pu. - אֻתַּר was localized.

    — Hith. - הִתְאַתֵּר (of s.m.). [Denominated from Aram. אֲתַר (= place).] Derivatives: אִתּוּר, הִתֽאַתּֽרוּת, מֽאֻתָּר.

 

אֶתֶר m.n. FW ether. [L. aether, from Gk. aither (= the upper, purer air), which, together with aithra (= the clean sky, fair weather), derives from aithein (= to burn). This verb derives from IE base *aidh- (= to burn), whence also L. aedēs (= a building sanctuary, temple). See ‘edify’ in my CEDEL and cp. words there referred to.] Derivative: אֶתֶרִי.

 

אַתְרָאָה f.n. NH 1 warning. 2 warning order (military). [A secondary form of הַתְרָאָה, verbal n. of הִתְרָה, Hiph. of תרה.]

 

אֶתְרוֹג m.n. PBH ‘ethrog’, citron. [A loan word from Pers. turnuj, whence also Arab. turunj, utrunj, utrujj. cp. ‘toronja’ in my CEDEL.] Derivative: תָּרֹג.

 

אֶתֶרִי adj. FW ethereal. [Formed from אֶתֶר with suff. ◌ִי.]

 

אתת to signal.

    — Pi. - אִתֵּת he signaled.

    — Pu. - אֻתַּת was signaled. [Like its collateral form אות ᴵᴵ denominated from אוֹת ᴵ.] Derivatives: אִתּוּת, מֽאֻתָּת.

 

אַתָּת m.n. NH signaler. [Coined from אוֹת (= sign), according to the pattern פַּעָל, used to form nomina opificum.] Derivative: אַתָּתוּת.

 

אַתָּתוּת f.n. NH signaling. [Formed from אַתָּת with suff. ◌וּת.]